持续快速肺静脉起搏对犬心房结构及心电生理特性的影响

目的探讨快速起搏肺静脉(PV)建立持续性心房颤动(房颤)犬模型的心房结构及心电生理特性。方法 30只犬随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组以20Hz的固定频率行肺静脉持续起搏,建立持续时间24h的房颤动物模型。超声心动图测量实验组基础状态和起搏结束后左右心房面积,对所有犬的左右心房游离壁、左上肺静脉、左下肺静脉、右上肺静脉和右下肺静脉进行心外膜电生理标测,测量各标测部位的有效不应期(ERP)和平均房颤波周长(AFCL),观察肺静脉起搏对心房面积的影响以及各部位ERP和AFCL的变化。结果实验组11只犬完成实验,在(28.2±3.0)d内诱发出持续超过24h的房颤。超声心动图测量显示起搏结束后心房面积明显扩大(P0.05);与对照组相比,左右心房及各肺静脉的ERP明显缩短(P0.05);实验组各部位ERP和AFCL呈明显的梯度分布,自短至长依次为:肺静脉、左房游离壁和右房游离壁。结论在犬快速肺静脉起搏房颤模型中,心房面积的增大及各部位电生理特性的变化可能是持续性房颤诱发和维持的发生机制。     

肺静脉在犬持续性心房颤动发病机制中的作用

探讨肺静脉在犬持续性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )发病机制中的作用。选用成年健康杂种犬 13条 ,通过持续快速心房起搏制备持续性房颤模型。将 12对心外膜电极分别缝于犬的左、右房游离壁和肺静脉等部位。心外膜标测犬自发持续性房颤 (>15min)的起源部位及自发和诱发的持续性房颤发作过程中心房不同部位的房颤波周长(AFCL) ,比较电学隔离肺静脉前、后持续性房颤的诱发率。 10只犬完成实验。总计记录到 3次自发出现的持续性房颤 ,心外膜标测显示其均起源于肺静脉。持续性房颤维持过程中心房的AFCL呈梯度分布 :右房游离壁 >左房游离壁 >肺静脉。电学隔离肺静脉后持续性房颤的诱发率显著降低 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :肺静脉是犬持续快速心房起搏模型持续性房颤发作的关键部位     

肺静脉在犬持续性心房颤动维持中的作用

目的探讨快速起搏肺静脉建立持续性心房颤动(简称房颤)犬模型的电生理特性以及射频消融隔离肺静脉对其影响。方法选杂种犬15只,以20Hz的固定频率行肺静脉持续起搏,建立持续时间>24h的房颤的动物模型。对该模型的左、右房游离壁,左上、下肺静脉,右上、下肺静脉进行心外膜标测,测量各标测部位的有效不应期(ERP)和平均房颤波周长(AFCL)。对肺静脉电隔离,观察电隔离前后房颤的诱发以及各部位ERP和AFCL的变化。结果11只犬完成实验,在28.2±3.0d内诱发出持续超过24h的房颤。肺静脉电隔离前,ERP和AFCL分布呈明显的梯度分布,自短至长依次为:肺静脉,左、右房游离壁;肺静脉隔离后,8只犬转变为窦性心律,3只犬先转变为房性心律失常后,在60min内转变为窦性心律,再进行快速心房起搏刺激仅能诱发出小于60s的阵发性房颤,各部位ERP和AFCL也明显延长(P<0.05)。结论肺静脉的快速电活动可能在持续性房颤的维持中起关键作用。     

持续性心房颤动山羊模型的心房单极电极标测

在持续性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )山羊模型上 ,研究心房不同部位房颤周长 (AFCL)及单极心外膜电图的差异 ,并利用激动标测图分析房颤时的蝉联现象。将 83个电极分别缝合于 7只山羊的左心房游离壁、左心耳、Bachmann束 (BB)、右心耳游离壁的心外膜。利用自动房颤刺激器维持房颤 ,待房颤持续 4周后 ,取 16s的心外膜电图作分析。利用单极电图标记局部激动时间 ,并根据单极电图的形态特点将其标记为正常电位 (单电位和短的双电位 )及异常电位 (长的双电位、三电位及碎裂电位 )。根据左心房局部激动时间重建等电位激动标测图 ,如超过 7次连续心房搏动经过相同路径 ,则定义为蝉联片段。在左心房、左心耳、BB、右心耳及右心房的AFCL分别为 94 .9± 4 .6 ,95 .7±4 .4 ,10 5 .7± 6 .5 (与其他部位比较 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,99.2± 8.0及 98.5± 6 .3ms ;异常电位的百分比分别为 2 0 .9%± 6 .3% ,2 7.8%± 11.8% ,5 7.4 %± 7.8% (与其他部位比较 ,P <0 .0 1) ,18.6 %± 9.7%和 19.4 %± 3.9%。在所记录的 16s房颤过程中 ,左心房共有 70 5次心搏 ,其中 6 8次 (9.6 % )属于蝉联片段。结论 :在山羊持续房颤模型 ,BB的AFCL最长 ,异常电位的发生率最高 ,提示BB在房颤的维持上起重要作用。蝉联现象的存在表明房颤时心房激动并     

