Rationale and design of a large-scale trial using atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) as an adjunct to percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: Japan-Working groups of acute myocardial infarction for the reduction of Necrotic Damage by ANP (J-WIND-ANP).

BACKGROUND: The benefits of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) are limited by reperfusion injury. In animal models, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) reduces infarct size, so the Japan-Working groups of acute myocardial Infarction for the reduction of Necrotic Damage by ANP (J-WIND-ANP) designed a prospective, randomized, multicenter study, to evaluate whether ANP as an adjunctive therapy for AMI reduces myocardial infarct size and improves regional wall motion. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty hospitals in Japan will participate in the J-WIND-ANP study. Patients with AMI who are candidates for PCI are randomly allocated to receive either intravenous ANP or placebo administration. The primary end-points are (1) estimated infarct size (Sigmacreatine kinase and troponin T) and (2) left ventricular function (left ventriculograms). Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be associated with the function of ANP and susceptibility of AMI will be examined. Furthermore, a data mining method will be used to design the optimal combinational therapy for post-MI patients. CONCLUSIONS: J-WIND-ANP will provide important data on the effects of ANP as an adjunct to PCI for AMI and the SNPs information will open the field of tailor-made therapy. The optimal therapeutic drug combination will also be determined for post-MI patients.     

急性心肌梗死的延迟冠状动脉介入治疗

目的 探讨延迟冠状动脉介入治疗的疗效及安全性。方法 回顾性分析我院2003年4月～2006年3月发病超过12h 110例急性ST段抬高心肌梗死病人的临床资料。根据其是否接受冠状动脉介入治疗分为：延迟冠脉介入治疗组42例及药物治疗组68例。记录并分析两组住院及随访期间主要心脏事件的发生情况。结果 两组的基本情况除介入治疗组病人的年龄较药物治疗组偏小外．其他临床特征差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。介入治疗手术成功率：95％（40／42）。导丝无法通过病变手术失败1例,术后并发蛛网膜下腔出血1例,术中无死亡病例。两组住院及随访期间主要心脏事件发生情况：介入治疗组累计死亡1例（3．1％）;药物治疗组累计死亡7例（10．3％）,介入治疗组明显低于药物治疗组（P〈0．001）。主要心脏事件发生率,住院期间介入治疗组为34．5％,药物治疗组为50．0％;随访期间介入治疗组为37．5％,药物治疗组为60．3％。两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．001）。结论 与常规药物治疗相比,延迟冠状动脉介入治疗安全有效,能明显改善急性心肌梗死的预后。     

Rationale and strategies for implementing community-based transfer protocols for primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

The focus for the initial approach to the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has shifted toward extending the benefits of mechanical reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to patients who present to community hospitals that have no interventional capabilities. Several randomized clinical trials have shown that transferring STEMI patients to tertiary centers for primary PCI leads to better outcomes than when fibrinolytic therapy is administered at community hospitals. Furthermore, potent pharmacologic reperfusion regimens that enhance early reperfusion of the infarct vessel before primary PCI may enhance the positive result of the transfer approach. Despite these promising findings, several obstacles have hindered the adoption of patient-transfer strategies in the U.S., including greater distances between community and tertiary hospitals, a lack of integrated emergency medical services, and the medical community's limited experience with centralized acute myocardial infarction (AMI) care networks. Nonetheless, the implementation of system-wide changes in the care of STEMI patients analogous to the creation of trauma networks could facilitate the creation and ongoing evaluation of dedicated patient transfer strategies and better early invasive care in the U.S. Within this context, a systematic, stepwise approach to the creation of AMI care networks and to the development of standard nomenclature and performance indicators is necessary to guide quality assurance monitoring and future research efforts as the care of STEMI patients is redefined. Consequently, this current evolution of reperfusion strategies has the potential to further reduce morbidity and mortality for patients presenting with STEMI.     

