肠系膜上血管或门静脉受压性胰头部恶性肿瘤根治性胰十二指肠切除术的技巧

目的 探讨肠系膜上血管或门静脉受压性胰头部恶性肿瘤的根治性胰十二指肠切除技巧.方法 在2005年3月至2007年3月,术前采用多排螺旋CT薄层扫描和血管重建技术评估56例肠系膜上血管或门静脉受压性胰头部恶性肿瘤患者的邻近血管是否受侵犯和肿瘤的可切除性;术中运用预置肠系膜上静脉、门静脉、脾静脉三阻断带或四阻断带(附加肠系膜下静脉),以及肠系膜上静脉与肠系膜上动脉交叉牵引下完整切除胰腺钩突部的方法,顺利地完成了56例根治性胰十二指肠切除.结果 术前判断胰腺肿瘤是否侵犯血管和可切除性的准确率分别为98%和100%.56例患者中,37例行三阻断和2例行四阻断后用5-0无创血管缝合线缝合肠系膜上静脉出血点;1例行肠系膜上静脉部分切除修补;手术时间5～8 h;出血量200～600 ml.无术中及术后大出血和胰瘘发生.随访至今,2例患者因肝脏多发性肿瘤转移,分别于术后7个月和9个月死亡.其他54例至今存活良好.结论 术前多排螺旋CT薄层扫描、血管重建技术可较准确地判断胰腺肿瘤是否侵犯血管和是否可根治性切除;采用三阻断或四阻断和肠系膜上血管交叉牵引方法可较顺利地完成肠系膜上血管或门静脉受压性胰头部恶性肿瘤的根治性胰十二指肠切除.     

胰头癌淋巴结转移的临床研究

目的:探索胰头癌淋巴回流途径和淋巴结转移的特点,以指导胰腺癌根治术中的淋巴结清扫范围.方法:在46例胰头癌标本应用手术显微镜法寻找淋巴结,进行详细的分组,以明确各组淋巴结的转移状况,并进一步分析各组淋巴结的转移频率和相互关系.结果:46例胰头癌平均每例找到淋巴结41.8枚,证实32例伴有淋巴结转移,包括较小的淋巴结,转移率69.6%.第13、14、12、8、16组转移频率较高.6例胰腺钩突肿瘤仅发生14组淋巴结转移而不伴13或17组淋巴结转移.7例阳性的16组淋巴结均属16b1亚组,主要分布于腹主动脉、下腔静脉和左肾静脉围成的三角形区域内.结论:在胰头癌根治性切除时,即使是局限于胰腺内的小胰癌也应作广泛的淋巴结清扫.胰腺钩突肿瘤尤其要注意肠系膜上动静脉周围的淋巴结清扫.清扫腹主动脉周围淋巴结重点应在腹主动脉、下腔静脉和左肾静脉构成的三角形区域内.     

Staging of pancreatic and ampullary cancers for resectability using laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound

Background: Cancers of the pancreas and periampullary region are rarely curable. We set out to determine the efficacy of laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound in the staging of pancreatic and ampullary malignancies for resectability. Methods: Between January 1994 and September 1999, we retrospectively reviewed the laparoscopic staging (LS) of tumors already deemed resectable by standard radiologic criteria in 27 patients using laparoscopy with laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS). Patients found to be resectable by LS evaluation underwent laparotomy (LA). We then compared the results of the LS and LA findings. Results: Of the 27 patients evaluated, 17 were men and 10 were women. Their mean age was 66 years. Preoperative computerized tomography (CT) scans were done in all 27 patients (100%), and transabdominal and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) was done in 21 (78%). By LS, seven patients (26%) were found to have unresectable disease. Two patients with mesenteric tumor infiltration (one with peritoneal implants, and one with a visible liver metastasis) were judged to be unresectable by laparoscopy alone. LUS revealed that one patient had portal vein (PV) occlusion and two had metastases to the lymph nodes or liver that were not revealed by preoperative studies or laparoscopy alone. Among 20 patients (74%) deemed resectable by LS, two (10%) were found to be unresectable at LA, one due to PV involvement and the other due to local tumor extension with superior mesenteric lymph node metastasis. Eighteen of those in whom resection was attempted (90%) were resectable, with no unexpected findings of distant lymph node or hepatic metastasis. Pathology examination showed that eight had regional metastases (44%). The sensitivity of LS in determining unresectability was 77% (seven true positives and two false negatives). The negative predictive value (reflecting resectability) was 90%. Laparoscopy alone had a sensitivity of 44%, with a negative predictive value of 78%. The sensitivity and positive predictive value of LS was 100%, reflecting no false positive examinations. Conclusions: LS can effectively stage most patients and reliably predict which of them will benefit from LA. Intervention for unresectable patients can then be limited to laparoscopic or endoscopic bypass. The main limitation is that LS may underestimate PV and regional lymph node involvement.     

