钼靶X线、红外线及B超检查在乳腺肿块诊断中的应用价值

目的：探讨钼靶X线摄影、B超检查和红外线扫描在诊断乳腺肿块性病变中的应用价值，旨在提高对乳腺肿块的检出率和定性诊断准确率。方法：回顾性分析了50例均经三种影像学综合检查的乳腺疾病患者的资料及手术病理对照。结果：钼靶X线检查对乳腺肿块的检出率最高达92％，且定性诊断价值较大；B超检查可明确肿块是囊性还是实质性，并可准确地测出肿块的大小；红外线扫描对鉴别肿块的良恶性有较大的意义。结论：三种影像学检查敏感性各不相同，实用范围各有限制，但综合影像学检查可以取长补短，相互印证，大大提高了乳腺肿块性病变的诊断准确率。     

男性乳腺肿块的乳腺X线分析及其临床意义

目的:研究引起男性乳腺肿块常见疾病的X线表现特点及诊断,以提高对其认识.方法:收集因乳腺肿块进行乳腺X线检查的男性49例,回顾性分析上述患者的乳腺X线表现及临床特点,归纳可引起男性乳腺肿块的常见疾病种类.结果:49例男性患者,经乳腺X线检查诊断为男性乳腺发育症45例,其中结节型31例(68.9％),树枝型6例(13.3％),弥漫型8例(17.8％).另外4例经X线检查发现乳腺肿块归为BI-RADS 4类,最终手术病理证实为浸润性乳腺癌1例,转移性腺癌1例,囊内乳头状癌1例,脂肪坏死1例.结论:男性乳腺发育症和男性乳腺癌是引起男性乳腺肿块的常见病因,前者一般通过典型X线表现就可做出正确诊断,男性乳腺癌、脂肪坏死等少见疾病的确诊仍有赖于最终病理诊断.     

X线摄影、B超检查对不同乳腺实质类型恶性病变的诊断价值

目的 比较不同乳腺实质类型中,X线摄影、B超检查对恶性病变的诊断价值.方法 以术后病理结果为金标准,收集术前均行X线摄影、B超检查的患者资料,采用x2检验,对2种检查方法的诊断效能进行分析.结果 经手术或穿刺,病理证实的患者94例,共检出病灶100个,乳腺恶性病变57个.(1)乳腺恶性病变X线摄影、B超检查灵敏度92.98％、89.47％,特异度90.70％、79.07％,假阳性率9.30％、20.93％,假阴性率7.02％、10.50％,一致率92.00％、85.00％.(2)不同乳腺实质类型中,X线摄影、B超检查对恶性病变检出率分别为:脂肪型乳腺71.9％、75.0％,少量实质型乳腺68.4％、68.4％,多量实质型乳腺51.6％、45.2％,致密型乳腺27.8％、50.0％.结论 乳腺X线摄影对乳腺恶性病变的总体诊断效能高于B超检查,同时,X线摄影对恶性病变的检出率受乳腺实质类型的影响高于B超检查.     

超声检查和乳腺X线摄影及数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺肿块的应用

目的探讨超声检查、乳腺X线摄影和数字乳腺断层摄影对致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的诊断价值。方法收集100例致密型乳腺无钙化肿块患者的临床资料,以病理组织检查结果为金标准,进行乳腺影像报告和数据系统(BI-RADS)评价常规超声、乳腺X线摄影和数字乳腺断层摄影对疾病的检出率和符合率。结果 100例患者中,良性病变41例(41.00%),平均肿块直径(2.14±0.68)cm;恶性病变59例(59.00%),平均肿块直径(2.32±0.71)cm。良性病变与恶性病变患者肿块直径的比较,并无明显差异(P0.05)。超声对良性致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的检出率和符合率均明显高于乳腺X线摄影、数字乳腺断层摄影(P0.05),乳腺X线摄影与数字乳腺断层摄影对良性病变的检出率和符合率的比较,均无明显差异(P0.05)。三种影像学方法对恶性致密型乳腺无钙化肿块的检出率和符合率的比较,均无明显差异(P0.05)。超声对乳腺肿块良性病变的BI-RADS分类结果与乳腺X线摄影比较,存在明显差异(P0.05);超声与数字乳腺断层摄影、乳腺X线摄影与数字乳腺断层摄影对乳腺肿块良性病变的BI-RADS分类结果比较,并无明显差异(P0.05);三种影像学方法对乳腺肿块恶性病变的BI-RADS分类结果比较,并无明显差异(P0.05)。结论对致密型乳腺无钙化肿块数字乳腺断层摄影、超声的诊断价值相当,二者的检出率和诊断符合率均高于乳腺X线摄影。     

乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌临床价值分析

目的探讨乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌的临床价值。方法对经手术病理确诊的42例乳腺导管原位癌患者进行乳腺X线摄影,并于病理分型与分级结果进行对照分析,从乳腺X线表现对乳腺导管原位癌患者进行诊断及亚型估计,以手术病理结果作为金标准,与彩色多普勒超声进行对比分析。结果 42例患者经乳腺X线摄影检查后,表现为单纯钙化点24例,占57.14%;钙化点伴肿块8例,占19.05%;钙化点伴结构紊乱6例,占14.29%;单纯结构紊乱2例,占4.76%;结构紊乱伴肿块2例,占4.76%。以手术病理结果为金标准,对比乳腺X线摄影与彩色多普勒超声两种检查方法的诊断效果,结果显示乳腺X线摄影诊断正确率明显高于彩色多普勒超声,且差异具有统计学意义(X~2=4.11,P0.05)。结论乳腺X线摄影与超声检查乳腺导管原位癌是有效检查方法。     

乳腺癌的不典型X线表现

目的：探讨乳腺癌不典型的X线征象及诊断。方法：按照美国放射学会(ACR)创立并推荐的乳腺影像报道及数据系统的标准，总结分析27例经手术病理征实的乳腺癌不典型X线征象。结果：27例中，乳腺结构变形10例，肿块11例，钙化6例。结论：乳腺癌在X线征象上不具特征性，可表现为乳腺结构扭曲、局限致密、毛刺肿块、钙化。仔细阅片，全面分析，必要时行B超、CT、MRI、SCNB等影像学检查，可提高诊断准确率。     

乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌诊断的应用价值

目的 提高乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌诊断的认识。方法 回顾1998～2001年106例经手术病理证实为乳腺癌的X线征象。结果 106例乳腺癌患，X线正确诊断为乳腺癌98例，误诊为纤维瘤2例，增生团块4例，良性病变2例，X线表现正常2例。正确率92．5％，误诊率7．5％。X线表现：肿块结节影86例；簇样钙化81例，其中47例为泥沙样钙化，34例为蠕虫样或混合钙化；间接征象：小灶致密影、结构紊乱、乳头内陷和皮肤增厚。结论 乳腺X线摄影对乳腺癌的诊断目前仍是首选的影像学检查方法。     

乳腺错构瘤的临床与X线分析

目的:探讨乳腺错构瘤的临床及X线特点,提高X线诊断水平,减少误诊。方法:收集经手术病理证实的乳腺错构瘤25例,回顾性分析其临床及X线资料。结果:发病年龄21~65岁,平均36岁,无痛性乳腺肿块19例,无症状6例。X线片上病变由不同比例的脂肪组织、腺体和纤维组织混合组成,其中混合型17例,全部正确诊断;以纤维腺体组织为主的致密型6例,误诊4例;以脂肪组织为主的脂肪型2例,误诊1例。结论:混合型乳腺错构瘤X线表现具有特征性,乳腺X线摄影能明确诊断;致密型和脂肪型X线表现不典型,认识其混杂密度X线征象和临床特点有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

乳腺X线摄影与超声检查对乳腺黏液腺癌诊断价值的比较

目的 探讨X线摄影与超声检查对乳腺黏液腺癌的诊断价值.方法 回顾性收集本院先后行术前X线检查和超声检查,手术治疗并经病理学证实的黏液腺癌22例患者.结果 22例病例中,15例为单纯型黏液腺癌,7例为混合型黏液腺癌;乳腺X线诊断为癌灶者共13例,诊断正确率59.09%,超声诊断癌灶者20例,诊断准确率为90.90%,明显高于X线(P=0.039).结论 乳腺黏液腺癌在乳腺X线及超声影像上有一定特征性表现,但由于其病理学特性的限制,乳腺X线对其诊断的准确性低于超声检查.     

