2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

目的 了解山西省地方性氟中毒病区居民饮水含氟量及降氟改水工程使用现状,为制订科学有效的防治策略提供可靠依据.方法 2007年,根据<地方病防治项目技术方案>的要求,在山西省选择15个县(市、区)的未改水村进行高氟水源筛查,选择10个县(市)的全部降氟改水工程进行调查.水氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法(GB/T 8538-1995).结果 15个县(市、区)共调查未改水村969个,居民饮用水平均水氟合格(≤1.0mg/L)的村有497个,占51.29%(497/969),超过国家饮用水卫生标准(>1.0 mg/L)的村有472个,占48.71%(472/969),超标水氟主要集中在>1.0～4.0 mg/L,最高平均水氟达8.96 mg/L.10个县(市)共调查降氟改水工程290个,正常运行的有213个,占73.45%(213/290),间歇运行的有77个,占26.55%(77/290);降氟改水工程的出厂水水氟合格(≤1.0mg/L)的有158个,占54.48%(158/290),超过国家饮用水卫生标准(>1.0mg/L)的有132个,占45.52%(132/290),最高水氟达5.20 mg/L.结论 山西省饮水型氟中毒病区水氟超标情况仍然较重,降氟改水工程水氟合格率较低,今后应加大改水力度,保证工程质量,进一步提高防治效果.     

2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

Objective To explore into the condition of fluoride content of the drinking water and the present status of water-improving projects in the endemic fluomsis areas in Shanxi province,and to provide the evidence for making scientific and effective tactics in prevention and control.Methods In 2007,according to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control",screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in non-improving water villages of 15 counties(cities,districts).The investigation of all water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).The fluoride content in drinking water was determined by fluoride selective ion electrode(GB/T 8538-1995).Results Screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in 969 non-improving water villages in 15 counties(cities,districts).Average water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 497 villages,accounting for 51.29%(497/969).Average water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 472 villages.accounting for 48.71%(472/969).The overall standard drinking water fluoride content was mainlv>1.0-4.0mg/L,and the maximum average water fluoride content was 8.96 mg/L.The investigation of 290 water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).Among 290 water-improving projects 213 water-improving projects were running normally,accounting for 73.45%(213/290);77 water-improving projects were running abnormally,accounting for 26.55%(77/290).Water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 158 projects,accounting for 54.48%(158/290).Water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 132 projects,accounting for 45.52%(132/290).The maximal water fluoride content was 5.20 mg/L.Conclusions The situation of drinking water fluoride content over the national standard is serious in Shanxi province.The qualification rate was lower for the fluoride content of water-improving projects.Therefore,we should strength water-improving projects to raise the effectiveness of prevention and treatment and assure their quality.     

2007年山西省高氟水源筛查及降氟改水工程现状调查

Objective To explore into the condition of fluoride content of the drinking water and the present status of water-improving projects in the endemic fluomsis areas in Shanxi province,and to provide the evidence for making scientific and effective tactics in prevention and control.Methods In 2007,according to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control",screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in non-improving water villages of 15 counties(cities,districts).The investigation of all water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).The fluoride content in drinking water was determined by fluoride selective ion electrode(GB/T 8538-1995).Results Screening for drinking water fluoride content was carried out in 969 non-improving water villages in 15 counties(cities,districts).Average water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 497 villages,accounting for 51.29%(497/969).Average water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 472 villages.accounting for 48.71%(472/969).The overall standard drinking water fluoride content was mainlv>1.0-4.0mg/L,and the maximum average water fluoride content was 8.96 mg/L.The investigation of 290 water-improving projects was carried out in 10 counties(cities).Among 290 water-improving projects 213 water-improving projects were running normally,accounting for 73.45%(213/290);77 water-improving projects were running abnormally,accounting for 26.55%(77/290).Water fluoride content was≤1.0 mg/L in 158 projects,accounting for 54.48%(158/290).Water fluoride content was>1.0 mg/L in 132 projects,accounting for 45.52%(132/290).The maximal water fluoride content was 5.20 mg/L.Conclusions The situation of drinking water fluoride content over the national standard is serious in Shanxi province.The qualification rate was lower for the fluoride content of water-improving projects.Therefore,we should strength water-improving projects to raise the effectiveness of prevention and treatment and assure their quality.     

