EMMPRIN/CD147对类风湿关节炎患者滑膜成纤维细胞合成基质金属蛋白酶的刺激作用

目的 观察细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导剂（EMMPRIN／CD147）对类风湿关节炎（RA）患者滑膜成纤维细胞（FLS）合成基质金属蛋白酶（MMPs）的作用。方法 手术切除的RA患者的滑膜组织，分离成FLS，传代培养。明胶酶谱法测FLS的MMPs含量将FLS与高表达EMMPRIN／CD147的单核细胞株（THP）-1共培养，观察THP-1细胞对FLS MMPs表达量的影响，同时观察EMMPRIN／CD147拮抗肽激活蛋白（AP）-9对FLS MMPs表达的影响。结果 THP-1细胞表达高水平的CD147，而MMP-2、MMP-9的表达水平很低；分离的FLS表达低水平的CD147和一定水平的MMP-2、MMP-9。二者混合培养后，FLS表达MMP-2、MMP-9水平显著升高，随着THP-1细胞数的增加，MMP-2、MMP-9的合成量也增加THP-1对FLS合成MMP-2、MMP-9的刺激作用可被CD147拮抗肽AP-9所抑制。结论 CD147对RA患者FLS合成MMP-2、MMP-9有刺激作用，而这种刺激作用呵被CD147拮抗肽AP-9所抑制。     

类风湿关节炎滑膜组织人糖皮质激素诱导型肿瘤坏死因子受体表达的免疫组织化学研究

目的 观察研究人糖皮质激素诱导型肿瘤坏死因子受体(hGITR)在类风湿关节炎(RA)滑膜组织和软骨组织中的表达及其与滑膜炎性病变程度的相关性.方法 用免疫组织化学的方法对16例RA患者、9例骨关节炎(OA)患者及4例无关节病变的截肢患者滑膜组织和软骨组织中hGITR的表达进行描述分析,并对hGITR表达情况与RA患者滑膜炎性病变程度相关性进行分析.结果 hGITR在RA滑膜组织主要分布于血管翳周围,如血管内皮细胞和炎性细胞等,hGITR阳性细胞数约为69%.而该受体在RA患者软骨组织细胞中的表达率与对照组比较差异无统计学意义.OA滑膜组织和软骨组织细胞中hGITR也呈现不同程度的阳性表达,但与RA比较阳性程度较弱,阳性细胞数量较少;对hGITR表达与RA滑膜炎性程度的相关性分析发现,hGITR与RA滑膜炎性程度呈正相关(r=0.895,P<0.01).结论 hGITR在RA滑膜组织炎性细胞及血管内皮细胞上的异常表达可能是其参与RA血管翳的形成及滑膜组织的侵袭等病理过程导致RA患者滑膜损伤的一个重要机制.     

类风湿关节炎患者关节滑膜滑液中结缔组织生长因子表达及其意义研究

目的检测结缔组织生长因子(connectivetissue growth factor,CTGF)在类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)患者关节滑液及滑膜中的表达,探索CTGF在RA关节病变中可能发挥的作用。方法采用酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked imm-unosorbent assay,ELISA)方法检测中国医科大学附属第一医院2013年1月至12月收治的10例RA患者和8例骨关节炎(osteoar thritis,OA)患者关节滑液CTGF水平;免疫组化法检测3例RA患者和2例OA患者关节滑膜CTGF的表达;Real-time PCR检测向体外培养的成纤维样滑膜细胞(FLS)中加入外源性肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)后对CTGF表达的影响。结果 RA组的关节滑液CTGF水平高于OA组[(21.00±10.20)μg/L对(8.53±7.71)μg/L)],差异有统计学意义(P0.05);CTGF在RA滑膜组织主要表达于滑膜衬里细胞及衬里下层细胞,而OA滑膜组织仅少量CTGF表达;TNF-α可以上调FLS表达CTGF。结论 RA患者滑液CTGF水平升高,滑膜组织CTGF高表达,提示CTGF可能参与了RA关节炎症的发生发展。TNF-α上调FLS的CTGF表达,这可能是导致RA关节病变的重要因素之一。     