X线摄影和螺旋CT诊断乳腺良恶性肿瘤的评价

目的：参照X线摄影在乳腺疾病诊断方面的特点．评价用螺旋CT扫描乳腺技术的诊断价值。方法：将外科手术证实的156例乳腺疾病患者分为乳腺癌组和非乳腺癌组．观察X线摄影和螺旋CT扫描对乳腺良恶性疾病诊断的准确性，并比较各自的优缺点。结果：156例有乳腺肿块的患者中．经手术和病理证实乳腺癌65例．乳腺良性疾病91例。65例乳腺癌中有10例乳腺X线摄影检查为阴性．其中4例因腺体致密而不能确诊。这4例中螺旋CT检出2例阳性病变。乳腺X线摄影诊断的敏感性和特异性分别为84．6％和83．5％．螺旋CT扫描为83．1％和76．9％。乳腺X线摄影和螺旋CT扫描的阳性预测值分别为78．6％和72．0％，其阴性预测值为88．4％和86．4％。结论：对于乳腺良恶性肿瘤的检查．首选乳腺X线。必要时CT可作为补充。     

Benign breast lesions: ultrasound detection and diagnosis

Experience with 2500 patients over age 30 studied by physical examination, x-ray mammography, and sonography enabled definition of several specific clinical situations in which sonography adds meaningful diagnostic information not provided by either of the other examinations. These include: palpable breast masses for cyst-solid differentiation; nonpalpable mammographic masses for cyst-solid differentiation; and women with a symptomatic area in the breast that shows only uniformly dense fibro-glandular tissue on x-ray mammograms. For women with radiographically dense breasts who have no breast symptoms, abnormal physical findings, or mammographic lesions, sonography will identify many benign cysts and also some benign solid lesions, but at best only rarely (none of the 587 cases in this study) will it detect an otherwise occult breast cancer. Our data suggest that sonography should not be a substitute for physical examination and mammography in women over age 30, but rather that in three specific clinical situations it can be a valuable addition to the standard diagnostic evaluation.     

Incidental findings on sonography of the breast: clinical significance and diagnostic workup.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine how often physician-performed high-resolution sonography can detect nonpalpable breast lesions not revealed by mammography. A sonographic classification scheme was tested for its accuracy in predicting malignancy of incidentally detected breast lesions. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Six thousand one hundred thirteen asymptomatic women with breast density grades 2-4 and 687 patients with palpable or mammographically detected breast masses underwent sonography as an adjunct to mammography. All sonographically detected, clinically and mammographically occult breast lesions that were not simple cysts were prospectively classified into benign, indeterminate, or malignant categories. Diagnoses were confirmed by sonographically guided fine-needle aspiration or core needle biopsy. RESULTS: In 6113 asymptomatic women, 23 malignancies in 21 patients were detected with sonography only (prevalence, 0.31%). Five additional malignant lesions were found in patients with a malignant (n = 3) or a benign (n = 2) palpable or mammographically detected index lesion. The mean size of invasive malignancies detected only by sonography was 9.1 mm, which was not significantly different from the mean size of invasive cancers detected by mammography (p = .07). The sensitivity of the prospective sonographic classification for malignancy was 100%, and the specificity was 33.5%. CONCLUSION: The use of high-resolution sonography as an adjunct to mammography in women with dense breasts may lead to detection of a significant number of otherwise occult malignancies that are no different in size from nonpalpable mammographically detected lesions. Prospective classification of these lesions based on sonographic characteristics results in a significant reduction in number of unnecessary biopsies performed.     

