辛伐他汀大鼠肠吸收动力学研究

目的:研究辛伐他汀在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法:采用大鼠在体肠段回流实验,主要从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值方面对辛伐他汀的肠段吸收特性进行研究。结果:辛伐他汀在大鼠肠道内无特定吸收部位,各肠段吸收速率常数按十二指肠、结肠、空肠、回肠顺序依次下降,分别为0.03365、0.03190、0.02942、0.02563h-1。辛伐他汀在1.0～20.0μg·mL-1浓度范围内药物吸收量呈线性关系;在pH5.0～7.4内药物吸收不受pH值影响。结论:辛伐他汀在大鼠全肠段均有吸收,吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散,适于制备日服1次缓释给药系统。     

川芎嗪大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的:探讨川芎嗪在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征.方法:采用大鼠在体小肠回流装置,以UV法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和川芎嗪的含量.结果:川芎嗪在小肠的吸收速率常数(Ka)于不同药物浓度2.5,5,10,25 mg·L-1时分别为0.360 8,0.388 1,0.444 6,0.385 9 h-1;不同pH值7.8,6.8,5.4时分别为0.466 4,0.413 9,0.270 5 h-1;在十二指肠,空肠,回肠和结肠时分别为0.291 3,0.220 9,0.172 8,0.133 3 h-1.结论:药物浓度对Ka无影响;在pH 7.8～5.4范围内,随药液pH值的增大,药物的Ka显著增加;药物在十二指肠、空肠和回肠的吸收较好,在结肠的吸收较差;川芎嗪在肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散.     

尼莫地平大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的研究尼莫地平在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠段灌流实验 ,主要从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值等 3方面对尼莫地平的肠段吸收特性进行研究。结果尼莫地平在大鼠肠道内无特定吸收部位 ,各肠段吸收速率常数按十二指肠、空肠、结肠、回肠顺序依次下降 ,吸收速率常数分别为 0 0 6 87、0 0 6 2 0、0 0 5 97、0 0 4 89h-1。在 4 8～ 14 3μmol·L-1浓度内药物吸收量与浓度呈线性关系 ;在 pH 5 0～ 7 4内药物吸收不受 pH值影响。 结论尼莫地平在大鼠全肠段均有吸收 ,吸收符合一级动力学特征 ,吸收机制为被动扩散 ,适于制备日服 1次缓释给药系统     

牡荆素鼠李糖苷的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学

目的 研究牡荆素鼠李糖苷(RHV)的大鼠在体肠吸收动力学特征.方法 采用HPLC法测定RHV在肠循环液中的药物浓度;采用UV法测定肠循环液中酚红浓度;以大鼠原位灌注模型考查RHV的肠吸收动力学情况.结果 RHV 浓度为20、10、5μg·ml-1的吸收速率常数(Ka)分别为0.0416、0.0478、0.0312 h-1;肠循环液pH4、6、8时RHV的Ka分别为0.0253、0.0478、0.0588 h-1;RHV在十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠时的Ka分别为0.0479、0.0308、0.0322、0.0305 h-1.结论 RHV 浓度对RHV的Ka无显著性影响;在pH4～8时,随肠循环液pH的增大,RHV的Ka增加;RHV在大鼠十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的吸收无显著性差异(P＞0.05);RHV在大鼠肠道的吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散.     

阿替洛尔大鼠在体胃肠道吸收动力学研究

目的:研究阿替洛尔在大鼠胃、肠及各肠段的吸收动力学特征,为其剂型设计提供生物药剂学依据.方法:采用大鼠在体肠灌流实验,利用紫外-可见分光光度法和HPLC法分别测定酚红和阿替洛尔的含量.结果:药物在胃和小肠中2 h的吸收百分率分别为8.63%±1.04%、8.91%±2.73%;阿替洛尔在十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠的吸收速率常数各为(0.0706±0.0161)h-1、(0.0360±0.0111)h-1、(0.0465±0.0126)h-1、(0.0479±0.0083)h-1;药物质量浓度为20、50、100 μg·mL-1时,在肠的吸收速率常数分别为(0.0568±0.0308)h-1、(0.0360±0.0111)h-1、(0.0531±0.0095)h-1;当pH值为5.0、6.5、7.4时,肠的吸收速率常数分别为(0.0528±0.0051)h-1、(0.0603±0.0322)h-1、(0.0465±0.0126)h-1.结论:阿替洛尔在大鼠肠道各部分均有吸收,且吸收呈一级动力学过程,吸收机制为被动扩散;药物在大鼠肠内的吸收不受药物浓度和pH的影响;药物的吸收按十二指肠、结肠、回肠、空场的顺序依次下降.     

硫酸沙丁胺醇大鼠在体肠吸动力学研究

目的研究硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体肠回流法进行动力学试验,从吸收部位、药物浓度、pH值等方面对药物在体内的各个肠段的吸收特性进行研究。结果硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠肠道中的吸收不受药物浓度、回流介质pH值等的影响,在分肠段试验中,吸收速率常数Ka(1/h)依次为十二指肠0.052,空肠0.046,回肠0.042,结肠0.030,结肠的吸收显著低于十二指肠、空肠和回肠段;在pH5.4~7.8回流介质中吸收无显著差异,在50~200μg/mL浓度范围内,药物吸收量与浓度呈线性关系。结论硫酸沙丁胺醇在大鼠体内各肠段均有吸收,吸收机制以被动扩散为主,适于制成Tlag<5 h的口服迟释制剂。     

芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制研究

目的:研究芒果苷大鼠在体肠道吸收机制。方法:采用大鼠在体肠段灌流模型,建立高效液相色谱/紫外分光光度法测定肠循环液中芒果苷的浓度,研究不同芒果苷浓度、胆汁及吸收部位对芒果苷吸收参数的影响。结果:芒果苷在5.0~25.0μg.mL-1浓度范围内对小肠吸收速率常数(Ka)无影响;在12.5μg.mL-1浓度下对结扎胆管大鼠的小肠Ka有影响;各肠段的Ka回肠>空肠>结肠>十二指肠,分别为0.164、0.132、0.125、0.107h-1。结论:芒果苷的吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动扩散;芒果苷在各肠段均有较好的吸收,胆汁使芒果苷在小肠的透过系数增大。     

帕利哌酮大鼠在体肠吸收药物动力学研究

目的:考察帕利哌酮在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法:运用大鼠在体单向灌流技术考察帕利哌酮在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征;采用高效液相色谱法测定灌流液中帕利哌酮的含量;从药物质量浓度、吸收部位、灌流速度、介质pH值4个方面对帕利哌酮的各肠段吸收特性进行考察;利用重量法计算动力学参数。结果:药物的吸收在质量浓度较高时(10.0～20.0μg.mL-1)具有自身抑制现象。灌流速度和介质pH值在考察范围内对药物肠吸收影响显著。考察范围内的药物吸收部位对吸收速率无显著影响。十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠的Ka值分别为(6.58±2.35),(7.03±3.33),(7.13±2.77),(3.77±3.42)h-1。结论:帕利哌酮在整个肠道均有吸收,初步推断帕利哌酮在大鼠肠道的吸收机制为主动转运。     

普拉克索的大鼠在体肠吸收

采用大鼠在体灌流法,以灌流液中剩余药物浓度为指标,考察普拉克索(1)在不同吸收部位的吸收动力学特征以及不同pH、不同药物浓度对1全肠段吸收的影响.结果显示,1在不同肠段的吸收速率常数(h-1)分别为:十二指肠0.295、结肠0.513、回肠0.480 h和空肠0.808 h.药物在大鼠全肠道内的吸收量随药物浓度的增大而升高,药物浓度和pH对吸收速率常数无显著性影响.1在肠道的吸收符合一级动力学特征,吸收机制为被动吸收.采用大鼠在体胃灌注法,以胃灌注液中药物前后浓度变化计算1在胃部吸收情况.结果表明1几乎不吸收.     

银杏总黄酮苷在大鼠体内的肠吸收动力学特征

目的　考察银杏总黄酮苷(TFG)在大鼠体内的肠吸收动力学特征。方法　对大鼠的十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠4个部位分别进行在体肠吸收实验,计算和比较TFG在各部位的吸收速率常数(Ka)和2h的累积吸收量。结果　TFG在大鼠肠道各部位的Ka 按十二指肠、空肠、回肠、结肠依次下降;在10 0～4 0 0mg·L-1浓度范围内,各肠段TFG的吸收量与浓度有良好线性关系(r>0 .994 4 ) ,Ka 值基本不变。结论　TFG在大鼠肠道内的吸收呈现一级吸收动力学特征,其吸收机制为被动扩散     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Polymorphisms in genes involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking

Smoking behavior is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The genetic contribution to smoking behavior is at least as great as its contribution to alcoholism. Much progress has been achieved in genomic research related to cigarette-smoking within recent years. Linkage studies indicate that there are several loci linked to smoking, and candidate genes that are related to neurotransmission have been examined. Possible associated genes include cytochrome P450 subfamily polypeptide 6 (CYP2A6), dopamine D₁, D₂, and D₄ receptors, dopamine transporter, and serotonin transporter genes. There are other important candidate genes but studies evaluating the link with smoking have not been reported. These include genes encoding the dopamine D₃ and D₅ receptors, serotonin receptors, tyrosine hydroxylase, trytophan 2,3-dioxygenase, opioid receptors, and cannabinoid receptors. Since smoking-related factors are extremely complex, studies of diverse populations and of many aspects of smoking behavior including initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse, and influence of environmental factors are needed to identify smoking-associated genes. We now review genetic polymorphisms reported to be involved in neurotransmission in relation to smoking.     

Tramadol concentrations in blood and in cerebrospinal fluid in a neonate

Based on blood and cerebrospinal fluid samples collected in a full-term neonate, the penetration of tramadol in the central nervous system is described. Following intravenous administration of tramadol, a lag time of about 4 h was observed until full blood–brain equilibration was achieved. This pharmacokinetic observation is in line with a recent pharmacodynamic evaluation of the central opioid effects of tramadol in adults.     

Disease control in asthmatic children seen in private practice in Switzerland

ABSTRACT

Background: Asthma is the most common chronic childhood disease in Switzerland with a prevalence of 10%. Asthma has a high economic burden accounting for high medical costs. Assessment of disease control is likely to be of help in the implementation of strategies to improve asthma. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate asthma control and therapy regimens among children in private practice.

Methods: We assessed asthma control as well as therapy regimens in 575 asthmatic children in an experience programme in Switzerland by using an abbreviated questionnaire based on the asthma control questionnaire and the child health questionnaire on Visit 1 and Visit 2.

Results: Good asthma control at Visit 1 was only present in 25.7% of asthmatic children. Occasional asthma symptoms, limitation of physical activity, nocturnal awakening and anxiety of the parent was present in 80.5%, 41.2%, 46.8% and 57% of the children, respectively. After adjustment of therapy regimens at Visit 1, mainly by adding a leukotriene receptor antagonist, asthma control was reported to be much better in 53.4% of the children at Visit 2.

Conclusions: As asthma control is inadequately achieved within a major portion of asthmatic children, it is imperative to find measures to improve asthma control and hence, to reduce the burden of disease.