Favourable prognostic factors in a large UK experience of adenocarcinoma of the head of the pancreas and periampullary region

AIMS: To present the surgical experience in a regional unit, analysing the post-operative outcome, and determining risk factors for survival after pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary and pancreatic head carcinoma. METHODS: Data were collected on 251 patients with pancreatic head adenocarcinoma (133), ampullary carcinomas (88) and distal common bile duct (30), between 1987 and 2002. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Clinical, surgical and histopathological records were examined by univariate and multivariate analysis to identify the independent prognostic predictors of survival. RESULTS: Median actuarial survival for carcinoma of the pancreatic head, ampulla and distal bile duct were 13.4, 35.5 and 16 months, respectively; p < 0.0001. On univariate analysis for the whole series, the age < or =60, tumour of the head of the pancreas, lymph node positive, resection margin R1, poorly differentiated tumours, and portal vein invasion significantly decreased survival. On multivariate analysis, poor tumour differentiation, surgical margin, lymph node metastases, and age independently influence survival. Mortality and morbidity were 4.8 and 29.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreaticoduodenectomy for pancreatic and periampullary tumours is the only therapy that may cure patients and can be performed safely in centres with significant experience.     

Study of mediastinal lymph nodes in lung cancer using transesophageal ultrasonography]

Evaluation of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer is fundamental for their treatment and prognosis. Chest computed tomography (CT) is presently the most utilized diagnostic modality. In recent years endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is being employed for this purpose. We retrospectively compared the results of CT and EUS staging of 35 selected patients with postsurgical stage. A total of 175 lymph node sites were examined. Results CT vs EUS were as follows: specificity 92% vs 98%, sensitivity 88% vs 84%, positive predicted accuracy 80% vs 96%, negative predicted accuracy 95% vs 94%, overall accuracy 92% vs 95%. The region most accessible by EUS evaluation were the paraesophageal lymph nodes; the most difficult were the right superior mediastinal nodes which cannot be imaged for anatomic reasons. EUS not only allows one to arrive at correct diagnosis with less false positive results, but also permits evaluation of lymph nodes which are not enlarged. We think that EUS, in combination with CT, is an appropriate modality for staging of mediastinal lymph nodes in patients with lung cancer.     

Pancreatoduodenectomy for locally advanced or recurrent colon cancer: Report of two cases

A 66-year-old man, who had ascending colon cancer which invaded the duodenum, pancreas, and superior mesenteric vein, underwent a curative resection including an extended right hemicolectomy, pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy, and a partial resection of the superior mesenteric vein. The pathological examination revealed adenocarcinoma of the colon, which directly invaded the duodenum and pancreas, thus causing duodenocolic fistula. Tumor infiltration to the superior mesenteric vein was not histologically proven. Two out of 40 lymph nodes were also involved. The patient is still alive and disease-free 37 months after the operation. A 72-year-old man, with a history of surgery two previous times for ascending colon cancer and its recurrence, underwent a third operation including a resection of the former ileocolic anastomosis en bloc by means of a pylorus-preserving pancreatoduodenectomy with a curative intent. The pathological examination revealed adenocarcinoma of the colon, which directly invaded the duodenum and pancreas. Seven out of 31 lymph nodes were also involved. The patient died of recurrence 24 months after the third operation. These two cases demonstrated the usefulness of a resection of the colon en bloc by means of a pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with either locally advanced colon cancer or locally advanced recurrent colon cancer.     