类风湿关节炎滑膜组织中细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子的研究

目的研究类风湿关节炎(RA)患者滑膜组织中细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMM-PRIN)的表达,探讨其在RA致病中的作用。方法对20例RA患者膝关节滑膜组织标本采用免疫组织化学染色和半定量反转录-聚合酶联反应(RT-PCR)法,观察RA滑膜组织中EMMPRIN的蛋白及mRNA表达。10例骨关节炎OA滑膜作为对照。结果RA滑膜内衬层的单核细胞、成纤维细胞中EMMPRIN阳性表达广泛,RA组EMMPRIN的免疫反应明显强于对照组(P<0.01)。14例RA、2例OA滑膜标本EMM-PRINmRNA表达阳性,EMMPRINmRNA表达水平RA也明显高于OA组。结论滑膜中过度表达的EMMPRIN通过上调MMPs促进关节软骨的破坏。因此选择性地抑制EMMPRIN生物活性,可能是治疗RA的新途径。     

护骨素在强直性脊柱炎外周关节骨质破坏病理机制中的作用

目的检测护骨素(OPG)在强直性脊柱炎(AS)外周关节滑膜组织中的表达,并以类风湿关节炎(RA)、骨关节炎(OA)患者和健康志愿者外周关节滑膜组织为对照,了解OPG表达与AS患者外周关节骨质破坏病理改变的相关性。方法应用单克隆抗体,通过免疫组织化学方法检测13例AS、16例RA、17例OA及6名健康对照关节滑膜组织中OPG的表达及分布状况,并通过计算机辅助图像分析系统和半定量分析方法确定OPG在各滑膜组织中表达水平之间的差异,分析OPG表达与炎性指标及关节X线分期之间的相关性。结果OPG蛋白在所有13例AS滑膜组织中均有阳性表达,阳性细胞主要分布于滑膜衬里层、衬里下层区域,滑膜软骨交界区OPG表达明显低于滑膜衬里层和衬里下层;2名健康对照滑膜组织中有阳性表达,但明显低于AS患者组。RA及OA患者组未见OPG阳性表达。结论譹AS组滑膜组织中OPG表达水平明显高于健康对照组(P<0.01),而RA、OA滑膜组织中未见OPG表达,说明OPG的高水平表达是滑膜组织对炎症反应/关节破坏所特有的表现,OPG的局部表达是维持AS关节骨代谢稳定的重要因素,这可能是大多数AS患者外周关节受累预后好于RA的原因之一。譺AS患者组滑膜软骨交界区中OPG表达量显著减少可能是导致关节骨质破坏的重要原因,提示关节局部应用OPG治疗有可能改善受累关节的骨     

甲氨蝶呤对类风湿关节炎成纤维样滑膜细胞表达RANKL的影响

目的 探对类风湿关节炎（rheumatoid arthritis，RA）滑膜细胞中表达核因子kB受体活化子配体（RANKL）的细胞以及甲氨蝶呤（MTX）对其表达的影响。方法 收集原代RA及正常滑膜细胞，用免疫磁珠法筛选滑膜CD68^＋和CD68^-细胞，CD44免疫组织化学染色观察以及RANKL免疫荧光检测；细胞体外培养并在培养液中加入最终浓度为1mg／L的MTX，用双夹心法酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测培养液中RANKL含量以及评估每一细胞RANKL表达量。结果 在滑膜细胞中，CD68^＋滑膜细胞为巨噬样细胞，CD44、RANKL染色阴性；CD68^-滑膜细胞为纤维样细胞，CD44、RANKL染色阳性。RA滑膜CD44^＋CD68^-纤维样细胞RANKL蛋白表达量显著增高，MTX对其RANKL表达有抑制作用（P〈0．01）。正常滑膜纤维样细胞低表达RANKL，MTX对其RANKL表达抑制作用来自对细胞增殖的抑制。结论 滑膜组织中有RANKL表达，这些细胞为CD44^＋/CD68^-纤维样细胞，RA滑膜纤维样细胞RANKL分泌增高并受到MTX抑制。MTX可通过抑制RANKL减少关节周围骨破坏作用。     