Preoperative assessment of breast cancer: sonography versus MR imaging

OBJECTIVE: The purposes of our study were to compare the diagnostic value of whole-breast sonography and MR imaging as adjunctive techniques to mammography and to determine whether MR imaging should be used routinely in the preoperative assessment of patients with suspected breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS:. One hundred four women (age range, 34-84 years; mean age, 60 years) with findings highly suggestive of malignancy in the breast were examined with mammography, sonography, and dynamic MR imaging before undergoing surgery. All visualized suspicious lesions were correlated histologically. The diagnostic relevance of sonographic and MR imaging findings was compared with the diagnostic value of the findings of clinical examination and mammography alone. RESULTS:. Twenty-seven tumors showed multifocal or multicentric invasive growth at pathology. Of these 27, 48% were correctly diagnosed via mammography alone; 63%, via the combination of mammography and sonography; and 81%, via MR imaging. Nine of the index tumors were invisible on mammography but were detected on sonography. Use of sonography benefited 13 patients and produced two studies with false-positive findings. Use of MR imaging benefited seven patients and produced eight studies with false-positive findings. In summary, 93% of all patients gained no advantage from MR imaging. Relevant additional findings were significantly more frequent in patients with dense breasts. CONCLUSION: Although MR imaging is most sensitive for the detection of small tumors, routine preoperative MR imaging appears to be unnecessary for most patients if a combination of mammography and whole-breast sonography is used. Additional MR imaging can be restricted to problematic cases in women with dense breast parenchyma.     

选择性局部点压联合触诊在致密型乳腺疾病中的诊断价值

目的探讨钼靶局部点压摄影联合触诊对致密型乳腺疾病的诊断价值.资料与方法纳入常规乳腺 X 线摄影表现为致密腺体且影像未见明显异常者133例,分别进行双乳细致触诊,并结合常规体位影像表现,对触诊异常部位进行局部点压摄影,对所获得图像进行再次分析诊断.结果133例局部点压后影像中,69例清楚显示病灶,阳性检出率为51.9%(69/133),其中乳腺内肿块43例,腋下肿块9例,成簇微细钙化2例,局限性致密浸润15例;术后病理提示良性病变59例,恶性病变10例.结论钼靶局部点压摄影联合触诊可提高致密型乳腺中病灶的检出率,减少漏诊.     

The Role of Sonography in Patients with Breast Cancer Presenting as an Axillary Mass

Objective

To compare sonography and mammography in terms of their diagnostic value in breast cancer cases which initially presented as an axillary mass without a palpable mass or other clinical symptoms.

Materials and Methods

Seven patients with enlarged axillary lymph nodes who first presented with no evidence of palpable breast lesions and who underwent both mammography and sonography were enrolled in this study. In six of the seven, the presence of metastatic adenocarcinoma was confirmed preoperatively by axillary needle aspiration biopsy; in four, subsequent sonographically-guided breast core biopsy performed after careful examination of the primary site indicated that primary breast cancer was present. In each case, the radiologic findings were evaluated by both breast sonography and mammography.

Results

Breast lesions were detected mammographically in four of seven cases (57%); in three of the four, the lesion presented as a mass, and in one as microcalcification. In three of these four detected cases, fatty or scattered fibroglandular breast parenchyma was present; in one, the parenchyma was dense. In the three cases in which lesions were not detected, mammography revealed the presence of heterogeneously dense parenchyma. Breast sonography showed that lesions were present in six of seven cases (86%); in the remaining patient, malignant microcalcification was detected at mammography. Final pathologic examination indicated that all breast lesions except one, which was a ductal carcinoma in situ, with microinvasion, were infiltrating ductal carcinomas whose size ranged from microscopic to greater than 3 cm. At the time of this study, all seven patients were alive and well, having been disease free for up to 61 months after surgery.

Conclusion

In women with a palpable axillary mass confirmed as metastatic adenocarcinoma, breast sonography may be a valuable adjunct to mammography.     

Automated water-path full-breast sonography: correlation with histology of 176 solid lesions

A comparative study with mammography and physical examination showed that automated water-path whole-breast sonography contributed to the care of at least one-half of 786 study patients (separate report). Clinical application then followed in an additional 2530 women in whom there were 107 biopsy-proven cancers, 69 discrete biopsied benign lesions, and 121 biopsies of poorly defined lesions, usually some form of fibrocystic disease without a discrete mass. Breast sonography demonstrated 72% of the cancers and detected six cancers not seen on mammography. Although there was considerable overlapping of sonographic characteristics of benign and malignant diseases, most lesions were differentiated. Only 10% of the solid benign lesions had some characteristic of malignancy, and in 90% of the infiltrating duct carcinomas, findings suggested the histologic diagnosis. While breast sonography must be considered a complement to physical examination and mammography, the procedure can reliably differentiate the histologic types of at least 83% of discrete benign lesions and 75% of cancers. In 90% of all solid breast lesions, sonography differentiated benign and malignant processes.     