持续快速心房起搏对犬肺静脉及心房组织连接蛋白43和Ⅲ型胶原的影响

目的　探讨持续快速心房起搏对犬肺静脉和心房组织连接蛋白 43(Cx43)和Ⅲ型胶原的影响。方法　16只杂种犬,随机分为持续快速心房起搏组(8只)和正常对照组 (8只 ),前者以 400次 /min的频率持续起搏 10周,建立心房颤动(房颤)动物模型。分别取两组犬的左上肺静脉、左房游离壁和右心耳等部位的心肌组织进行Cx43的免疫荧光半定量分析和Ⅲ型胶原纤维定量分析。结果10周后快速心房起搏组所有犬均可诱发出持续性房颤。快速心房起搏组犬肺静脉、左房游离壁和右心耳部位的Cx43水平显著高于正常对照组犬各相应的部位 (肺静脉: 3370 .91±275. 11与1405 .82±90. 38, P<0. 05;左房游离壁: 2448. 68±272 .10与 1467. 12±147 .93,P<0. 05;右心耳: 2331 .96±199 .61与 1288. 27±216 .22, P<0 .05)。快速心房起搏组犬肺静脉Cx43的水平显著高于左心房游离壁和右心耳(P<0. 05),而左心房和右心耳部位的Cx43水平差异无统计学意义 (P>0. 05)。持续快速心房起搏组犬肺静脉、左房游离壁和右心耳等部位的Ⅲ型胶原含量显著高于正常对照组犬各相应部位(肺静脉: 3301 97±309 70与 1404 56±178 02, P<0 05;左房游离壁: 2477 86±190. 43与1479. 20±187 .17, P<0 .05;右心耳: 2045 .92±139 .43与 1417. 07±139. 43,P<0 .05 )     

消融犬Marshall韧带对刺激心房左后脂肪垫所致心房颤动的影响及机制

目的探讨消融犬Marshall韧带对刺激心房左后脂肪垫所致心房颤动(简称房颤)的影响及机制。方法成年杂种犬14条,随机分为实验组8条,对照组6条。实验组首先测量左肺静脉和左心耳的有效不应期,继而刺激心房左后脂肪垫诱发房颤。消融Marshall韧带上段后和下段后重复上述步骤。对照组除不干预Marshall韧带外,其它电刺激方案与实验组相同,同时对该组犬的心脏进行迷走神经染色。结果①实验组消融Marshall韧带后,左肺静脉和左心耳的有效不应期均显著延长(P0.05)。②和消融前比较,实验组消融Marshall韧带上段后的房颤诱发率有下降趋势(70.8%vs87.5%,P0.05);消融Marshall韧带全程后房颤诱发率显著下降(33.3%,P0.001)。对照组三次电刺激所测得的不应期和房颤诱发率无差异。③Marshall韧带与左下肺静脉、心房左后脂肪垫、左心耳之间存在迷走神经的直接联系。结论消融犬Marshall韧带可显著降低刺激心房左后脂肪垫所致房颤的诱发率。     