1991-2005年广东省丰顺县饮水型氟中毒病区监测结果分析

目的了解1991-2005年广东省丰顺县饮水型氟中毒病区实施改水降氟防治措施后的病情动态。方法在饮水型氟中毒病区大寨村、湖陂村和安全村，进行连续15年的监测，采用氟离子电极法检测饮水氟和儿童尿氟，Dean法检查儿童氟斑牙，X线检查成人氟骨症。结果大寨村、湖陂村和安全村儿童氟斑牙检出率总体呈逐年下降趋势，但中间有波动，氟斑牙指数分别从1991年的1．5、3．0、1．3下降到2005年的0．8、0．9、0．2，流行强度达到轻微或阴性流行标准。2002年以来3个村儿童尿氟〈1．50mg／L。成人氟中毒患病率和氟骨症X线检查阳性率逐年下降。结论饮水型氟中毒病区通过改水降氟后，人群总摄氟量减少．氟中毒有一定程度减轻，说明改换水源是预防饮水型氟中毒最有效的方法，但要规范管理改水降氟设施的使用。     

2004年和2005年河北省三河市地方性氟中毒监测结果报告

目的了解河北省三河市地方性氟中毒（简称地氟病）防治效果及降氟设施使用情况。方法按《全国地方性氟中毒重点监测方案》对三河市100个改水工程的使用情况进行调查；对三河市燕郊镇赵辛庄村和皇庄镇皇庄村进行地氟病病情监测，儿童氟斑牙检查用Dean法，水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法。结果三河市100个集中式改水设施，饮水含氟量在1．0mg／L以下的仅有54个，占54％。2004、2005年燕郊镇赵辛庄村水氟均值分别为0．53、0．45mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为19．5％、21．7％，儿童尿氟分别为1．51、1．15mg／L；皇庄镇皇庄村水氟均值分别为0．57、0．68mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为26．7％、24．5％，儿童尿氟分别为1．41、1．38mg／L。结论三河市2个地氟病病区村的饮水含氟量均符合国家标准．8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率等主要监测指标已降至非病区水平，监测点氟中毒病情得到有效控制。     

山西省饮水型氟中毒重病区县病情现状调查

目的掌握目前山西省饮水型氟中毒(地氟病)重病区地氟病病情现状,为制定科学有效的防治策略提供可靠依据。方法根据山西省地氟病重病区的分布特点,选取4个重病区县(区),每个病区县(区)按照分层整群抽样的方法抽取调查点,对每个调查点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙及成人重度氟骨症患者患病情况进行临床检查；水氟、尿氟采用氟离子选择电极法。结果各县(区)改水任务完成情况相差较大,改水完成率最低的是15．71%,最高为76．36%。大部分改水病区的水氟与改水前相比呈下降趋势,盐湖区下降幅度最大。儿童尿氟均值2．71mg/L,各县(区)病区中儿童氟斑牙患病程度不一,最高检出率为86．91%,未发现成人重度氟骨症患者。结论山西省水氟状况有所好转,地氟病病区病情依然较重,今后应加大改水力度,保证工程质量,进一步提高防治效果。     

山西省浑源县农村饮用水卫生状况及地方性氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 了解浑源县农村饮用水卫生状况,评价高氟区改水降氟效果,为今后农村饮水安全工作提供依据.方法 2008-2010年,按照<中央补助山西省公共卫生专项资金农村改水项目实施方案>,在浑源县共选择54个监测点,采集水样,检测感官性状、理化、微生物等19项指标.同时抽取全县17个乡(镇)40个改水村进行水氟监测.2009年6月在浑源县抽取3个高氟村,对3个村中所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙诊断(Dean 法),并抽取儿童尿样,进行尿氟测定,并对3个村的饮用水氟进行测定.水氟、尿氟测定均采用离子选择电极法.结果 3年共检测水样188份,合格率仅为35.1%(66/188),主要超标指标为菌落总数(109项)、总大肠菌群(47项)、耐热大肠菌群(39项)和氟化物(21项).共检测40个村160份饮用水,水氟超标率为12.50%(20/160).共对522名8～12岁儿童进行了氟斑牙诊断,氟斑牙检出率为7.66%(40/522),氟斑牙指数为0.16;共对74名8～12岁儿童进行了尿氟测定,尿氟几何均数为1.17 mg/L,范围为0.31～3.92 mg/L.结论 浑源县农村改水工作取得成效,但卫生状况较差,今后应加强水质监测和管理,确保农村饮用水安全.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the sanitary status of rural drinking water in Hunyuan county, evaluate the effect of water improvement project to reduce fluoride in high fluoride areas, and to provide the basis for rural drinking water safety. Methods Between 2008 and 2010, in accordance with the "Rural water supply project implementation plan entral grant special funds for public health in Shanxi province", in Hunyuan county, 54 monitoring sites were selected, collected water samples. Water sample sensory properties, chemical, microbiological and other 19 indicators were tested. Forty project villages from 17 townships in Hunyuan county were selected to test water fluoride. June 2009 in Hunyuan county 3 high fluoride villages were chosen, all children aged 8 to 12 in the villages were examined of dental fluorosis (Dean method), and children's urine samples were collected to measured urinary fluoride. Water fluoride of the 3 villages was determined. Water and urinary fluoride were measured by fluoride ion-selective electrode method. Results In three years, a total of 188 samples were detected,with a pass rate of 35.1%(66/188), the main indicators that exceeded the standard were colony count(109 items), total coliforms (47 items), heat-resistant coliform bacteria(39 items) and fluoride(21 items). A total of 160 water samples in the 40 villages from the 17 townships were tested, the water fluoride excessive rate was 12.50%(20/160). A total of 522 children aged 8 to 12 were examined dental fluorosis, dental fluorosis rate was 7.66%(40/522), dental fluorosis index was 0.16; a total of 74 urinary fluoride of children aged 8 to 12 were measured, geometric mean was 1.17 mg/L, urinary fluoride range was 0.31 - 3.92 mg/L. Conclusions The drinking water improvement project in Hunyuan county rural areas has been successful, but sanitary conditions is poor. Water quality monitoring should be strengthened to ensure safe drinking water in the areas.     

