主动脉根部病变113例外科治疗体会

主动脉根部位于心脏的中心部位,主要由主动脉瓣、主动脉瓣环、主动脉窦、窦管交界、冠状动脉开口、升主动脉起始部组成,发生瘤样病变时上述组成部分可有不同程度的损坏,其外科治疗应该采用不同的策略。2003年9月至2011年2月我科共完成主动脉根部病变手术113例,报道如下。 临床资料 1．一般资料：本组113例,男76例,女37例,     

双瓣膜置换术中细小主动脉根部的扩大成形(附7例报告)

目的报道一种双瓣膜置换术中扩大细小主动脉根部的手术方法和结果。方法7例双瓣膜置换术中细小主动脉根部（瓣环直径17～20mm）者，将斜行的主动脉切口经左、无冠窦交界呈倒“Y”形向二尖瓣前叶切开，切除二尖瓣叶时保留3～5mm宽的前瓣叶组织，补片扩大主动脉瓣瓣环后植入人工瓣膜。结果7例扩大主动脉瓣环直径4～7mm，主动脉瓣和二尖瓣分别植入21～23mm和25～27mm人工机械瓣。无手术死亡，1例二次开胸止血。随访1～26个月，病人心功能恢复良好。结论对双瓣膜置换术中的细小主动脉根部，Manouguian法不能有效扩大主动脉瓣环时，该术式可作为一种安全有效的替代方法。     

升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗

目的总结升主动脉根部瘤的外科治疗经验。方法101例升主动脉根部瘤患者（年龄14～72岁，平均年龄42．7岁）的主要病因为马方综合征（Marfan syndrome，58例），主动脉瓣环扩张症（34例），主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形（5例），大动脉炎（4例）；术前有主动脉瓣关闭不全96例，主动脉瓣狭窄4例，术前合并有A型夹层26例，急性左心衰竭（5例）。手术类型：Wheat手术4例，传统或改良Cabrol手术13例，David手术1例，Bentall手术83例。同期行主动脉半弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术16例，全弓置换术或降主动脉腔内支架植入术4例，二尖瓣置换术或成形术14例，冠状动脉旁路移植术8例。结果全组手术死亡率为6．9％（7／101），2000年后降至3．6％（3／83）；术后主要并发症为低心排血量10例，呼吸功能不全9例，肾功能不全9例。术后随访94例，随访期间死亡1例，5例马方综合征患者术后出现B型夹层。结论Bentall手术是治疗升主动脉根部瘤的首选手术方法，术前左心功能及手术技术是影响手术效果的关键因素。     

DAVID-Ⅰ式手术治疗主动脉根部动脉瘤12例

长期以来应用带主动脉瓣（机械瓣或生物瓣）的人工血管替换病变主动脉及主动脉瓣并重新移植冠状动脉开口（BENTAL手术）是治疗升主动脉及主动脉根部动脉瘤的标准术式，但其存在与人工瓣相关的问题。1992年David和Feindel提出了保留主动脉瓣的主动脉根部修复术（DAVID手术）治疗升主动脉瘤和主动脉根部扩张。我们于2002年10月至2003年10月在法国冈城大学医疗中心研修期间参加了12例DAVID-Ⅰ式手术，现报告如下。     

扩展主动脉根部置换术治疗复杂主动脉瓣下狭窄

１９９２～１９９３年，为８例复杂的主动脉瓣下狭窄再次手术病人施行扩展主动脉根部置换术。手术方法采用室间隔切开，补片加宽左室流出道，用自体带瓣肺动脉置换主动脉，同种异体主动脉或肺动脉替代病人肺动脉。术中平均心肌温度１０℃，平均主动脉阻断时间１１５分钟，心脏复跳后均为窦性心律，术后经过平稳，无近期发病率和死亡率。对于复杂的主动脉瓣下狭窄特别是管状狭窄和（或）瓣环小的病人，该术式的疗效要优于经典的主动脉根部置换术。但对自体肺动脉瓣瓣膜的保护和再血管化应作进一步的研究。     