以肠系膜上静脉为标识中线入路法在右半结肠联合胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的探讨以肠系膜上静脉为标识的中线入路法在右半结肠联合胰十二指肠切除术中的安全性与有效性。方法回顾性分析2016年1月至2019年7月河南省肿瘤医院普外科采取以肠系膜上静脉为标识的中线人路法行肝曲结肠癌(T4b)右半结肠联合胰十二指肠切除术13例患者的临床病理资料,以肠系膜上静脉为标识向上延伸作为肿瘤切除的内侧界。结果本组13例患者均顺利完成手术。平均手术时间(249±27)min,平均术中出血量(442±129)ml,平均清扫淋巴结(20±4)枚。术后发生胰漏2例,胃瘫1例,无吻合口狭窄、腹腔感染、肠梗阻、肠系膜损伤等并发症。术后平均住院时间(23.2±9.4)d。结论以肠系膜上静脉为标识中线人路法行右半结肠联合胰十二指肠切除术符合无瘤原则和结肠系膜完整切除原则,并且安全、可行。     

Prospective Analysis of Accuracy of Positron Emission Tomography,Computed Tomography,and Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Staging of Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus and the Esophagogastric Junction

Background: Exact preoperative staging of esophageal cancer is essential for accurate prognosis and selection of appropriate treatment modalities.Methods: Forty-two patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus or the esophagogastric junction suitable for radical esophageal resection were staged with positron emission tomography (PET), spiral computed tomography (CT), and endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS).Results: Diagnostic sensitivity for the primary tumor was 83% for PET and 67% for CT; for local peritumoral lymph node metastasis, it was 37% for PET and 89% for EUS; and for distant metastasis, it was 47% for PET and 33% for CT. Diagnostic specificity for local lymph node metastasis was 100% with PET and 54% with EUS, and for distant metastasis, it was 89% for PET and 96% for CT. Accuracy for locoregional lymph node metastasis was 63% for PET, 66% for CT, and 75% for EUS, and for distant metastasis, it was 74% with PET and 74% with CT. Of the 10 patients who were considered inoperable during surgery, PET identified 7 and CT 4. The false-negative diagnoses of stage IV disease in PET were peritoneal carcinomatosis in two patients, abdominal para-aortic cancer growth in one, metastatic lymph nodes by the celiac artery in four, and metastases in the pancreas in one. PET showed false-positive lymph nodes at the jugulum in three patients.Conclusions: The diagnostic value of PET in the staging of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and the esophagogastric junction is limited because of low accuracy in staging of paratumoral and distant lymph nodes. PET does, however, seem to detect organ metastases better than CT.     

肠系膜上动脉路径在胰十二指肠切除及合并血管切除术中的应用

目的：探讨经肠系膜上动脉途径行胰头十二指肠切除及合并血管切除的可行性及优劣。 方法：2012年9月—2014年2月采用肠系膜上动脉旁路径的方法实施胰头十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌及壶腹周围癌16例,其中实施门静脉、肠系膜上静脉切除重建手术5例。患者均首先显露、游离肠系膜上动、静脉并清除其周围的神经淋巴组织,再打通胰后隧道并切断胰腺颈部,最后切除胰腺钩突或被侵犯的门静脉、肠系膜上静脉。 结果：15例术后顺利恢复后出院,1例术后出现肾功能衰竭、肺部感染,放弃治疗自动出院。术中平均出血量为470 mL,平均手术时间4.5 h,无手术中及术后死亡。5例术后出现胰瘘等并发症,均经保守治疗后痊愈。切缘病理检查均阴性,淋巴结及后腹膜神经、淋巴组织阳性检出率较高。 结论：经肠系膜上动脉途径行胰头十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌及壶腹周围癌安全可行,并可增加R0切除率。     