尼可地尔对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者介入治疗后发生对比剂诱导急性肾损伤的疗效观察

目的探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PPCI)术前及术后24 h内使用尼可地尔对对比剂诱导的急性肾损伤(CI-AKI)发病率的影响。方法采用前瞻性单盲随机对照设计,纳入行PPCI的STEMI患者397例。随机分为尼可地尔组(n=199)和对照组(n=198)。主要观察指标为术后CI-AKI的发病率,次要观察指标为术后住院期间主要不良心血管事件(MACE)及需要肾脏替代治疗等情况。结果 STEMI患者心肌总缺血时间为(6.1±2.1) h。尼可地尔组、对照组术前Mehran风险评分差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后采血时间的中位数为28.5(25.3,29.6)h,397例患者中53例(13.4%)发生CI-AKI,其中尼可地尔组17例(8.5%)、对照组36例(18.2%)(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,与对照组比较,尼可地尔可以降低术后血肌酐(SCr)增幅或血肌酐差值(ΔSCr)(OR=0.38,95%CI 0.20～0.72,P=0.003),提示其可能为术后发生CI-AKI的独立保护因素;碘对比剂(CM)剂量(OR=1.03,95%CI 1.01～1.04,P0.001)是发生CI-AKI的独立危险因素。尼可地尔组术后24 h内心绞痛发生率更低(P0.05),其他MACE及需要肾脏替代治疗事件方面,两组之间差异无显著性(P0.05)。结论 STEMI患者PPCI术前及术后24 h内使用尼可地尔,可以预防CI-AKI的发生,但并不改善短期预后。     

Anticoagulation with bivalirudin during percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this retrospective analysis of high-risk patients treated with bivalirudin during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of direct thrombin inhibitor (DTI) without concomitant glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibition. BACKGROUND: Reperfusion by PCI is the treatment of choice for patients with STEMI. In patients with stable or unstable angina without ST-segment elevation undergoing PCI, bivalirudin was at least as effective as heparin plus GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors in reducing ischemic events and more effective in preventing bleeding. There are no published studies detailing the use of bivalirudin in patients with STEMI. METHODS: From 09/02 to 05/03 at the Heart Care Centers of Illinois, Blue Island, Illinois. Ninety-one consecutive patients with STEMI underwent PCI with or without stent placement. Bivalirudin was administered as a bolus dose (0.75 mg/kg) followed by infusion (1.75 mg/kg/hr) for the duration of the procedure. Outcomes were recorded over a 30-day follow-up period. RESULTS: Patients (n = 91) had several high-risk characteristics (40% female, 30% diabetes mellitus, 21% previous MI and 18% cardiogenic shock). PCI procedures utilized balloons, stents, or a combination of both. Intraaortic balloon pumps were used for 41% and closure devices for 24% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This evaluation demonstrates excellent TIMI flow without the addition of GPIIb/IIIa inhibitors. The low mortality and complication rates suggest anticoagulation with bivalirudin in patients with STEMI undergoing PCI is feasible and warrants further study in larger controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of bivalirudin in this patient population.     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗无复流现象相关因素分析

目的探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）中出现无复流的相关危险因素。方法选取发病在12h内的1059例STEMI患者给予急诊PCI,收集患者的临床、造影和介入治疗资料。PCI术后,根据心肌梗死溶栓（TIMI）分级和校正TIMI帧数将患者分为正常血流组和无复流组。比较两组患者的基本临床资料、造影结果和手术相关资料的差异,分析STEMI患者急诊PCI术中出现无复流的原因。结果急诊PCI术中无复流组患者118例。正常血流组941例,无复流发生率为11．14％。研究共纳入63个指标,通过单变量分析发现,年龄、症状至PCI时间、谷草转氨酶、氯吡格雷使用情况、干预病变数、狭窄程度及血栓负荷与急诊PCI术中发生无复流具有相关性（P〈0．05）。多变量Logistic回归模型认为,年龄（OR=1．04,95％CI：1．02—1．06）与血栓负荷（OR=1．72,95％CI：1．07～2．76）可作为预测急诊PCI术中无复流发生的独立危险因素。结论年龄与血栓负荷可作为预测急性STEMI患者急诊PCI术中发生无复流的独立危险因素,而糖尿病、高血压、高血脂、吸烟等冠心病的传统危险因素与无复流未见相关性。     