经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全

目的探讨经主动脉路径同期手术修复主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并的中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全的手术技术,分析随访结果。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2012年6月新华医院25例主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全患者经手术治疗的临床资料,其中男18例,女7例;年龄42～75（57．9±9．6）岁。所有患者除主动脉根部或主动脉瓣病变均合并中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全。Carpentier分型均为Ⅰ型。手术方法均在全身麻醉低温体外循环下行主动脉瓣置换或主动脉根部置换加二尖瓣成形术（均为经主动脉切口交界缝合成形）。通过门诊复查,电话等随访观察,评价二尖瓣及心脏结构和功能。结果术中食管超声心电图提示2例有残余微量反流,其余23例患者无反流,无瓣膜狭窄,成形效果满意。全组患者无死亡。术后复查超声心动图提示：左心房内径、左心室舒张期末内径与术前比较明显缩小（t=4．086,P=0．000;t=4．442,P=0．000）;左心室射血分数与术前比较有所降低（t=3．671,P=0．001）。术后二尖瓣瓣环直径与术前比较缩小[（32．4±3．6）mm vs．（35．6±6．4）mm]。术后二尖瓣瓣口压差[（1．4±0．7）mmHg vs．（1．5±0．7）mmHg],二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差[（3．7±2．2）mmHg vs．（3．3±1．5）mmHg]与术前比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。患者出院后随访23例,随访率92％,随访时间7～92（50．4±25.3）个月;2例失访。随访期间出现二尖瓣轻度反流3例。最后一次随访二尖瓣瓣环直径（33．9±4．6）mm,二尖瓣瓣口压差（1．3±0．6）mmHg,二尖瓣瓣口峰值压差（3．6±2．3）mmHg。结论主动脉瓣或主动脉根部手术时,经主动脉路径修复中度功能性二尖瓣关闭不全安全、方便、有效。     

主动脉根部CTA影像评估在主动脉瓣成形术中的应用价值

目的探索主动脉根部CT血管造影(CTA)在术前评估中的应用,并与二维超声数据对比,评价两者与术中外科测量数据的相关程度。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2020年8月期间,在我院行主动脉瓣成形术的53例主动脉瓣病变患者的临床资料,其中男38例、女15例,年龄10～77(42.9±18.3)岁。收集术前经胸二维超声和主动脉根部CTA对主动脉根部测量的数据,包括主动脉瓣环(AVA)、主动脉窦(Sinus)、窦管交界(STJ)。通过与术中实际测量的数据比较,做一致性分析。结果术前心脏超声AVA测量值和术前CT AVA测量值与术中AVA测量值均呈正相关(P<0.001)。与术前心脏超声AVA测量值相比[相关系数(ρ)=0.74,均方误差(MSE)=12.78],术前CT AVA测量值保持了较高准确性,以及与术中AVA测量值的一致性(ρ=0.95,MSE=2.72)。在与术中AVA测量值的相关系数方面,术前CT高于经胸二维超声(P<0.001)。结论和经胸二维超声相比,主动脉根部CTA应用于主动脉瓣成形的术前评估数据,与外科术中实际测量的数据具有更高的一致性和准确性。     

