165例胃肠道间质瘤中c-kit和PDGFRA基因突变的检测和临床诊断意义

目的探讨在中国较大样本的胃肠道问质瘤（GIST）中c-kit基因和PDGFRA基因的突变状况,为进一步的生物靶向治疗提供依据。方法用免疫组织化学EnVision法、聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增和直接测序的方法,检测165例GIST c-kit基因9、11、13和17号外显子突变以及PDGFRA基因12和18号外显子突变。结果病理组织学诊断的165例GIST病例中有155例（94％）免疫组织化学显示CD117阳性。在CD117阳性的GIST中,c-kit基因总突变率为76．1％（118／155）：分别为11号外显子67．1％（104／155）、9号外显子7．1％（11／155）、13号外显子1．3％（2／155）和17号外显子0．6％（1／155）。绝大多数为杂合性突变,少数为纯合性突变。11号外显子的突变位点多集中在5’端的经典热点,其次为3’端的框内串联重复。后者主要以核分裂象少的老年女性胃部病例多见。9号外显子突变代表一类发生在年轻男性体积较大的小肠病变。13号外显子发现一处新的突变点L641P。PDGFRA基因突变见于50％（5／10）CD117阴性病例,均为18号外显子突变,包括常见的D842V点突变和一个框内843-846处IMHD缺失伴有S847T的新突变。PDGFRA基因突变多见于发生在后腹膜／网膜的具有高度侵袭危险性的病例。结论中国GIST病例大多数存在c-kit基因和PDGFRA基因的突变,且在基因突变类型和肿瘤原发部位问有非随机的联系。除了发现几个新的突变形式外,国人的GIST似乎和西方国家有些不同的突变特点。靶向治疗需要基因突变分型的启示和指导。     

CD117阴性胃肠道间质瘤的临床病理及免疫组织化学研究

目的 探讨免疫组织化学在形态学典型、免疫组织化学CD117阴性胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)诊断中的意义.方法 对10例CD117阴性、形态学典型的GIST进行c-kit基因第9、11、13、17号外显子及血小板源性生长因子受体α(PDGFRA)基因第12和18号外显子的基因检测,同时所有病例均进行CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、结蛋白、S-100蛋白、WT-1、DOG-1 的免疫组织化学染色(EnVision法).结果 10例中8例完成c-kit及PDGFRA基因的检测,仅1例有c-kit基因第9号外显子突变,余未发现基因突变.10例CD117阴性的病例9例CD34阳性,2例SMA局灶阳性.结蛋白和S-100蛋白均阴性.DOG1弥漫阳性者5例,1例弥漫弱阳性,2例局灶阳性,2例阴性.4例WT-1弥漫阳性,2例局灶阳性,1例有散在肿瘤细胞阳性,3例阴性.结论 对胃肠道及胃肠道外形态学典型、但CD117阴性的GIST病例,联合应用多种免疫组织化学标记有助于诊断.DOG-1和WT-1可作为补充加入到CD117阴性GIST的诊断中.     

胃肠道间质瘤c-Kit及PDGFRA基因突变与临床病理特征、免疫表型及预后的关系

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors,GIST)中c-Kit/PDGFRA基因突变与临床病理特征、免疫表型及预后的关系。方法采用直接测序法检测185例GIST标本中c-Kit和PDGFRA基因突变类型。结果 c-Kit基因突变中,外显子11突变最常见,以缺失突变、点突变及混合突变为主,并见3例双外显子突变。外显子9在小肠GIST中的突变率显著高于胃GIST,且均为A502-Y503串联重复突变,提示小肠GIST有独特的基因型。PDGFRA在上皮样细胞型和混合细胞型GIST中的突变率显著高于梭形细胞型GIST。c-Kit基因外显子11缺失突变的中高危GIST易出现术后复发转移,且复发转移患者中发生二次突变率较高,表现为c-Kit基因外显子13、14、17或18点突变,以13号外显子V654A最为常见。CD117和DOG1的表达与基因突变之间无相关性,不能作为预测疾病基因突变的指标。单因素分析结果显示,肿瘤直径、核分裂象、Ki-67增殖指数、危险程度分级、术后复发和转移是影响GIST预后的重要因素,术后靶向药物治疗可一定程度改善预后。c-Kit基因外显子11缺失突变和外显子9突变的GIST患者预后较差。结论 c-Kit基因9号外显子在小肠GIST中突变率较高,PDGFRA基因在上皮样细胞型和混合细胞型GIST中突变率较高。c-Kit基因外显子11缺失突变的中高危GIST易发生二次突变导致术后复发转移,外显子11缺失突变可作为GIST预后不良的独立影响因素之一。     