2010年山西省忻州市饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握忻州市饮水型氟中毒流行现况,评价改水降氟防治效果,为开展病情监测和制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 将忻州市按照水氟浓度和病区类型分层后,抽取25个病区村作为调查点.在未改水降氟调查村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位各采集1份水样,已改水降氟调查村分别抽取3份居民户末梢水样和1份水源水样,测定水氟.水氟测定按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750-2006).对调查村所有8～ 12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.对调查村所有16周岁以上人群进行临床氟骨症患病情况检查.抽取调查村中8个村,每村抽取男、女各10人,进行X线氟骨症检查.氟骨症诊断采用《地方性氟骨症诊断标准》(WS/T 192-2007).抽取调查村中13个村的8～ 12岁儿童,每个年龄段采集6人份尿样,共30人份,采用氟离子选择电极法( WS/T 89-2006)测定尿氟.结果 未改水村检测水样56份,水氟均值为2.7 mg/L;已改水村检测水样52份,水氟均值为1.6 mg/L;其中水源水氟＞1.5mg/L的占46.15％(6/13).儿童氟斑牙检出率未改水村为74.75％(622/832),已改水村为23.67％(241/1018),未改水村与已改水村儿童氟斑牙检出率比较差异有统计学意义(x2=140,P＜ 0.01).未改水村氟骨症检出率为30.02％(2803/9335),已改水村为9.44％(1230/13 022),二者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=1557.75,P＜0.01).儿童尿氟几何均数(G)为3.31mg/L,未改水村与已改水村儿童尿氟比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.27,P＜0.05).结论 忻州市饮水型氟中毒病区通过改水降氟病情得到一定控制,但局部病区病情还很严重,部分改水村水氟回升,病情也有上升趋势,须加大监测防治工作力度.     

2009年西藏自治区饮水型氟中毒病情监测结果分析

目的 了解西藏饮水型地方性氟中毒的病情动态,评价防治措施的效果,为及时调整防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照"2008年中央补助地方公共卫生专项资金西藏饮水型氟中毒防治项目"技术方案,于2009年9-10月选取日喀则谢通门和林芝察隅两县作为项目县,在每个项目县采用单纯随机抽样的方法选择3个项目村,以自然村为单位,对改水及改水工程运转情况、饮水含氟量、儿童氟斑牙和成人临床氟骨症进行调查.按照<生活饮用水标准检验方法非金属指标>(GB/T 5750.6-2006)测定水氟;尿中氟化物的测定采用离子选择电极法(WS/T 89-1996);氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法;成人氟骨症诊断按<地方性氟骨症临床诊断标准>(WS192-2008)进行.结果 已改水病区水氟均值在0.18～0.34 mg/L,未改水病区水氟均值在0.70～2.13 mg/L;已改水病区8～10岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为50.78%(65/128),氟斑牙指数为1.04,儿童尿氟均值为1.64 mg/L,未改水病区氟斑牙检出率为80.65%(25/31),氟斑牙指数为1.50,儿童尿氟均值为2.08;已改水病区成人氟骨症患病率为38.7%(104/269),尿氟为1.61 mg/L,未改水病区成人氟骨症患病率为15.4%(18/117),尿氟为3.54mg/L.结论 改水降氟使氟斑牙的检出率降低至控制水平,严重程度也在降低,改水病区尿氟低于未改水病区,说明改水仍对消除氟中毒的危害有重要意义,但氟骨症患病率出现了在改水病区反而高于未改水病区的现象.