Predictors of no-reflow phenomenon following percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

ObjectivesNo reflow during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a complex issue with serious outcomes. Multiple studies have studied predictors of no-reflow during primary PCI, but data on patients with the late presentation is sparse, which constitutes the majority of patients in peripheral centers. This study aimed to determine predictors of no-reflow during PCI in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in 7 days.MethodsIt was a single-center prospective case-control study performed at a tertiary care center and included 958 patients with STEMI who underwent PCI within 7 days of symptom onset. Baseline and angiographic data of patients undergoing PCI were recorded and patients divided into reflow and no-reflow group.ResultsOf 958 who underwent PCI, 182 (18.9%) showed no-reflow by myocardial blush grade (MBG) < 2. No-reflow group had a higher mean age (66.46 ± 10.71 vs. 61.36 ± 9.94 years), lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) on admission (100.61 ± 26.66 vs. 112.23 ± 24.35, P < 0.0001), a higher level of peak Troponin I level (9.37 ± 2.81 vs. 7.66 ± 3.11 ng/dL, P < 0.0001), low left ventricular ejection fraction (36.71 ± 3.89 vs. 39.58 ± 4.28% respectively P < 0.0001). Among angiographic data and procedural features, multivariable logistic regression analysis identified that advanced age, reperfusion time > 6 hours, SBP < 100 mmHg on admission, functional status of Killip class for heart failure ≥ 3, lower EF (≤ 35%), low initial myocardial blush grade (≤ 1) before PCI, long target lesion length, larger reference diameter of vessel (> 3.5 mm) and high thrombus burden on angiography were found to be independent predictors of no-reflow (P < 0.05).ConclusionNo-reflow phenomenon after PCI for STEMI is complex and multifactorial and can be identified by simple clinical, angiographic, and procedural features. Preprocedural characters of the lesion and early perfusion decides the fate of the outcome.     

Effectiveness and safety of percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolytic therapy for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

The goal of treatment of an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is the timely restoration of myocardial blood flow to decrease myocardial necrosis and thereby preserve cardiac tissue and overall function. Mainstays of reperfusion treatment include fibrinolytic therapy and/or primary percutaneous coronary intervention. In those patients who are treated with fibrinolysis, there is debate as to whether and when they should also undergo subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention. In conclusion, the investigators review the published reports on systematic percutaneous coronary intervention after fibrinolytic therapy in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and discuss the rationale behind this treatment strategy.     

优化急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗

对ST段抬高型心肌梗死实施直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗不应只是为获得TIMI 3级血流,而应是良好的心肌灌注。可通过上游使用血小板膜糖蛋白Ⅱb/Ⅲa受体拮抗剂、他汀类调脂药,个体化正确使用血栓抽吸装置,必要时延迟支架植入等手段,优化直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的效果。     

Primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: process improvement in a rural ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction receiving center

Background

Rural ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) care networks may be particularly disadvantaged in achieving a door-to-balloon time (D2B) of less than or equal to 90 minutes recommended in current guidelines.

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Process Upgrade Project

A multidisciplinary STEMI process upgrade group at a rural percutaneous coronary intervention center implemented evidence-based strategies to reduce time to electrocardiogram (ECG) and D2B, including catheterization laboratory activation triggered by either a prehospital ECG demonstrating STEMI or an emergency department physician diagnosing STEMI, single-call catheterization laboratory activation, catheterization laboratory response time less than or equal to 30 minutes, and prompt data feedback.

Evaluating success

An ongoing regional STEMI registry was used to collect process time intervals, including time to ECG and D2B, in a consecutive series of STEMI patients presenting before (group 1) and after (group 2) strategy implementation. Significant reductions in time to first ECG in the emergency department and D2B were seen in group 2 compared with group 1.