CD117阴性胃肠道间质瘤的临床病理及免疫组织化学研究

目的 探讨免疫组织化学在形态学典型、免疫组织化学CD117阴性胃肠道间质瘤(GIST)诊断中的意义.方法 对10例CD117阴性、形态学典型的GIST进行c-kit基因第9、11、13、17号外显子及血小板源性生长因子受体α(PDGFRA)基因第12和18号外显子的基因检测,同时所有病例均进行CD117、CD34、平滑肌肌动蛋白(SMA)、结蛋白、S-100蛋白、WT-1、DOG-1 的免疫组织化学染色(EnVision法).结果 10例中8例完成c-kit及PDGFRA基因的检测,仅1例有c-kit基因第9号外显子突变,余未发现基因突变.10例CD117阴性的病例9例CD34阳性,2例SMA局灶阳性.结蛋白和S-100蛋白均阴性.DOG1弥漫阳性者5例,1例弥漫弱阳性,2例局灶阳性,2例阴性.4例WT-1弥漫阳性,2例局灶阳性,1例有散在肿瘤细胞阳性,3例阴性.结论 对胃肠道及胃肠道外形态学典型、但CD117阴性的GIST病例,联合应用多种免疫组织化学标记有助于诊断.DOG-1和WT-1可作为补充加入到CD117阴性GIST的诊断中.

Abstract：

Objective To study the immunophenotype and c-kit or platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha(PDGFRA)gene mutations in CD117-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs).Methods Ten cases of GISTs with typical histologic features but no CD117 expression were retrieved from the archival of Department of Pathology,Peking Union Medical College Hospital,China.The Cages were further evaluated for the presence of c-kit exons 9.11, 13 and 17 mutations and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18mutations.DNA was extracted from the paraffin-embedded tuinor tissue.The PCR products were sequenced directly for the mutations.An immunohistochemical study for CD117,CD34,smooth muscle actin,desmin,S-100 protein.WT-1 and DOC-1 Was also performed.Results Eight of the 10 Cases had the mutation tests completed.C-kit mumfion in exon 9 Wag detected in only one case.Amongst the 10 cases studied, CD34Wag expressed in 9 cases. Smooth muscle actin was focally positive in 2 cases.None of them expressed desmin or S-100 protein.DOG-1 and WT-1 were diffusely positive in 5 and 4 Cages.respectively.In addition.DOG1 Was diffusely but weakly positive in 1 case and focally expressed in 2 cages.Three cases were focally positive for WT-1.Conclusion Pathologic diagnosis of CD117-negative GISTs can be facilitated with the application of a panel of immunohistochemical markers.including DOG-1 and WT-1.     

胃肠道间质瘤的分子分型与靶向治疗

胃肠道间质瘤(gastrointestinal stromal tumors, GIST)是胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤,通常c-kit(CD117)免疫表型阳性,对传统的化学治疗和放射治疗不敏感.该类肿瘤一般具有c-kit基因(75%～85%)或PDGFRA基因(5%～10%)的突变[1-2].这两个基因编码两个功能相似的酪氨酸激酶蛋白受体,其突变造成配体非依赖性的c-kit或PDGFRA受体二聚化,导致信号通路不需诱导持续激活,在GIST发病过程中发挥关键作用[3-4].c-kit或PDGFRA基因在GIST中的突变有一定的热点区域和规律,并且与GIST的临床病理学特征及预后存在非随机的联系.     

PDGFRA强阳性表达是诊断GIST较为特异性标志

胃肠道间质肿瘤(GIST)是腹腔最常见的间叶性肿瘤,来自于Cajal间质细胞或其前体细胞。大多数GISTs有c-kit癌基因的突变,c-kit(CD117)阳性被认为是诊断GIST的金标准,也是格列为治疗GIST的必要条件。近来研究发现PDGFRA基因突变作为另一个癌变机制可见于部分缺乏c-kit突变的GIST中,然而,PDGFRA免疫组化检测在GIST诊断中的价值还未见报道。作者应用免疫组化方法检测了39例GISTs和20例其它腹腔内间叶性肿瘤中PDGFRA的表达,同时进行了CD117免疫组化染色和PDGFRA和c-kit基因的突变分析。39例GISTs中,胃24例、小肠10例、大…     