The role of color Doppler echography in the diagnosis of breast tumors

The authors discuss the results from a series of 45 patients with breast lumps. All patients were studied by means of mammography, sonography, color Doppler US, and biopsy. Abnormal Doppler signal was observed in 94% of the patients with breast cancer. However, this finding is not specific because it can be occasionally found in benign lesions too. The use of color Doppler US is suggested in those cases where neither US nor mammography is conclusive.     

Assessment of suspected breast cancer by MRI: a prospective clinical trial using a combined kinetic and morphologic analysis

OBJECTIVE: The objective of our study was to assess the incremental value of contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis and treatment planning using both a three-time point kinetic and morphologic analysis in addition to mammography and sonography in patients thought to have early-stage breast cancer. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced bilateral breast MRI was performed prospectively on 65 patients with highly suspicious imaging findings (BI-RADS category 4 or 5). All enrolled patients were believed to be candidates for breast conservation on the basis of clinical examination, mammography, and sonography. The primary index lesion's characteristics, size, and extent were assessed. Also, additional lesions detected by MRI that could represent potential malignancies in both the ipsilateral and contralateral breast were evaluated. Morphologic assessment and kinetic analysis were performed on each lesion using dedicated postprocessing and display software. The patients were reevaluated as to whether they were still candidates for breast-conservation therapy after the MRI examination and subsequent biopsies. RESULTS: There were 46 patients (71%) whose primary breast lesion (detected by mammography, sonography, or both) was found to be malignant (39 invasive breast cancers, five intraductal cancers, and two lymphomas). For the primary index lesions, the sensitivity for MRI was 100% (44/44) for predicting a breast malignancy and the specificity was 73.7% (14/19) for predicting benign lesions. MRI detected an additional 37 lesions, of which 23 were cancerous, beyond those suspected on mammography or sonography. One or more additional ipsilateral breast cancers were detected in 32% (14/44) of breast cancer patients and contralateral breast cancers in 9% (4/44) of the breast cancer patients. MRI also resulted in an incremental recommendation of mastectomy in 18% (8/44) of the pathologically confirmed breast cancer patients. MRI resulted in additional biopsy of only 14 benign lesions, six of which were shown to be atypical ductal hyperplasia. CONCLUSION: When added to the standard evaluation of clinical examination, mammography, and sonography in patients thought to have early-stage breast cancer, contrast-enhanced MRI using both a kinetic and morphologic analysis will often result in changes in recommended patient management and better treatment planning and will result in no significant increase in biopsies of benign lesions. In addition, there is a significant detection rate of occult contralateral breast cancers.     

Breast cancer: mammographic and sonographic findings after augmentation mammoplasty

The authors retrospectively reviewed 11 cases of breast cancer in patients who had undergone augmentation mammoplasty. The mammogram or sonogram was abnormal in 10 patients, including six with an abnormal mammographic density or ultrasound study and four with calcifications. One patient had dense breasts and no suspicious findings at mammography. In four patients without palpable findings in the breast, the malignancy was initially detected by means of mammography. In five of six patients with a palpable breast mass, special mammographic views and sonography were helpful in evaluating the mass. Lymph nodes were not involved in six (60%) of the 10 patients with ductal carcinomas. The detection of breast cancer in the augmented breast by means of mammography is possible, even in patients without palpable findings. Modified-position views and sonography may be helpful in evaluating palpable masses. Patients with implants who develop cancer do not necessarily present at a more advanced stage.     

乳腺X线摄影与MRI对致密型乳腺内病变的诊断

目的:比较乳腺X线摄影与MRI对致密型乳腺病变的诊断价值.方法:搜集同时行乳腺X线摄影及MRI检查的致密型乳腺患者185例,所有病例均经病理证实,分别分析两种方法的影像学表现,并与病理对照.结果:185例患者中组织病理学为恶性者80例,良性105例.乳腺X线摄影诊断致密型乳腺恶性病变的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预...