Para-aortic lymph node metastasis in carcinoma of the head of the pancreas

BACKGROUND: Metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes often occurs in pancreatic head cancer, but factors that predict it are not well known. METHODS: Using histopathologic data of 178 patients who underwent extended lymph node dissection for pancreatic head cancer, we analyzed the distribution of metastases to lymph node groups classified in detail and attempted to identify the lymph node groups that have a strong relation with metastasis to para-aortic lymph nodes. RESULTS: A high incidence of lymph node metastasis was found in para-aortic lymph nodes (No. 16, 19%) as well as in regional lymph nodes, such as those on the posterior aspect of the pancreas head (No. 13, 47%), on the anterior surface of the pancreas head (No. 17, 29%), along the superior mesenteric artery (No. 14, 28%), and along the hepatoduodenal ligament (No. 12, 19%). Statistical analysis showed that metastases to para-aortic lymph nodes had a strong correlation with metastases to Nos. 12, 13, 14, and 17 lymph nodes. Para-aortic lymph node metastases were seldom observed among the patients who had no metastases to Nos.13, 14, and 17 lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS: Examination of Nos. 13, 14, and 17 lymph nodes may be useful to predict the involvement of para-aortic lymph nodes.     

Retroperitoneal dissection followed by translateral retroperitoneal approach for pancreatic cancer

To improve the surgical results for pancreatic cancer, extended surgery has been performed at our institution since 1973. The translateral retroperitoneal approach was developed as one of these extended procedures in 1976. With this procedure, the lymph nodes around the pancreas, the superior mesenteric artery, and the abdominal, aorta are removed and a combined resection of the portal vein is performed. This approach has been employed in 54 patients with pancreatic cancer. Of these 54, 9 have survived for 5 years or more. Here we describe the technique, focusing in particular on the dissection of the retroperitoneum and the region around the superior mesenteric artery.     

螺旋CT血管造影在胰头癌手术中的价值

目的 探讨术前螺旋CT血管造影(SCTA)诊断局部进展期胰头癌侵犯胰周大血管在胰头癌手术中的价值.方法 92例横断面CT检查疑似局部进展期的胰头痛病人,术前均进行了sCTA检查,评价胰头癌侵犯血管的情况.根据不同的分级,采取不同的术中探查方式和术式.结果 45例胰头癌病人SMV/PV受侵2级以下,施行了经典胰十二指肠切除术.其中受侵1～2级的12例术中探查证实肿瘤与血管之间是粘连和慢性炎症表现.13例SMV/PV受侵3～4级,长度低于2 cm的,行联合血管切除(PVR)的胰十二指肠切除术,直接端端吻合重建门静脉.而SMV/PV受侵4级,长度2 cm以上的34例,5例行联合PVR的胰头癌切除术,其中胰十二指肠切除术4例,全胰切除术1例,均采用Gore-Tex人工血管植入重建门静脉.其余29例SMV/PV受侵长度3 cm以上,术中探查不可切除,行胆管空肠内引流术,其中6例同时行胃卒肠吻合术.结论 术前SCTA检查可精确诊断胰头癌侵犯胰周大血管的情况,藉此可在术中选择不同的探查方式和术式.     