Conclusions

Important improvement in the process of acute STEMI patient care was accomplished in the rural percutaneous coronary intervention center setting by implementing evidence-based strategies.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心电图ST段回落程度与预后的观察

目的:探讨急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)直接经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后心电图ST段的回落程度与预后的关系.方法:入选225例患者,其中急性前壁梗死118例,非前壁心肌梗死107例.依据PCI后心电图ST段抬高总和与总回落百分比(sumSTR)将全部患者分为sumSTR＞70%组(完全回落组)、30%＜sumSTR≤70%组(部分回落组)及sumSTR≤30%组(未回落组),并对这3组患者的住院期间左室射血分数及6个月内总的主要心血管事件(MACE,包括心绞痛、再发心肌梗死、因心血管事件再入院、心力衰竭和死亡等)发生率的相关性进行对比分析.另外,对可能影响随访期间MACE发生的因素进行多因素回归分析.结果:完全回落组住院期间的左室射血分数[(56.62±7.53)%]较部分回落组[(53.4±9.45)%]及未回落组[(54.3±8.66)%]显著升高,均P＜0.05;完全回落组6个月内MACE发生率(16.3%)显著低于部分回落组(39.3%)和未回落组(48.3%),均P＜0.01.Logistic多因素回归分析提示前壁心肌梗死、sumSTR是随访6个月内MACE发生率的独立预测因子.结论:sumSTR与患者住院期间左室射血分数、6个月内MACE发生率相关;前壁心肌梗死、sumSTR是随访6个月内MACE发生率的独立预测因子.     

介入治疗对老年人急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死预后的影响

Objective To investigate the effect of percutaneous eoronary intervention (PCI) on the prognosis of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (ASTEMI) in the elderly.Methods The 1318 ASTEMI patients in our hospital from June 1998 to June 2008 were retrospectively analyzed. Among them, 338 (25.6%) elderly patients were over 60 years old, and 316patients consistent with inclusion and exclusion criteria were consecutively enrolled in our research.Then they were divided into two groups: PCI group (136 cases, 43.0%) and conservative drug treatment group (180 cases, 57. 0%). The clinical data of study objects were collected. Then they were followed up regularly for two years. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups in mean age, gender, hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, excess smoking,wine and family history (all P＞ 0.05). And there were no statistically significant differences in anterior wall STEMI, Killip Ⅲ-Ⅳ class, thrombolysis therapy and malignant ventricular arrhythmia (all P＞0. 05). Most of the objects proceeded therapeutic lifestyle improvements, such as giving up smoking, restricting wine, regulating diet, losing weight and insisting on exercises, and so on.Secondary prevention drugs of acute myocardial infarction including angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptors blockers, beta receptor, aspirin and statins were regularly administrated in the two follow-up years. In the retrospective research, incidence rates of reinfarction, NYHA (New York Heart Association) Ⅲ-Ⅳ class heart function and one-month mortality were much higher in conservative treatment group than in PCI group (17.2% vs. 2. 2%, OR=9. 224,95% CI: 2. 756-30. 857; 31.1% vs. 8.1%,OR=5.132, 95%CI: 2. 568-10. 257; 8. 3% vs. 1.5%,OR= 6. 091, 95% CI: 1. 369-27. 105, respectively; all P ＜ 0. 01). Above all, one and two-year mortalities were much higher in conservative treatment group than in PCI group (21.1% vs. 2. 2 %,OR=11.864, 95%CI: 3.577-39.349; 32.2% vs. 4.4%, OR=10.301, 95%CI: 4.289-24.736,respectively; all P＜0. 01). Conclusions PCI may reduce the re-infarction, NYHA Ⅲ-Ⅳ class heart function and one-month mortality, especially so in view of the one and two-year mortality. PCIcan significantly improve the prognosis of ASTEMI in the elderly.     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入术后心肌内出血的相关因素分析

目的 评估中国人群中急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)介入手术后心肌内出血(IMH)的发病率,并探究IMH 形成的相关预测因素,为STEMI 治疗和预后提供个体化的诊疗措施.方法 该观察队列研究是在成功心肌再灌注STEMI 的患者中进行的,其心脏磁共振(CMR)检查为急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后(5.71±...     