胃肠道间质瘤c-Kit/PDGFRA基因Sanger法测序套峰产生的原因及解决方案

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤c-Kit/PDGFRA基因Sanger法测序套峰产生的原因及解决方案。方法提取111例胃肠道间质瘤石蜡样本的基因组DNA,采用PCR-Sanger测序法检测其c-Kit基因(外显子9、11、12、13、14、17和18)与PDGFRA基因(外显子12、14和18)序列。选择套峰出现频率较高的c-Kit基因18号外显子作为实验对象,将其PCR扩增产物分为甲、乙两组(甲组将111例PCR扩增产物5μL加入2μLSAP-ExoI中,乙组将111例PCR扩增产物1μL加入2μL SAP-ExoI中)进行酶解纯化,并行Sanger法测序,比较两组测序结果中出现套峰例数及突变例数的差异性。结果甲组c-Kit基因18号外显子测序结果中有95例(95/111,85.59%)出现明显套峰;乙组中有8例(8/111,7.21%)出现明显套峰;两组套峰例数差异有统计学意义(P0.001)。甲、乙两组111例c-Kit基因18号外显子测序结果中均有1例检测到突变,且突变位置及突变类型相同。结论充分酶解PCR扩增产物能够显著优化测序结果,降低套峰出现频率,且对突变检测未见明显影响,为胃肠道间质瘤的c-Kit/PDGFRA基因的准确测序奠定基础。     

DOG1是一种敏感和特异性的胃肠道间质瘤的标记物

胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）是胃肠道最常见的间叶性肿瘤，大多数含有受体酪氨酸激酶基因c-KIT或PDGFRA的活化突变。GIST的诊断主要依赖于免疫组化KIT／CD117蛋白的表达，然而有4％～15％的GIST不表达CD117，导致诊断困难。DOG1是应用基因表达谱技术发现的一种高度表达于GIST的基因，作者采用2种新的鼠单克隆DOGI抗体（DOG1．1和DOG1．3），     

GIST外科治疗新探

GIST(胃肠道间质瘤)是一类特殊的,通常CD117免疫表型阳性的胃肠道最常见的间叶源性肿瘤.组织学上由梭形细胞、上皮样细胞、偶或多形性细胞排列成束状或弥漫状图像,免疫表型上表达c-kit基因蛋白产物KIT,由突变的c-kit或血小板源生长因子受体(PDGFRA)基因驱动.本文主要运用文献资料法、逻辑推理法以及笔者多年工作经验,针对GIST外科治疗进行论述,希望能进一步促进GIST治疗手段的进步.     

PDGFRA突变的胃肠道间质肿瘤的诊断形态学特征

胃肠道间质肿瘤(GIST)是胃肠道最常见的间叶性肿瘤,其中胃是最常发生的部位。尽管KIT蛋白的表达或c-kit基因突变被证明是诊断GIST的特征性标记,并在其病理发生中起着重要作用,但仍有一部分GIST不表达KIT或c-kit野生型。近来研究发现PDGFRA活化突变在大多数KIT阴性的GIST中被检测到,并发现PDGFRA突变的GIST形态学特征不同于c-kit突变的GIST。为了证实这种发现,作者检测了60例胃GIST中c-kit和PDGFRA的突变状态。60例胃GIST中,男27例,女33例,年龄12~92岁,平均63.8岁,其中仅有1例发生于21岁前。52例有肿瘤大小的记录,直…     

Strong PDGFRA positivity is seen in GISTs but not in other intra-abdominal mesenchymal tumors: Immunohistochemical and mutational analyses.