Pancreatic cancer—EUS and early diagnosis

BACKGROUND: Over the last decades, the incidence of pancreatic cancer has increased. Prognosis remains poor despite rapid improvements in imaging technologies and therapeutic modalities. Curative treatment is dependant on early diagnosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: One of the most promising techniques for early detection of pancreatic lesions seems to be endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). With or without fine needle aspiration (FNA), it has been described as highly sensitive and accurate in staging. Superior to other imaging modalities in early studies, results in later publications declined. There are three fundamental different techniques of EUS available at present: radial scanning scopes, linear scanning scopes and radial or linear scanning probes, each with different pros and cons. Indications for EUS are persistent epigastric and/or back pain, acute onset of diabetes in the elderly, unclairified weight loss and suspect results in ultrasonography, especially in individuals over 45 years of age and in high-risk subpopulations. RESULTS: In early studies, EUS was superior or at least equal to other imaging modalities regarding sensitivity, determining tumour size and extent, lymph node involvement and vascular infiltration. With rapid advances in technology, first of all, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging have reached better results. The highest accuracy in assessing extent of primary tumour, locoregional extension, vascular invasion, distant metastasis, tumour TNM stage and tumour resectability seems to have helical CT, whereas EUS has the highest accuracy in assessing tumour size and lymph node involvement. For assessment of tumour resectability, a combination of CT and EUS seems to be the procedure with the highest accuracy. Some new techniques promise improvement of the diagnostic yield of EUS. In differentiation to focal inflammation, contrast-enhanced EUS has shown to increase sensitivity and specificity for pancreatic cancer. Another major problem is the assessment of vascular invasion. 3D reconstructions additional to conventional EUS seemed to improve the evaluation of vessel-tumour-relationships. Endoscopic ultrasound is not a foolproof method; there are several reasons for failure, and it shows a high interobserver variety even among experienced endosonographers. Nevertheless, EUS proved to have a high negative predictive value. Poor overall survival rates and some reports of high survival rates among small resected stage 1 ductal adenocarcinomas suggest a high benefit for screening and early detection of pancreatic neoplasia, and treatment of precursor lesions might prevent their progression to invasive cancer. Because of low incidence and the lack of accurate, inexpensive and non-invasive diagnostic tests for early disease, screening for pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions in the entire population is not reasonable. But a EUS- and CT-based screening among high-risk individuals discovered pancreatic neoplasms in eight of 78 patients, in contrast to no pancreatic neoplasia among 149 control subjects. CONCLUSION: Screening for pancreatic cancer and its precursor lesions in the general population is not feasible, but high-risk subpopulations seem to be suitable targets for screening programs. EUS is an essential tool for diagnosis and assessment of extension and resectability of pancreatic tumours.     

规范化区域淋巴结清扫在胰头癌胰十二指肠切除术中的临床意义

目的 探讨规范化区域淋巴结清扫在胰头癌胰十二指肠切除术(PD)中的临床意义.方法 对2008 年1 月至2010 年10 月收治的48 例胰头癌患者施行在常规whipple 基础上进行规范化区域淋巴结清扫.采用JPS 的淋巴结分组标准,规范化区域淋巴结清扫的重点清扫肝总、肝固有动脉周围所有淋巴结(8a,8p)、腹腔干周围淋巴结(9)、肝十二指肠韧带区所有淋巴结(12abp)、胰十二指肠后的淋巴结(13a、13b)、从SMA 开口至胰十二指肠下动脉(IPDA)间的SMA 右侧的淋巴结(14abcd)及胰十二指肠前的淋巴结(17a、17b)、腹腔干至肠系膜下动脉(IMA)间的腹主动脉与下腔静脉前面的淋巴结(16a2、16b1)并包含Gerota 筋膜.结果 48 例胰腺癌患者施行规范化区域淋巴结清扫,术中常规行胰腺、胆管断面检查,证实无癌残留.2 例患者肠系膜上静脉部分切除并血管重建,术后多脏器功能衰竭死亡1 例.并发少量胰瘘2 例,发生胃瘫1 例,切口感染3 例,急性左心衰1 例,均治愈.48 例患者累计清扫淋巴结716 个,平均每例14.9 个.其中有20 例(41.6%)发生淋巴结转移,其中以胰十二指肠后(13a、13b)(14/48)29.1%、肠系膜上动脉周围淋巴结缔组织(14abcd) (8/48)16.7%发生率最高;N1 阳性(8/20,40.0%),N2 阳性(6/20,30.0%),N3 阳性(6/20,30.0%).结论 规范化区域淋巴结清扫可以有效清扫区域内更多淋巴结和后腹膜组织,同时没有增加其手术的死亡率和并发症.     

