原发性肝癌DNA含量与核形态学参数关系的分析及其临床意义

本研究图像分析技术（ＩＡＴ）对５５例原发性肝癌（ＰＨＣ）病人的ＤＮＡ含量及核形态学参数进行检测，结果显示：无１例ＰＨＣ的ＤＮＡ干系水平睡于ＤＮＡ含量二倍体区域，３例处于近二倍体（５．４５％），５２例处于异倍体（９４．５５％）。ＤＮＡ含量与有无淋巴结转移（Ｐ〈０．０５）、瘤体大小（Ｐ〈０．０１）、生存率（Ｐ〈０．００１）有相关性。核形态学参数与ＰＨＣ的ＤＮＡ含量及ＰＨＣ有无淋巴结转移亦有统计学意义。     

胃癌与端粒酶活性表达及DNA倍体关系的研究

目的揭示胃癌与端粒酶活性及ＤＮＡ倍体关系。方法检测３０例胃癌标本,同时取无瘤残端作为对照。端粒酶检测采用端粒重复扩增－酶到免疫吸附法（ＴＲＡＰ－ＥＬＩＳＡ法）。ＤＮＡ倍体的测定采用流式细胞术,一步法检测ＤＮＡ含量,结果肿瘤瘤体端粒酶阳性率８３．３％９２５／３０）,无瘤残端端粒酶阳性率３．３％（１／３０）（Ｐ〈０．０５）;端粒酶阳性瘤体平均直径６．５ｃｍ,阴性瘤体平均直径３．６ｃｍ（Ｐ〈０．０５）;     

流式细胞术和银染核仁区在乳癌诊治中的应用

作者对４３例乳腺肿物进行ＤＮＡ流式细胞术和ＡｇＮＯＲ检测。大多数ＤＮＡ异倍体为恶性病变（２３／２４），良性病变的ＳＰＦ和ＰＩ与二倍体癌相近，但低于异倍体癌（Ｐ＞０．０５）；二倍体癌ＳＰＦ和ＰＩ低于异倍体癌（Ｐ＜０．００１）。异倍体多见于腋淋巴结转移和年轻患者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。半数左右乳腺癌的ｍＡｇＮＯＲ高于良性病变的最高值。本研究表明ＤＮＡＦＣＭ和ＡｇＮＯＲ检测可作为良恶性病变鉴别的参考，异倍体癌临床进程较快，ＤＮＡ异倍体和高Ｓ１／Ｓ２，ｍＡｇＮＯＲ肿瘤有较强的浸润性，但对化疗也较敏感，应考虑行辅助化疗。     

食管鳞癌DNA含量与临床病理及预后的关系

应用自动化图像分析仪对５０例食管鳞癌进行细胞ＤＮＡ定量分析，结合临床资料，发现肿瘤分化越差、外侵越严重，ＤＮＡ含量越高。淋巴结转移组ＤＮＡ含量高于非转移组。二倍体或近二倍体组１、３、５年生存率明显高于异倍体组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明ＤＮＡ含量的测定可从核酸代谢的分子水平揭示食管癌恶性生物学行为，同时可作为估计手术预后的客观定量指标。     

小肠癌DNA倍体定量分析及其临床意义的研究

作者应用计算机图像分析ＤＮＡ定量的方法对２８例小肠癌、５例小肠腺瘤、６例正常小肠组织中的异倍体所占的比例及ＤＮＡ含量的１２个参数进行了检测。结果表明：小肠癌中的异倍体数量明显高于小肠腺瘤，其中ＤＮＡ熵值（ＥＤ）、２倍体偏移指数（２ＣＤＩ）、ＤＮＡ恶性分级（ＤＧＮ）、５倍体超过率（５ＣＥＲ）、９倍体超过率（９ＣＥＲ）、２倍体偏移熵数（ＤＤＱ）、平均倍体（ＭＰ）七个ＤＮＡ参数对判断小肠良、恶性病变有重要意义；ＤＮＡ含量与小肠癌的临床病理组织分化程度无关，但异倍体小肠癌较非异倍体小肠癌恶性度高，易发生浸润和转移，术后生存率低，预后较差。ＤＮＡ参数中的ＤＮＡ指数（ＤＩ）、众数值（ＭＶ）、ＤＮＡ恶性分级（ＤＧＮ）、干系倍体值（ＳＰ）、９倍体超过率（９ＣＥＲ）五个参数与小肠癌的预后关系密切，对分析小肠癌的预后有重要价值     