Mutation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) gene has been well documented as an alternative oncogenic mechanism in a subset of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) lacking c-kit mutations. However, the role of PDGFRA immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of GISTs has not been well studied. We investigated PDGFRA immunoreactivity in GISTs and in other intra-abdominal mesenchymal tumors, and correlated PDGFRA expression with CD117 positivity and with the mutational status of PDGFRA and c-kit genes. In addition, expression of phosphorylated AKT, an activated downstream molecule in the PDGFRA and c-kit signaling pathways, was correlated with PDGFRA and CD117 status. A total of 39 GISTs and 20 other mesenchymal tumors in the abdomen were included in this study. Thirty-five of 39 GIST cases (89.7%) were positive for PDGFRA and 19 of these 35 positive cases were strongly positive. Five of 20 non-GIST lesions (25%) were positive for PDGFRA, but none of these cases were strongly positive. With one exception, PDGFRA-positive cases were also positive for CD117. Phosphorylated AKT positivity was not associated with the immunoreactivity or mutation of PDGFRA and c-kit, suggesting that the activation of AKT is probably independent of the activation of PDGFRA and c-kit in GISTs. Of 14 GISTs assayed, 4 had mutations in c-kit at exons 11 or 17, and 4 had mutations in PDGFRA at exons 12 or 18. Three of 4 GIST cases with PDGFRA mutations show epithelioid morphology and strong PDGFRA immunoreactivity with prominent perinuclear dotlike accentuation (so-called Golgi pattern). In conclusion, strong PDGFRA positivity with Golgi pattern is a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of GISTs with PDGFRA mutation.     

High-resolution melting amplicon analysis as a method to detect c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors

High-resolution melting amplicon analysis (HRMAA) was used to detect c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) activating mutations in 96 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). HRMAA detected mutations in 87 GISTs (91%). Of the 87 cases, 69 (79%) contained c-kit mutations and 18 (21%), PDGFRA mutations. One c-kit mutation-positive case contained an exon 9 mutation, ins FY at codon 503, that has not been previously described. One PDGFRA mutation-positive case contained mutation D842V del 843, also not previously described. Of 18 PDGFRA mutation-positive cases, 3 (17%) were strongly positive for kit expression as measured by CD117 immunohistochemical analysis. Of 69 c-kit mutation-positive cases, 66 (96%) showed strong kit immunohistochemical expression, but 3 (4%) showed negative to weak CD117 expression. Of 96 cases, 9 (9%) were wild type for c-kit and PDGFRA. Of the wild-type cases, 8 still showed strong immunohistochemical kit expression, whereas 1 showed weak kit expression. GISTs with PDGFRA mutations were found in the stomach, omentum, and peritoneum but not the small intestine. GISTs with c-kit exon 9 mutations were found primarily in the small intestine. HRMAA is a sensitive technique that can be used to rapidly identify c-kit and PDGFRA activating mutations in GISTs.     

Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in type I neurofibromatosis: a pathologic and molecular study.

Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors typically occur in familial form associated with KIT receptor tyrosine kinase or platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) germline mutations, but may also develop in the setting of type 1 neurofibromatosis. The molecular abnormalities of gastrointestinal stromal tumors arising in neurofibromatosis have not been extensively studied. We identified three patients with type 1 neuro-fibromatosis and multiple small intestinal stromal tumors. Immunostains for CD117, CD34, desmin, actins, S-100 protein, and keratins were performed on all of the tumors. DNA was extracted from representative paraffin blocks from separate tumor nodules in each case and subjected to a nested polymerase chain reaction, using primers for KIT exons 9, 11, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18, followed by direct sequencing. The mean patient age was 56 years (range: 37-86 years, male/female ratio: 2/1). One patient had three tumors, one had five, and one had greater than 10 tumor nodules, all of which demonstrated histologic features characteristic of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and stained strongly for CD117 and CD34. One patient died of disease at 35 months, one was disease free at 12 months and one was lost to follow-up. DNA extracts from 10 gastrointestinal stromal tumors (three from each of two patients and four from one patient) were subjected to polymerase chain reactions and assessed for mutations. All of the tumors were wild type for KIT exons 9, 13, and 17 and PDGFRA exons 12 and 18. Three tumors from one patient had identical point mutations in KIT exon 11, whereas the other tumors were wild type at this locus. We conclude that, although most patients with type 1 neurofibromatosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors do not have KIT or PDGFRA mutations, KIT germline mutations might be implicated in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in some patients.     