Pathogenesis and treatment of neoplastic diseases of the papilla of Vater: Kausch-Whipple procedure with lymph node dissection in cancer of the papilla of Vater

Cancer of the papilla or the ampulla of Vater appears, from a clinical point of view, to be an intraduodenal or ampullary cancer. An adenoma-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence has been established. In 20%–40% of the patients with an adenoma of the papilla, a cancerous lesion in the adenoma is additionally observed. Oncological resection using a Kausch-Whipple technique or a pylorus-preserving partial pancreatico-duodenectomy (PPPD) offers a 5-year survival probability of between 45% and 65%. The hospital mortality after oncological resection at experienced centers is below 5%. The most frequent treatment-related complication is pancreatic fistula, which occurs in around 20% of the patients. In about 10% of the patients with a pT₁ cancer and in 25% to 67% with pT₂ and pT₃ cancer, lymph node involvement has been observed. Lymph nodes in front of and behind the head of the pancreas are the primary targets for cancer cell disseminations. In more than one-third of the patients, lymph nodes in the inter-aortocaval space and the lymph nodes around the superior mesenteric artery and the nodes in the pancreatic segment of the hepatoduodenal ligament are involved. Therefore, tissue dissection, including, selectively, the N₂ lymph nodes, is an essential component of radical surgery for cancer of the papilla. A standard Kausch-Whipple resection or PPPD without a selective extended lymph node dissection, including the interaortocaval and superior mesenteric artery nodes, results in about 30% of the patients having an R₂-resection, i.e., with cancer left behind. The long-term survival is determined by the tumor biological factors: (1) absence of lymph node involvement and (2) absence of infiltration into the pancreas. The surgeons contribution to the cure of cancer of the papilla is to perform an R₀-resection with low hospital mortality and low postoperative morbidity. Patients without lymph node involvement, and with absence of infiltration into the pancreas, no lymph vessel invasion, and tumor-negative margins have major benefits from oncological resection in regard to curability of the cancer.     

胰头癌淋巴转移特点的探索和影响的因素

目的 探索胰头癌淋巴回流途径和淋巴结转移的特点，初步分析胰头癌淋巴结转移的相关因素．以指导胰腺癌根治术中的淋巴结清扫。方法 21例胰头癌标本应用手术显微镜法寻找淋巴结，并进行详细的分组。分析各组淋巴结的转移频率和相互关系。分析肿瘤大小、肿瘤组织学类型、术前血清肿瘤标志物与淋巴结转移的关系。结果 21例胰头癌平均每例找到淋巴结37．7枚，证实17例伴有淋巴结转移。第13、14、12和8组转移频率较高。4例胰腺钩突肿瘤仪发生14组淋巴结转移而不伴13或17组淋巴结转移。4例16组阳性的淋巴结均为16bl亚组．主要分布于腹主动脉、下腔静脉、左。肾静脉围成的三角形区域内。淋巴结转移与肿瘤大小、肿瘤组织学类型无关。伴有淋巴结转移的病人术前血清中CA50、CA24-2明显升高。结论 在胰头癌根治性切除时．即使是局限于胰腺内的小胰癌也应作广泛的淋巴结清扫。胰腺钩突肿瘤尤其要注意肠系膜上动静脉周围的淋巴结清扫。清扫腹主动脉周围淋巴结重点应在腹主动脉、下腔静脉和左肾静脉构成的三角形区域内。术前血清中CA50、CA24-2明显升高的病人术中更应注重淋巴结的清扫。     

Laparoscopic ultrasound enhances standard laparoscopy in the staging of pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To define the role of laparoscopic ultrasound (LUS) in the staging of pancreatic tumors. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Laparoscopy has recently been established as a valuable tool in the staging of pancreatic cancer. It has been suggested that the addition of LUS to standard laparoscopy could improve the accuracy of this procedure. METHODS: A prospective evaluation of 90 patients with pancreatic tumors undergoing laparoscopy and LUS was performed over a 27-month period. LUS equipped with an articulated curved and linear array transducer (6 to 10 MHz) was used. All patients underwent rigorous laparoscopic examination. Clinical, surgical, and pathologic data were collected. RESULTS: The median age was 65 years (range 43 to 85 years). Sixty-four patients had tumors in the head, 19 in the body, and 3 in the tail of the pancreas. Four patients had ampullary tumors. LUS was able to image the primary tumor (98%), portal vein (97%), superior mesenteric vein (94%), hepatic artery (93%), and superior mesenteric artery (93%) in these patients. LUS was particularly helpful in determining venous involvement (42%) and arterial involvement (38%) by the tumor. This resulted in a change in surgical treatment for 13 (14%) of the 90 patients in whom standard laparoscopic examination was equivocal. CONCLUSIONS: LUS is useful in evaluating the primary tumor and peripancreatic vascular anatomy. When standard laparoscopic findings are equivocal, LUS allowed accurate determination of resectability. Supplementing laparoscopy with LUS offers improved assessment and preoperative staging of pancreatic cancer.     