严重主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者主动脉根部置换的方法与疗效

目的总结严重主动脉瓣感染性心内膜炎患者行主动脉根部置换术治疗的临床经验,探讨其手术适应证和手术方法,以期提高外科治疗效果。方法1995年9月～2008年6月间手术治疗11例严重主动脉瓣或人工瓣膜感染性心内膜炎患者,其中活动期6例,静止期5例;术前动脉血细菌培养阳性6例。术前心脏超声心动图提示均有不同程度的主动脉瓣反流或瓣周漏,左心室收缩期末内径（LVESD）6．0±0．7cm,其中≥5．5cm 7例;左心室射血分数（LVEF）47．8％±11．2％,其中≤509／8例。手术均在彻底清创后应用人工带瓣管道（9例）或同种带瓣管道（2例）行主动脉根部置换术,同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例,二尖瓣环缩术3例,室间隔缺损修补术1例。结果术后心脏骤停死亡1例。发生Ⅲ°房室传导阻滞1例,后期植入永久性起搏器。术后随访10例,随访时间3个月～13．2年,术后32d因感染性心内膜炎复发死亡1例;其余患者均无感染复发和晚期死亡。结论当感染性心内膜炎合并主动脉根部或窦部瘤、感染累及主动脉窦壁或冠状动脉开口处、瓣环严重毁损或彻底清创后瓣环缺损广泛时,宜置换主动脉根部。手术的关键是彻底清创和防止根部出血。尽管手术较复杂,但局部清创彻底,有利于提高手术效果。     

主动脉根部生理固定方法的建立

目的研究建立主动脉根部的生理固定方法，并进一步探讨生理固定方法对主动脉根部和主动脉瓣叶的影响。方法以有机玻璃为原料，研制各种型号的主动脉根部生理固定器。采集新鲜的猪心脏，修剪后保留升主动脉和二尖瓣前瓣及部分室间隔。将制备好的主动脉根部套入固定在生理固定器的接头上，在主动脉根部的流入和流出端同时加压扩张固定，此时的主动脉瓣叶在加压的根部内处于无压力差的自由漂浮状态，生理固定是为了保持主动脉根部和瓣叶的解剖形态。结果主动脉根部的生理固定方法保留了自然瓣膜的性状，生理固定的瓣叶比普通低压力固定瓣叶更加柔软和伸展，窦部的成形充分饱满，瓣叶的交界区无冗余组织。脉动流测试表明，80mmHg根部预扩张的猪主动脉瓣，其有效开口面积明显大于40mmHg（P〈0.05），而平均跨瓣压差则相对更低（P〈0.05）。生理固定的瓣叶在制备成瓣膜之后，功能更加接近于自然状态的主动脉瓣膜。结论主动脉根部的生理固定过程保持了原有瓣膜的自然形态和瓣叶的组织结构，为改善血流动力学提供了基础。     

主动脉窦瘤破裂52例手术治疗

我们对 52例主动脉窦瘤病人的手术方法及手术效果作了回顾性分析 ,现报道如下。资料和方法　 1 994年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 6月 ,我们收治主动脉窦瘤破裂病人 52例 ,其中男 31例 ,女 2 1例 ;年龄 7～ 66岁 ,平均 2 9岁。主动脉右冠状动脉窦瘤 46例 ,无冠状动脉窦瘤 5例 ,左冠状动脉窦瘤 1例。窦瘤破入右室 46例 ,破入右房 5例 ,破入左室 1例。主动脉窦瘤合并主动脉瓣关闭不全 31例 ,合并室间隔缺损 2 3例 ,房间隔缺损 2例 ,三尖瓣关闭不全 2例 ,二尖瓣关闭不全 1例 ,ＩＩＩ度房室传导阻滞 1例 (有多种畸形同时并存 )。发生感染性心内膜炎 7例。…     

Selective Sinus Replacement for Aortic Root Aneurysm: Durable Approach in Selected Patients