PKCtheta expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumor.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is characterized by a gain of function mutation of KIT gene and the expression of c-kit protein, but in 5% of cases, c-kit expression is negative although histological findings of gastrointestinal stromal tumor are most suspicious. The existence of c-kit-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors points to the need of additional markers for making the diagnosis. In this study, we studied the expression of PKCtheta and correlated their expression with other immunohistochemical profiles of gastrointestinal stromal tumors and evaluated their usability as a diagnostic marker. For this purpose, 220 gastrointestinal stromal tumors were immunohistochemically stained for PKCtheta, c-kit, CD34, alpha-smooth muscle actin and S-100 protein. Additionally, genetic studies of KIT and PDGFRA genes were performed using c-kit-negative or PKCtheta-negative cases. All the 220 masses were either PKCtheta-positive or c-kit-positive. PKCtheta was positive in 212 (96%) cases and c-kit was positive in 216 (98%) cases in the cytoplasm of tumor cells with a diffuse staining pattern. Out of 212 PKCtheta-positive GISTs, 208 (98%) cases were c-kit-positive, 174 (82%) cases were CD34-positive, 62 (29%) cases were SMA-positive and S-100 protein was positive in 54 cases (26%). Genetic analyses on eight PKCtheta-negative cases showed exon 11 mutations of KIT gene in four cases. Two PKCtheta-positive and c-kit-negative GISTs showed mutations of PDGFRA gene. Our study shows that PKCtheta is a useful marker and it may play a role in the development of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Together with c-kit, PKCtheta immunostaining can be used as an important diagnostic tool in the pathologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors with its high specificity and sensitivity.     

C-kit and PDGFRA gene mutations in triple negative breast cancer

In this study, we evaluated C-kit immunohistochemical expression and C-kit and platelet derived growth factor receptor A (PDGFRA) gene mutations in triple negative breast cancer. 171 cases were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining for the expression of C-kit and 45 cases, including 10 C-kit negative cases and 35 C-kit positive cases, were performed for C-kit gene mutations in exons 9, 11, 13 and 17 and PDGFRA gene mutations in exons 12 and 18. C-kit expression was detected in 42.1% of triple negative breast cancers. Only 1 activating mutation was detected in exon 11 of C-kit gene in 1 case. No activating mutations were found in the other 44 cases. C-kit expression is a frequent finding in triple negative breast cancers; 1 activating mutation which was also found in gastrointestinal stromal tumors was detected; a few cases might benefit from imatinib.     

Epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor with PDGFRA activating mutation and immunoreactivity.

The authors report a unique case of an intra-abdominal, epithelioid mesenchymal tumor that had an activating mutation of PDGFRA and a strong PDGFRA immunoreactivity but lacked both c-kit mutation and c-kit protein (CD117) expression. IHC study showed that the tumor cells were diffusely and strongly positive for PDGFRA, vimentin, CD34, and Bcl-2 but completely negative for CD117 as well as for muscle, epithelial, endothelial, endocrine, mesothelial, neural, and melanocytic cell markers. Molecular study revealed a mutation at the juxtamembrane domain of exon 12 in PDGFRA gene with GTC to GAC transition at codon 561 (V561D), as shown in the previous mutational studies on gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). This case likely represents an example of GIST with PDGFRA activating mutation and PDGFRA immunoreactivity without CD117 positivity, which has not been documented in the literature. STI 571 (imatinib mesylate [Gleevec]) might be an effective therapy in this case, since Gleevec targets both PDGFRA and c-kit oncoproteins.     

Pathology of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. It was found that most GIST expressed KIT, a receptor tyrosine kinase encoded by protooncogene c-kit. In normal gastrointestinal wall, KIT is expressed by interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), which are a pacemaker for autonomous gastrointestinal movement. Because both GIST and ICC are double-positive for KIT and CD34, and because familial and multiple GIST appear to develop from diffuse hyperplasia of ICC, GIST are considered to originate from ICC or their precursor cells. It was also found that approximately 90% of the sporadic GIST have somatic gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene, and that the patients with familial and multiple GIST have germline gain-of-function mutations of the c-kit gene. These facts strongly suggest that the c-kit gene mutations are a cause of GIST. Approximately half of the sporadic GIST without c-kit gene mutations were demonstrated to have gain-of-function mutations in platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRA) gene that encodes another receptor tyrosine kinase. Because KIT is immunohistochemically negative in a minority of GIST, especially in PDGFRA gene mutation-harboring GIST, mutational analyses of c-kit and PDGFRA genes may be required to diagnose such GIST definitely. Imatinib mesylate was developed as a selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. It inhibits constitutive activation of mutated KIT and PDGFRA, and is now being used for KIT-positive metastatic or unresectable GIST as a molecular target drug. Confirmation of KIT expression by immunohistochemistry is necessary for application of the drug. The effect of imatinib mesylate is different in various types of c-kit and PDGFRA gene mutations, and the secondary resistance against imatinib mesylate is often acquired by the second mutation of the identical genes. Mutational analyses of c-kit and PDGFRA genes are also significant for prediction of effectiveness of drugs including newly developed agents.