Presentation, treatment and outcome in patients with ampullary tumours

BACKGROUND: Ampullary tumours are relatively rare, and few large single-centre reports provide information on their treatment and outcome. The aim of this study was to analyse outcome and determine predictors of survival for patients with ampullary tumours treated in a specialist centre. METHODS: Over an 11-year period, 561 patients were treated for periampullary tumours, 88 of whom had a histologically proven ampullary neoplasm. Prospectively gathered data were analysed to assess predictors of survival. RESULTS: The overall resection rate was 92 per cent; there were no postoperative deaths. Median survival was 45.8 months for patients with resectable tumours and 8.0 months for those with irresectable disease (P < 0.001). On univariate analysis, age less than 70 years (P = 0.015) and a bilirubin level of 75 micromol/l or less (P = 0.012) favoured long-term survival. Among 70 patients who underwent cancer resection, factors associated with significantly worse long-term survival on univariate analysis included poorly differentiated tumour (P < 0.001), positive nodes (P < 0.001), perineural invasion (P = 0.001) and invasion of the pancreas (P = 0.018). Multivariate analysis identified positive nodes and bilirubin concentration as independent predictors of survival. CONCLUSION: An aggressive surgical approach to ampullary tumours is justified by the low proportion of benign lesions, the absence of postoperative mortality and improved long-term survival.     

胰头癌的外科治疗

目的:探讨胰头癌的外科治疗.方法:因术前临床诊断胰头癌施行胰十二指肠切除术265例,其中行常规胰十二指肠切除术(WhiPPle)152例,保留幽门型胰十二指肠切除术(PPPD)75例,包括切除一段血管的胰十二指肠切除术19例,经再次手术行胰十二指肠切除术17例,全胰切除术2例.术前经B超、CT、选择性ERCP、穿刺细胞学检查,确诊232例(87.5%).术后经病理证实:胰头癌132例,壶腹癌77例,胆总管远端癌22例,十二指肠癌16例,转移癌1例和良性病变17例(慢性胰腺炎14例和良性肿瘤3例).结果:术后发生并发症118例(47.6%),住院死亡10例(4%).PPPD术后并发胃排空障碍较其它术式显著增高(P<0.01).结论:由非胰腺专业组医师施行的手术死亡率明显高于专业组医师(P<0.05),只要病例选择恰当,围手术期良好的处理,可以继续降低手术死亡率.     

规范化区域淋巴结清扫在胰十二指肠切除术中的价值及意义

目的 探讨规范化区域淋巴结清扫结合胰十二指肠切除术治疗胰头癌的临床价值及意义.方法 在常规Whipple基础上,进行规范化区域淋巴结清扫,重点清除肠系膜根部淋巴结(14abed)、腹主动脉旁淋巴结(16a2b1)、以及肝十二指肠韧带内淋巴结(12abpch)、肝动脉旁(8组)、腹腔动脉旁(9组)淋巴结.结果 全组无手术死亡,并发胰瘘l例.1l例患者中有7例(63.6%)发生淋巴结转移,其中以胰头后(13组)、肠系膜根部(14组)发生率最高(36%);发生第二站淋巴结转移的比例高达57.1%.本组11例全部获随访,死亡1例.结论 规范化区域淋巴结清扫较彻底清除区域内淋巴结及后腹膜组织,同时没有增加其手术的风险性.