BackgroundSelective sinus replacement (SSR) allows a tailored repair approach in patients with sinus of Valsalva or asymmetric aortic root aneurysm. SSR avoids the need for coronary reimplantation for nondiseased sinuses and shortens operative time, although potential for late growth of retained sinuses exists. This study describes selection of patients and assesses operative outcomes and late root dimensions after SSR.MethodsFrom 2006 to 2020, 60 patients underwent SSR at a single referral institution. Mixed effect models were used to assess trajectory of postoperative growth of remaining sinuses, adjusting for age of the patient, valve morphology, and baseline root diameter.ResultsMedian age of the patients was 57 (interquartile range [IQR], 48-65) years. Twenty-four (40%) had a bicuspid aortic valve. Most patients (n = 55 [92%]) underwent single sinus replacement (n = 46 noncoronary, n = 9 right), whereas 5 (8%) underwent repair of both the right and noncoronary sinuses. Concomitant aortic valve replacement was performed in 15 patients (25%); aortic valve repair with internal ring annuloplasty or cusp plication was performed in 37 (62%). There was no operative death, stroke, renal failure, or respiratory failure. Median preoperative root diameter was 53 mm (IQR, 51-56 mm) vs 42 mm (IQR, 39-45 mm) at median imaging follow-up of 34 (IQR, 13-49) months. Rate of midterm root growth was 0.2 mm/y, and there were no late root reinterventions.ConclusionsFor patients with sinus of Valsalva or asymmetric root aneurysm, SSR is associated with excellent operative outcomes, and midterm follow-up suggests that the technique is durable. Longer term follow-up is needed to confirm continued stability of the aortic root.     

Aortic root remodeling in atheromatous aneurysms: the role of selected sinus repair.

OBJECTIVE: Atheromatous ascending aortic aneurysms (AAA) frequently present with aortic regurgitation (AR) from dilatation of the sino-tubular junction (STJ) and extension of the pathological process into the root. Experience suggests that root dilatation begins in the non-coronary, then right coronary sinus. Rather than employ aortic root replacement or the David procedure, we have elected to replace the ascending aorta and remodel the STJ and involved sinuses. We studied the outcome after selective sinus replacement in 29 consecutive AAA patients between 1995 and 2001. METHODS: There were nine male and 20 females. Age ranged from 47 to 79 years (mean 67.5). Seven had arch aneurysms and four coronary artery disease. Nineteen were NYHA III or IV. Grade of AR was IV in 20, III in five and II in four. The STJ was dilated >50% of annulus diameter in each case (5.3-10.0 cm, mean 6.4 cm). All valves had three cusps. All patients underwent ascending aortic replacement. Seven had arch replacement and four coronary artery bypass. Seven had replacement of both right and non-coronary sinuses with re-implantation of the right coronary ostium. Twelve had replacement of the non-coronary sinus alone whilst nine had right coronary sinus replacement. One with dextrocardia had left coronary sinus replacement with ostial re-implantation. The graft size was within 2 mm of annulus size except for two patients (24 mm 12, 26 mm 11, and 28 mm six). Post operative echocardiographic studies were performed. None of the patients received anticoagulation. RESULTS: There were no hospital or late deaths and no thromboembolic or infective complications. Two patients had mild to moderate aortic regurgitation. These had a size 28 graft, which in retrospect was too large. Others had no significant regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: The native aortic valve can be preserved in the majority of patients with AAA. Remodelling of the STJ and selective sinus replacement restores valve competence. Anticoagulation and prosthesis related complications are thereby avoided.     

Congenital aortic stenosis with hypoplasia of the left sinus of Valsalva. Anatomic reconstruction of the aortic root

Evaluation of the aortic root in 13 patients with congenital aortic stenosis aged 2.5 to 24 years (mean 8.3 years) has revealed morphologic characteristics of asymmetry of the aortic root caused by a small (hypoplastic) left sinus of Valsalva associated with a supravalvular ridge above the left coronary ostium and dysplasia of the aortic valve. The asymmetry resulted in folding and buckling of the left aortic cusp. The aortic valve was classified as bicuspid in 11 of the 13 patients. Preoperative aortography was characteristic and revealed the diagnosis in all patients. The average left ventricle-aorta systolic pressure gradient was 81 mm Hg. Operative repair consisted of an oblique aortotomy extended in a spiral fashion to the right and posteriorly into the left sinus of Valsalva. Seven patients had further mobilization of the posterior commissure with a second incision to the right of the commissure into the noncoronary sinus. Slightly fused valve commissures were opened in 12 patients. Aortic root reconstruction was accomplished with a spiral Dacron patch and posterior commissural repositioning. Follow-up catheterization at 9 to 35 months (mean 24 months) in five patients demonstrated an average outflow tract systolic gradient of 28 mm Hg and a more symmetrical appearance of the aortic root.     