胰腺肿瘤DNA含量检测及生存分析

作者对本院１９７９～１９９１年手术和病理证实的３２例胰腺癌、１０例邻近癌的胰腺组织、８例胰腺炎以及１６例胰岛细胞瘤石蜡包埋组织，用流式细胞仪（ＦＣＭ）检测其细胞核ＤＮＡ含量。结果发现：胰腺癌的异倍体率及ＤＮＡ指数明显高于胰腺非肿瘤病变者（Ｐ＜０．０１）；ＤＮＡ异倍体胰腺癌的Ｓ期比例亦明显高于二倍体胰腺癌（Ｐ＜０．０５）；胰腺癌细胞核ＤＮＡ含量的变化是一个相对独立的反映胰腺癌生物学行为的指标。ＤＮＡ二倍体胰腺癌患者的手术可切除率明显高于异倍体肿瘤患者（Ｐ＜０．０５）。采用Ｋａｐｌａｎ－Ｍｅｉｅｒ生存分析法显示，ＤＮＡ异倍体胰腺癌较二倍体者生存时间短，预后差（Ｐ＜０．０５％）。     

肝细胞癌DNA异倍体及nm23-H1、C-erb B-2和p53癌基因蛋白表达的临床意义

目的 探讨肝细胞癌ＤＮＡ异倍体、ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１、Ｃ－ｅｒｂＢ－２和Ｐ５３癌基因蛋白表达与肝细胞癌侵袭性的关系及其临床意义。方法采用ＤＮＡ图像分析系统定量测定５２例肝癌２的肝癌细胞的ＤＮＡ含量,用免疫组化方法检测癌基因蛋白在肝癌中的表达。结果ＤＮＡ异倍体在≤５ｃｍ肝癌组为５０．０％,在〉５ｃｍ肝癌为８２．１％;ＤＮＡ异倍体与肝癌肝内转移及合并癌栓有关。肝癌伴有肝内转移者的ｎｍ２３－Ｈ１阳性率是明显     

胃癌雌激素受体,癌胚抗原和DNA含量及其预后关系的研究

用ＡＢＣ免疫组化技术测定６５例胃癌标本中ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ含量，其中３６例标本行ＤＮＡ图像分析测定，并对影响胃癌预后的２７种因子进行Ｃｏｘ模型分析。结果发现胃癌ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ阳性率与浸润深度、淋巴结转移正相关，与分化程度负相关，ＥＲ、ＣＥＡ阴性胃癌预后较好，ＥＲ阳性胃癌对化疗较敏感。二倍体胃癌预后优于异倍体胃癌，晚期、分化差胃癌细胞核ＤＮＡ含量高。影响胃癌预后的六种因子依次为，病理类型、病程、ＤＮＡ含量、     

骨肉瘤细胞核DNA含量测定及其临床意义

应用流式细胞分析术测定５４例骨肉瘤的细胞核ＤＮＡ含量，探讨其与病理和临床特点的关系。结果表明：１０例为ＤＮＡ二倍体，４４例为异倍体。ＤＮＡ指数与骨肉瘤Ｘ线分级、肿瘤大小和外科分期有明确关系；Ｓ期细胞百分数、增殖指数与骨肉瘤外科分期也有明确相关性。预后分析表明：ＤＮＡ二倍体、低异倍体、Ｓ期细胞百分数＜２０％、增殖指数＜３５％的骨肉瘤息者有较高的三年生存率。     

淋巴细胞CD28通路活化后Th1/Th2细胞因子mRNA表达及CsA的抑制作用

采用ＲＴＰＣＲ方法，观察ＣＤ２８通路活化后淋巴细胞Ｔｈ１／Ｔｈ２细胞因子ｍＲＮＡ表达水平及ＣｓＡ的抑制作用。取正常人外周血淋巴细胞，培养过程中分别给予抗ＣＤ３ｍＡｂ单独刺激或抗ＣＤ３ｍＡｂ＋抗ＣＤ２８ｍＡｂ共同刺激。提取细胞总ＲＮＡ并逆转录成ｃＤＮＡ，对Ｔｈ１细胞因子（ＩＦＮγ、ＩＬ２）和Ｔｈ２细胞因子（ＩＬ４、ＩＬ１０）ｃＤＮＡ进行扩增。结果显示：共刺激信号可使Ｔｈ１细胞因子基因ｍＲＮＡ转录增加，且对ＣｓＡ的抑制作用产生抵抗；而对Ｔｈ２细胞因子则不产生明显影响。研究表明：ＣＤ２８共刺激信号主要增强淋巴细胞Ｔｈ１细胞因子基因ｍＲＮＡ表达，并可能参与其分化调节；这一活化通路不被ＣｓＡ阻断。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.