脊髓神经刺激对心房急性电重构的影响

目的 探讨低强度脊髓神经刺激(SCS)对6h快速心房起搏(6 h-RAP)导致的心房急性电重构的影响.方法 12只体重15 ～20 kg的正常成年杂种犬麻醉后开胸暴露心脏,在左右心房、左右肺静脉和左心耳(LAA)缝置电极导线用以记录和刺激.通过LAA电极以1 200次/min,2倍的舒张期起搏阈值进行6 h-RAP建立心房急性电重构的模型.所有的犬随机分为2组:实验组6只,在6 h-RAP同时选择T1-T2节段脊髓硬膜外区进行低强度的SCS;对照组6只,选择T1-T2节段体表的皮肤给予类似的6h低强度刺激.分别在基础状态和每2h末测定心房和肺静脉各部位的有效不应期(ERP)和心房颤动(房颤)的诱发窗口(WOV).结果 与基础状态相比:对照组(6 h-RAP+皮肤刺激)心房和肺静脉各部位的ERP逐渐缩短(所有P＜0.05),ERP离散度和房颤总的WOV逐渐延长(P＜0.05);实验组(6 h-RAP+6 h-SCS)除左上肺静脉ERP无明显改变外(P＞0.05),其他部位ERP均显著延长,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),ERP离散度和房颤总的WOV没有显著性改变(P＞0.05).结论 低强度SCS能够抑制由6 h-RAP引起的心房急性电重构.     

增龄对犬心房和肺静脉电生理学特性的影响

目的研究增龄对犬心房和肺静脉电生理学特性影响。方法17只杂种犬按年龄分为两组,成年犬7只,老年犬10只,做12导联同步心电图,测量P波平均时限和P波离散度;放置冠状静脉窦电极,左、右心耳电极,左上、左下、右上、右下肺静脉电极,测量各部位有效不应期（ERP）、ERP离散度及频率适应性。结果与成年犬相比,老年犬的P波平均时限延长,P波离散度增大;右心耳和冠状静脉窦近端ERP延长,左心耳和冠状静脉窦远端以及左上肺静脉ERP缩短;心房各部位及肺静脉ERP离散度增大;左心耳和冠状静脉窦远端及左上肺静脉频率适应性减低。结论增龄对心房和肺静脉电生理影响主要是左心房和左上肺静脉ERP缩短和频率适应性减低,心房及肺静脉ERP离散度增大。     

心外膜脂肪中巨噬细胞对快速心房起搏犬心房KCa3.1及心房颤动易感性的影响

目的 探讨心外膜脂肪中巨噬细胞对快速心房起搏犬心房KCa3.1及心房颤动(简称房颤)易感性的影响.方法 将18只比格犬随机分为空白组、起搏组和清除组,每组各6只,清除组犬在右肺静脉-左心房脂肪垫、下腔静脉-左心房脂肪垫与上腔静脉-主动脉根部脂肪垫注射氯膦酸二钠脂质体(5 mg/ml,每个部位0.5 ml)以清除巨噬细胞...     

与Cibenzoline转复山羊持续性心房颤动相关的电生理现象分析

目的 :在持续性心房颤动 （房颤 ）山羊模型上 ,分析 类抗心律失常药 Cibenzoline使房颤转复为窦性心律时出现的电生理现象 ,探讨房颤转复的机制。方法 :给 7只山羊的左心房游离壁、左心耳、Bachmann氏束 （ BB）、右心耳及右心房游离壁缝合心外膜电极。用自动房颤刺激器维持房颤 ,待房颤持续 4周后 ,静脉滴注 Cibenzoline（ 0 .1mg·kg-1· min-1 ） ,直至房颤终止。分析房颤转复前单极电图的形态特点、房颤周长 （ AFCL）的变化 ,并通过测量房颤周长的标准差 （ AFCLSD） ,分析心房激动均一性变化。结果 :在房颤转复前最后 2次心搏的平均 AFCL有跳跃性延长（ P<0 .0 5 ） ,正常电位的百分率显著增加 （ P<0 .0 5 ）。房颤转复前最后 1个 AFCLSD在除 BB外的心房各部位内明显缩小 （ P<0 .0 5 ） ,在整个心房内的变化不显著。结论 :在房颤转复前的最后 2次激动 ,房颤波激动的规律性明显增加 ,支持 类抗心律失常药通过延长心房可兴奋间期而起作用的学说     

Impact of amiodarone on electrophysiologic properties of pulmonary veins in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation

INTRODUCTION: Pulmonary veins (PVs) are the predominant location of triggers for atrial fibrillation (AF), but little is known about the electrophysiologic properties of PVs. In addition, the influence of amiodarone on the electrophysiologic properties of PVs has not been elucidated. METHODS AND RESULTS: Fifty-five patients with symptomatic and drug-resistant AF were divided into two groups: group 1 patients (n=29) without antiarrhythmic drug therapy at the time of electrophysiologic study (EPS), and group 2 patients (n=26) undergoing continuous long-term treatment with amiodarone. EPS including programmed stimulation of both atria and within the PVs was performed in both groups. In group 1, the effective refractory period (ERP) of all PVs (174 +/- 62 msec) was significantly shorter than the ERP of the left atrium ([LA] 254 +/- 30 msec, P=0.0001) and right atrium ([RA] 221 +/- 29 msec, P=0.0001). The same pattern was observed in group 2 (PV: 210 +/- 58 msec; LA: 259 +/- 35 msec, P=0.0001; RA: 246 +/- 37 msec, P=0.0255). The ERP of all stimulated PVs was significantly lower in group 1 (174 +/- 62 msec) than in group 2 (210 +/- 58 msec; P=0.0001). The ERP of the left superior and right superior PVs and RA but not the left inferior PV and LA were significantly increased in patients treated with amiodarone. Decremental conduction properties were observed in all stimulated PVs, and there were no significantly differences between the maximal decrement of both groups. CONCLUSION: The distinctive electrophysiologic properties of PVs are emphasized by amiodarone therapy. Long-term amiodarone treatment is responsible for heterogeneous alteration of the PV electrophysiology, which may account for the individual antiarrhythmic responses in a subset of patients with paroxysmal AF.     

Atrial fibrillation and effective refractory period of the pulmonary vein ostia.

BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of atrial fibrillation (AF) is not completely understood. The role of pulmonary veins (PV) in AF initiation is documented, and the recent demonstration of persistent fibrillatory activity in an isolated PV suggests that the PV play a role in the maintenance of AF. OBJECTIVE: Since AF is facilitated by multiple reentry circuits in atrial tissue with short effective refractory periods (ERP) and prolonged conduction times, we investigated whether PV have shorter ERP compared with the left atrium (LA). POPULATION AND METHODS: The study population consisted of five male patients, between 45 and 78 years of age, with normal sized LA; three had coronary artery bypass surgery (and no previous history of atrial arrhythmias) and two had paroxysmal lone AF refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs and were referred for percutaneous ablation with radiofrequency energy. In the surgical patients, epicardial bipolar pacing wires were inserted in the PV ostia and LA roof at the end of the procedure. Post-operatively, the pacing wires were used to determine atrial thresholds and ERP in the PV ostia and LA roof. In the AF patients, atrial thresholds and ERP at these locations were obtained with the mapping/ablation catheter before and after PV isolation. ERP were determined with a basic pacing cycle length of 500 ms and a single extrastimulus with an initial coupling interval of 350 ms, gradually decreased (10 ms at a time) until atrial capture failure or AF induction. RESULTS: ERP in the LA roof were longer than 210 ms. The shortest ERP was always obtained in a PV ostium, with the shortest in the left PV ostia. The ERP values of the right inferior PV most resembled those of the LA roof. In patients referred for ablation, AF was induced when PV ostia with ERP shorter than 200 ms were stimulated. CONCLUSION: In the present study, the ERP of PV ostia were shorter than LA ERP, possibly explaining not only the presence of ectopic foci in the PV ostia, but also sustained fibrillatory activity in isolated PV, despite conversion of the atria to sinus rhythm. This fact may also explain the higher success rate and the preference for PV isolation in AF ablation.     

Atrial gradient as a potential predictor of atrial fibrillation

OBJECTIVES: We tested the utility and comparability of the atrial gradient and atrial ERP as early markers of electrical remodeling and a propensity to atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND: Pacing at physiologic rates from the left atrium alters the atrial gradient and is associated with atrial tachyarrhythmias. At these physiologic rates, there is no change in the atrial effective refractory period (ERP). METHODS: Sixty-one chronically instrumented mongrel dogs in complete heart block were paced from the left or right atrium at 400 to 900 bpm for 46 +/- 3 days. Dogs were monitored weekly and electrophysiologic studies conducted to determine changes in the atrial gradient, ERP, and rhythm. RESULTS: Rapid atrial pacing was associated with concordant decreases in atrial gradient, ERP, and occurrence of AF. Incidence of AF increased with increasing pacing rate. Although there ultimately was an equal incidence of AF with left atrial and right atrial pacing, the onset of AF occurred earlier with left atrial pacing. As expected, ERP decreased in both atria. Animals with long control ERP did not fibrillate. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid pacing induces changes in atrial gradient, which can be used as a noninvasive marker of electrical remodeling. AF is accompanied by decreases in atrial gradient and ERP, and the incidence is highest in dogs with short control ERP.     