Abstract：

Objective To find out the dynamics of drinking water borne endemic fluorosis in Tibet's, to evaluate the effect of control measures, and to provide a scientific basis for the timely adjustment of control strategies. Methods During september to october 2009, according to the "2008 Central Government Special Funds to Subsidize Local Public Health in Drinking Water Borne Fluorosis in Tibet", Xigaze Xietongmen and Nyingchi Zayu were selected as project counties, three project villages were selected with simple random sampling method in each county, the functioning of water improvement projects, drinking water fluoride content, children's dental fluorosis and adult skeletal fluorosis were investigated. Water fluoride was detected by the "standard examination methods for drinking water the non-metallic targets"(GB/T 5750.6-2006) determination of fluoride; urinary fluoride was tested by ion selective electrode (WS/T 89-1996); dental fluorosis was diagnosed using Deans method; adult skeletal fluorosis was diagnosed by "endemic skeletal fluorosis clinical diagnostic criteria" (WS 192-2008). Results Mean water fluoride was 0.18 - 0.34 mg/L in drinking water changed areas, and 0.70 - 2.13 mg/L in not changed areas; prevalence of dental fluorosis of children 8 - 10 was 50.78% (65/128), dental fluorosis index was 1.04,mean urinary fluoride was 1.64 mg/L in drinking water changed areas; prevalence of dental fluorosis of children 8 -10 years old was 80.65%(25/31 ) in not changed areas, dental fluorosis index was 1.50, mean urinary fluoride of children was 2.08; adult clinical skeletal fluorosis was 38.7%(104/269) in drinking water changed areas, the mean urinary fluoride was 1.61 mg/L, prevalence of skeletal fluorosis was 15.4% (18/117) in not changed areas, mean urinary fluoride was 3.54 mg/L. Conclusions The method of change the water to reduce fluoride decreases dental fluorosis to control levels, and severity is also reduced, urinary fluoride is decreased. However, the prevalence of skeletal fluorosis is higher than that of drinking water not changed areas.     

北京市昌平区地方性氟中毒防治效果评价

饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)是北京市昌平区地氟病的主要类型.1954-1988年昌平区采取打深井和引低氟水源两种改水措施,30个高氟村的饮用水井的改水率达到100%.为评价改水降氟工程的效果,作者对多年的监测资料进行了分析,现报道如下.     

2008年陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒调查分析

目的 掌握2008年陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒流行现状,为防治工作提供依据.方法 根据陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒历史资料,将榆林、渭南、咸阳市15个病区县(区)按照饮水含氟量或病情分为轻、中、重病区,在上述病区分别抽取12、39、45个调查村.对每个调查村全部8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,对16岁及以上人群进行I临床氟骨症检查.在轻、中、重病区中分别抽取30%的调查村,每个村抽取男女各10人进行X线氟骨症检查;在未改水调查村,按东、西、南、北、中采5份水样,水源不足5个的全部采集,对已改水调查村,采3份末梢水样及1份水源水样,水氟测定采用氟离子电极法.在各病区中抽取50%的调查村,每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份,每个年龄组6份,总数不足30人或各年龄组不足6人时全部采集其尿样,采用氟离子电极法测定尿氟.结果 共调查8～12岁儿童3652人,检出氟斑牙患者1930例,检出率为52.85%,氟斑牙指数为1.22.其中定边、靖边、蒲城县的检出率较高,分别为90.43%(170/188)、82.89%(126/152)、80.65%(325/403).共调查16岁及以上成人加543人,检出临床氟骨症患者5935例,总检出率为14.64%.轻、中、重度检出率分别为9.17%(3717/40 543)、4.36%(1769/40 543)、1.11%(449/40 543).X线拍片706例,检出阳性人数280例,总阳性率为39.66%.轻、中、重度阳性率分别为17.28%(122/706)、17.00%(120//06)和5.38%(38/706).采集饮用水水样427份,水氟为(2.22 ±1.41)mg/L,超标率为85.01%(363/427).采集儿童尿样1393份,尿氟中位数为2.37 mr/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,改水防治措施应进一步加强和完善.、     