Extensive aneurysms of sinuses of Valsalva precluding valve sparing aortic root reimplantation (David procedure)

A 55-year-old female noticed worsening exertional dyspnoea for two years. She was born with cleft palate and profound deafness. Significant physical findings included dysmorphism with micrognathia and acrocephaly and congenital deafness. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed aneurysms involving the right and the non-coronary sinuses of Valsalva. Despite that, the native aortic valve retained preserved geometry. Computed tomography (CT)-scan demonstrated multiple aneurysms arising from all three sinuses of Valsalva. This displaced the right ventricle (RV) caudally and indented the RV outflow tract. A valve-sparing root reimplantation was planned. However, intraoperatively the root aneurysms were found to be very extensive such that no healthy tissue remained along the insertion lines of the aortic valve leaflets. The aortic annulus was not dilated (2 cm) and the left ventricular outlow tract was not involved in the disease process. Consequently, despite the presence of macroscopically normal leaflets and relatively undisturbed annular geometry, we were unable to reimplant the native aortic valve and proceeded to a modified Bentall procedure. Histologically, significant medial degeneration with loss of elastin and muscle was identified in the aortic sinus wall. Similar changes were also found affecting the native leaflets coupled with increased fibrous thickening.     

Coronary arterial and sinusal anatomy in hearts with a common arterial trunk

Eighty-four specimens of common arterial trunk were studied with special reference to the arrangement of the leaflets in relation to the atrioventricular valves, the origin of the coronary arteries in relation to the arterial sinuses, and the epicardial course of the coronary arteries. Fourteen normal hearts were used for comparison. In the hearts with common arterial trunk, the location and level of the coronary artery orifices (as well as the relationship of the truncal root to the area of fibrous continuity with the mitral valve) are different from those in normal hearts. In none of the hearts with common arterial trunk (particularly the 53 hearts with three leaflets in the truncal valve) did the appearance of the truncal valve approximate that of a normal aortic valve. Among the 22 hearts with four leaflets, there was a high incidence of coronary artery orifices in opposite sinuses (17/22 or 77.3%) and a low incidence of coronary artery orifices in adjacent sinuses (2/22 or 9.1%). These results suggest that the formation of the truncal valve is independent of the formation of the coronary orifices. Its leaflets are not predestined to become part of either the aortic valve or the pulmonary valve.     

A giant unruptured aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva together with ectasia of the left coronary artery

A sinus of Valsalva aneurysm is defined as a dilatation of the aortic sinuses, between the aortic valve annulus and the sinotubular junction. They are rare and most frequently involve the right coronary sinus. We report a case of an unruptured giant sinus of Valsalva aneurysm in a patient associated with ectasia of the left main stem and left anterior descending coronary artery. The patient was successfully treated with aortic root replacement using a biologic conduit.     

Aortic root dilatation may alter the dimensions of the valve leaflets

Objective: Valve-sparing surgery can be used in patients with dilated aortic roots and aortic insufficiency (AI) but has not become a common practice, in part because the spared valve may be incompetent. Our goal was to study how the dimensions of the aortic root and leaflets have changed in such patients. Methods: Fourteen patients with dilated aortic root and AI were examined by transesophageal echocardiography. The annulus diameter, sinotubular junction (STJ) diameter, sinus height, leaflet free-edge length, and leaflet height were measured. Correlations among these dimensions and with the AI grades were explored. Measurements were also made in 19 normal human aortic valves from silicone molds. Results: There was no evident change in the average diameter of the annulus between the normal valves and those in the dilated aortic roots. The STJ diameter was obviously increased in the dilated aortic roots; the aortic sinuses also appeared to be taller and the leaflets larger than normal. The leaflet free-edge length, the leaflet height, and the sinus height were found to increase with the dilated STJ diameter. The degree of AI was not found to correlate well with any of the dimensions measured. Conclusions: The dimensions of the leaflets may change parallel to aortic root dilatation with AI. Therefore, during valve sparing, it may be necessary to correct both the dilatation of the root and the leaflet free-edge length to achieve a competent valve.     