介入治疗对老年人急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死预后的影响

目的 探讨介入治疗对老年急性ST段抬高性心肌梗死(STEMI)预后的影响. 方法 回顾性分析1998年6月至2008年6月我院心内科住院的STEMI患者1318例,其中老年人338例(25.6%),连续入选符合标准的老年STEMI 316例为研究对象,依据是否行冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)分两组:PCI组136例(43.0%)和保守治疗组180例(57.0%).收集研究对象的临床资料,并随访2年评价患者预后. 结果 两组患者年龄、性别、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、吸烟饮酒史、家族史等比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).两组患者前壁STEMI、心功能Killip Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、静脉溶栓及恶性室性心律失常例数等比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).随访患者急性心肌梗死二级预防:多数患者戒烟限酒、控制饮食、减轻体质量、坚持运动等,较规律服用预防心室重塑、抗血小板、抗动脉粥样硬化等药物:血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素受体拮抗剂、阿司匹林、β受体阻滞剂、他汀类药物,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).2年随访发生再梗死、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级住院人数和1个月病死率比较,保守治疗组均高于PCI组(分别为17.2%与2.2%,OR=9.224,95%CI=2.756～30.876;31.1%与8.1%,OR=5.132,95%CI=2.568～10.257;8.3%与1.5%,OR=6.091,95%CI=1.369～27.105,均P＜0.01).老年STEMI的1年、2年病死率比较,保守治疗组明显高于PCI组(分别为21.1%与2.2%,OR=11.864,95%CI=3.577～39.349;32.2%与4.41%,OR=10.301,95%CI=4.289～24.736,P＜0.01). 结论 PCI可减少老年STEMI发生再梗死、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级住院和1个月病死率,尤其是可明显减少1年、2年病死率.因此,早期PCI可明显改善老年STEMI患者预后.     

延迟冠状动脉介入治疗与静脉溶栓后药物保守治疗的对比研究

目的　评价静脉溶栓治疗后常规行延迟冠状动脉介入 (PCI)的价值。方法　对 98例ST段抬高性心肌梗死 (STEMI)患者常规行延迟PCI,然后与既往行静脉溶栓后药物保守治疗的 82例患者对照观察住院期间和随访 6个月时的临床不良事件和超声心动图的变化。所有患者分为对照组 (静脉溶栓后保守治疗 )、试验 1组 (静脉溶栓成功后行延迟PCI)和试验 2组 (静脉溶栓失败后行延迟PCI)。结果　与静脉溶栓保守治疗比较 ,静脉溶栓后常规施行延迟PCI可以降低住院期间的死亡率(4 9%vs 0 % ,0 % )、缩短平均住院时间 (2 5 3dvs13 5d ,15 1d)、减少对靶病变血管重建治疗的需要(7 3%vs 0 % ,0 % )和降低血栓形成或心肌梗死的发生率 (7 3%vs 0 % ,0 % ) ,还可以明显降低 6个月死亡率 (13 4 %vs 1 4 % ,0 % )、减少再次心肌梗死 (12 2 %vs 4 2 % ,4 5 % )和卒中 (2 4 %vs 0 % ,0 % )的发生、减少因缺血做靶血管重建治疗 (2 8%vs 4 2 % ,4 5 % )和防止左室进一步发生重塑。结论　常规施行延迟PCI可以防止再发性缺血、再次梗死和梗死相关动脉再闭塞和改善左室功能 ,因而提高住院期间和 6个月的治疗效果。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者溶栓后经皮冠状动脉介入治疗时机的选择

目的:探讨急性心肌梗死静脉溶栓后紧急转诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)模式的科学性、有效性及安全性。方法:5例急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者在外院行静脉溶栓后经绿色通道直接送至我院心导管室行紧急PCI术,观察转运途中的安全性、术中及术后的并发症,术后即刻疗效及出院后短期随访效果。结果:溶栓后立即转诊至我院并紧急PCI的5例患者均顺利完成PCI术,住院期间未见再发缺血事件,也未见明显出血并发症,缩短了患者的住院时间,术后短期随访未见明显不良事件发生。结论:在具备抢救设备及医护人员陪同的条件下,外院STEMI患者溶栓后立即转诊实施紧急PCI术是安全的,且对患者有益,手术时间应在溶栓3h之后,根据术中情况决定术后抗血小板聚集和抗凝治疗。