湖北省荆州市高砷水源筛查结果分析

目的 调查湖北省荆州市居民饮水含砷状况,为地方性砷中毒的防治工作提供参考依据.方法 2007、2008年,根据历史资料,在荆州市江陵县、松滋市、公安县、石首市、监利县、洪湖市6县(市)357个自然村进行饮用井水砷检测,对以往发现有高砷水源的自然村及与已知高砷村土地直接相连的自然村普查,在未发现高砷水井的村按自然村井数的10%,按东、西、南、北、中5个方位均匀抽取.采用水中砷快速检测盒(半定量法)检测村民饮用井水砷,对水砷≥0.03 mg/L水样用二乙氨基二硫代甲酸银比色法进行复检.对水砷超标村及其毗邻村的村民开展病情调查.结果 共抽取水样6074份,检出超标水样210份,发现51个自然村为高砷区,水砷最高值为0.7 mg/L.<30 m的水井水砷超标率为3.2%(152/4784),30～100 m的水井水砷超标率为4.9%(58/1184),>100 m的水井水砷超标率为0,不同井深水井水砷超标率组间比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=12.29,P<0.01).在水砷超标的51个自然村及其毗邻的31个村,调查居民84 064人,未发现砷中毒患者.结论 荆州市存在高砷水源,但是尚未发现砷中毒患者.建议对所有高砷区均应采取必要的防治措施,积极寻找低砷水源,或者进行防砷改水,打井深度>100 m.     

2006年甘肃省地方性氟中毒防治项目调查结果分析

目的 了解2006年甘肃省地方性氟中毒病区水氟分布和降氟改水工程现状.方法 在18个病区县(市、区)对未改水病区村进行高氟水源筛查,对20世纪80年代以来各县(市、区)所建设的全部改水工程进行监督、检测,用氟离子选择电极法测定水氟.结果 共筛查18个县(市、区)、1252个村的不同类型饮用水水源6260处,水氟≤1.0 mg/L的占63.50%(3975/6260),水氟>1.0 mg/L的占36.50%(2285/6260).调查16个县(市、区)的各类改水工程997处,正常供水工程占95.49%(952/997).间歇供水工程和已报废工程分别占3.11%(31/997)和1.40%(14/997).检测983处工程水源水,水氟均值合格工程占91.76%(902/983),水氟均值超标工程占8.24%(81/983);检测934处工程的出厂水和末梢水,水氟均值合格工程分别占92.08%(860/934)和91.97%(859/934),水氟均值超标工程分别占7.92%(74/934)和8.03%(75/934).降氟改水工程以打井和集流水窖为主,水源类型主要以地表水和地下水为主.结论 在调查的县(市、区)中,仍有部分村水源水氟超标,少部分改水工程报废或间歇运行,少部分改水工程不符合防病要求,氟危害依然存在,须尽快落实降氟改水措施和加强降氟改水工程的维护和管理.     

高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能的影响

目的 探讨高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能的影响。方法 对饮加氟离子浓度１００、５０、１０ｍｇ／Ｌ水６个月的小鼠,通过行为毒理学实验（穿梭箱试验）判断其学习和记忆功能,并对其脑组织胆碱酯酶（ＣｈＥ）活力进行测定。结果 饮高氟水的小鼠学习和记忆能力显著落后于对照组;高氟组小鼠脑组织ＣｈＦ活力显著高于对照组。结论 高氟饮水对小鼠脑功能有显著的影响,氟对中枢神经系统具有毒性作用。     

2005年和2006年全国饮水型地方性氟中毒重点监测报告

目的 掌握2005、2006年全国饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)防治措施落实进度、防治效果及病情变化动态,为制订地氟病防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按<全国地方性氟中毒监测方案>规定的方法和要求,调查监测县(市)防治措施落实进度及改水降氟工程质量.在临测点采集居民户水样、8～12岁儿童尿样,水、尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;检查8～12岁儿童牙齿,氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法.结果 ①2005年全国地氟病监测县平均改水率为71.78%(2462/3430),2006年新增改水村(屯)31个,平均改水率为72.68%(2493/3430),比2005年提高0.90%.②两年降氟改水工程报废率在10%左右,水氟超标率在30%左右.③约50%的监测点水氟超标,主要集中在1.0～2.0 mg/L,亦有50%以上监测点儿童尿氟几何均数超过正常值标准(1.4 mg/L).④儿童氟斑牙病情处于控制线标准(30%)以下的监测点还比较少,有部分监测点多年以来病情始终处于中、重病区水平.结论 两年来饮水型地氟病监测县改水率表现为增长,但幅度较小;改水工程报废和水氟超标现象普遍;大部分监测点儿童氟斑牙病情尚未达到控制标准.