Geometric models of the aortic and pulmonary roots: suggestions for the Ross procedure.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss geometric factors, which may influence long-term results relating to homograft competence following the Ross procedure, we describe the 3D morphology of the pulmonary and aortic roots. MATERIALS: Measurements were made on 25 human aortic and pulmonary roots. Inter-commissural distances and the heights of the sinuses were measured. For geometrical reconstruction the three commissures and their vertical projections at the root base were used as reference points. RESULTS: In the pulmonary root, the three inter-commissural distances were of similar dimensions (17.9+/-1.6mm, 17.5+/-1.4mm and 18.6+/-1.5mm). In the aortic root, the right inter-commissural distance was greatest (18.8+/-1.9mm), followed by the non-coronary (17.4+/-2.0mm) and left coronary sinus commissures (15.2+/-1.9mm). The mean height of the left pulmonary sinus was greatest (20+/-1.7mm) followed by the anterior (17.5+/-1.4mm) and right pulmonary sinus (18+/-1.66mm). In the aortic root, the height of the right coronary sinus was the greatest (19.4+/-1.9mm) followed by the heights of the non-coronary (17.7+/-1.8mm) and left coronary sinus (17.4+/-1.4mm). Measured differences between parameters determine the tilt angle and direction of the root vector. The tilt angle in the pulmonary root averaged 16.26 degrees , respectively; for the aortic roots, it was 5.47 degrees . CONCLUSIONS: Herein we suggest that the left pulmonary sinus is best implanted in the position of the right coronary sinus, the anterior pulmonary in the position of the non-coronary sinus and the right pulmonary sinus in the position of the left coronary sinus. In this way, the direction of the pulmonary root vector will be parallel to that of the aortic root vector.     

Time-resolved three-dimensional magnetic resonance velocity mapping of aortic flow in healthy volunteers and patients after valve-sparing aortic root replacement

OBJECTIVE: To provide more complete characterization of ascending aortic blood flow, including vortex formation behind the valve cusps, in healthy subjects and patients after valve-sparing aortic root replacement (David reimplantation). METHODS: Time-resolved 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging velocity mapping was performed to analyze pulsatile blood flow by using encoded 3-directional vector fields in the thoracic aortas of 10 volunteers and 12 patients after David reimplantation using a cylindrical tube graft (T. David I) and two versions of neosinus recreation (T. David-V and T. David-V-S mod ). Aortic flow was evaluated by using 3-dimensional time-resolved particle traces and velocity vector fields reformatted onto 2-dimensional planes. Semiquantitative data were derived by using a blinded grading system (0-3: 0, none; 1, minimal; 2, medium; 3, prominent) to analyze the systolic vortex formation behind the cusps, as well as retrograde and helical flow in the ascending aorta. RESULTS: Systolic vortices were seen in both coronary sinuses of all volunteers (greater in the left sinus [2.5 +/- 0.5] than the right [1.8 +/- 0.8]) but in only 4 of 10 noncoronary sinuses (0.7 +/- 0.9). Comparable coronary vortices were detected in all operated patients. Vorticity was minimal in the noncoronary cusp in T. David-I repairs (0.7 +/- 0.7) but was prominent in T. David-V noncoronary graft pseudosinuses (1.5 +/- 0.6; P = .035). Retrograde flow (P = .001) and helicity (P = .028) were found in all patients but were not distinguishable from normal values in the T. David-V-S mod patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary cusp vorticity was preserved after David reimplantation, regardless of neosinus creation. Increased retrograde flow and helicity were more prominent in T. David-V patients. These novel magnetic resonance imaging methods can assess the clinical implications of altered aortic flow dynamics in patients undergoing various types of valve-sparing aortic root replacement.