慢性快速心房起搏心房颤动犬内皮型一氧化氮合酶mRNA表达变化的研究

为研究慢性快速心房起搏心房颤动(简称房颤)犬模型中心内膜内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)mRNA表达的变化,探讨其与心房结构重构、血栓形成的关系。13只健康犬随机分为假手术组和起搏组,应用埋藏式高频率心脏起搏器快速起搏心房(400次 /分) 6周,取左、右心房,左、右心耳及主动脉内膜。通过逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR),以β actin为内参照,测定犬心内膜eNOSmRNA表达的变化,同时检测血浆NO代谢产物硝酸盐 (NOx)的含量。结果:正常犬心脏eNOSmRNA表达存在差异,左房、左心耳明显高于右房、右心耳;起搏 6周后左房、左心耳eNOSmRNA表达起搏组明显低于假手术组,而右房、右心耳、主动脉无明显差别,血浆NOx起搏组亦明显低于假手术组。结论:正常犬心脏eNOS基因表达是不平衡的,左房明显高于右房。房颤犬eNOSmRNA表达降低可能是心房结构重构,血栓形成的重要因素之一。     

Transseptal Activation during Left Atrial Pacing in Humans: Electroanatomic Mapping Using a Noncontact Catheter and the Intracardiac Echocardiography

Background: A better understanding of transseptal activation may be important for the treatment of atrial fibrillation, but little is known about preferential routes of conduction from the left atrium (LA) to the right atrium (RA) in humans. Methods and Results: Twelve patients were studied. A noncontact mapping system was used to map the RA during pacing from several sites of LA at different cycle lengths. The location of the Bachmann's bundle (BB), the fossa ovalis (FO) and the coronary sinus (CS) ostium were determined using intracardiac echocardiography. The BB was the earliest area of right atrial activation during pacing from the atrial appendage, roof and postero-superior wall in 94% of cases. The FO was the area of earliest activation during pacing from the septum and the right superior pulmonary veins (PV) in 95% of cases. The CS ostium (alone or associated with the FO) was the region of transseptal breakthrough in all patients during pacing from the right inferior PV, postero-inferior wall and distal CS. Various patterns of activation with 2 or 3 distinct areas of transseptal breakthrough were observed during pacing from the lateral wall and the left superior PV. The pacing cycle length did not influence the modality of transseptal activation. Conclusions: Different patterns of transseptal activation were found during pacing from LA. The preferential routes of conduction from the LA to the RA were related to the sites of stimulation and were not influenced by the pacing cycle length.     

Long-term changes in sequence of atrial activation and refractory periods: no evidence for "atrial memory".

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to test whether the spatial distribution of the atrial refractory period (AERP) and the vulnerability to atrial fibrillation (AF) are altered by long-term changes in the sequence of atrial activation. BACKGROUND: The spatial distribution of the AERP plays an important role in AF. Changes in the activation sequence have been postulated to modulate atrial repolarization ("atrial memory"). METHODS: Six goats were chronically instrumented with epicardial atrial electrodes to determine activation time and AERP at 11 different areas of the right (RA) and left (LA) atrium and the Bachmann bundle. Activation time and AERP were measured during sinus rhythm and during prolonged RA and LA pacing (1 week RA pacing, 2 weeks LA pacing, 1 week RA pacing; 150 bpm). Inducibility of AF was determined by the number of atrial sites where single premature stimuli induced AF paroxysms >1 second. RESULTS: During sinus rhythm (106 +/- 4 bpm), AERP was longest at the Bachmann bundle and shortest at the LA free wall (185 +/- 6 ms and 141 +/- 5 ms, P < .001). In five of six goats, an inverse correlation between local activation time and AERP was found during sinus rhythm (r = -0.53 +/- 0.05; P < .05). The increase in atrial rate during RA and LA pacing caused an overall shortening of AERP from 167 +/- 6 ms to 140 +/- 6 ms (P < .001). However, a switch between long-term RA and LA pacing did not significantly change AERP at any of the 11 atrial regions and had no significant effect on AF inducibility. CONCLUSIONS: During sinus rhythm, an inverse relationship exists between the sequence of atrial activation and the local refractory period. However, long-term changes in the sequence of atrial activation do not alter the spatial distribution of AERP or the inducibility of AF.