核因子κB在类风湿关节炎滑膜组织中的表达与意义

目的检测核因子κB(NF-κB)及白细胞介素(IL)-1β、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9在类风湿关节炎(RA)、骨关节炎(OA)及正常滑膜组织中的表达差异。方法反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测46例滑膜组织(RA17例,OA24例,正常5例)中p65、p50、NF-κB抑制因子(IκB)及IL-1β、MMP-9的mRNA水平。免疫组织化学检测39例滑膜组织(RA14例,OA21例,正常4例)中p65的表达情况。对8例RA、6例OA滑膜组织进行滑膜细胞培养,提取核蛋白进行免疫印迹,检测p65含量。结果RA组p65、IL-1β、MMP-9的mRNA水平显著高于正常对照组(分别为P<0.05、P<0.01、P<0.05),与OA组比较差异无显著性。RA、OA与正常组之间p50、IκB的mRNA水平差异无显著性。NF-κBp65免疫组织化学染色组显示RA滑膜衬里层细胞、衬里下层浸润的炎症细胞、血管内皮细胞均有着色。RA组NF-κB活性系数显著高于OA组、正常对照组(P<0.001)。免疫印迹发现RA滑膜细胞核蛋白中p65含量显著高于OA组(P<0.05)。结论RA滑膜组织中NF-κB的表达与活化水平显著高于OA及正常滑膜组织。RA组IL-1β与MMP-9的mRNA水平显著高于正常对照。     

透明质酸钠对兔骨关节炎软骨和滑膜中MMP-1-3及其组织抑制物mRNA表达的影响

目的观察透明质酸钠(HA)关节腔注射对骨关节炎(OA)模型关节软骨及滑膜中的基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-1、MMP-3及其组织抑制物(TIMP)-1mRNA表达水平的影响。方法16只大耳白兔行单侧前交叉韧带切断术,术后5周将动物随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组关节腔注射1%HA0.3ml,每周1次,连续5周,对照组则注射等量生理盐水。术后10周观察两组动物股骨内髁关节软骨光镜下的病理改变,采用反转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测关节软骨及滑膜中MMP-1、MMP-3及TIMP-1mRNA的表达。结果实验组软骨退变程度较对照组明显减轻,实验组滑膜中MMP-3的mRNA表达水平显著低于对照组(0.40±0.10vs0.62±0.13),而软骨中的MMP-3的表达较对照组差异无显著性,MMP-1和TIMP-1在实验组和对照组软骨及滑膜中的mRNA表达差异无显著性。结论HA能有效地减轻早期OA关节软骨的退变,其对早期OA的治疗作用的机制之一可能是抑制滑膜MMP-3的表达。     

脂肪因子脂联素及其受体在类风湿关节炎炎性关节中高表达

目的 研究脂肪因子脂联素(AD)及其受体1,2(AdipoR1,R2)在类风湿关节炎(RA)患者关节液和滑膜组织中的表达.方法 酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测23例RA和23例骨关节炎(OA)患者关节液中AD水平,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应(PCR)和Western-blot法分析AD,AdipoR1,AdipoR2在10例RA和10例OA患者滑膜组织中的表达.结果 RA关节液中AD含量约高于OA的2倍(P<0.05),RA滑膜组织中AD、AdipoR1 mRNA表达明显高于在OA中的表达(P<0.05),但两者AdipoR2表达差异无统计学意义.RA滑膜组织中AD和AdipoR1蛋白表达明显高于在OA中的表达,且AdipoR1表达明显高于AdipoR2(P<0.05);AdipoR2蛋白表达在RA和OA中差异无统计学意义.结论 RA炎性关节液和滑膜组织中AD和AdipoR1高表达,可能参与RA病理过程.     

盘状结构域受体2与软骨破坏程度的相关研究

目的 观察盘状结构域受体(DDR)2和基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-13在膝骨关节炎(OA)大鼠不同时期软骨及滑膜中的表达,探讨DDR2与关节软骨破坏之间的关系.方法 采用改良膝关节腔内注射木瓜蛋白酶法制作OA大鼠模型,从蛋白水平检测造模后不同病理阶段关节软骨及滑膜中DDR2和MMP-13的表达规律和分布特点.结果 DDR2在各模型组关节软骨及滑膜中的表达较健康组增高(P＜0.01),并且各组中软骨表达高于相应滑膜,MMP-13表达呈现与DDR2相同的特点,二者相关系数r=0.93(P＜0.01).结论 初步证明"DDR2-MMP-13-软骨破坏"途径在OA病理过程中起重要作用.软骨和滑膜DDR2的表达升高共同促进软骨退变.     

Expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (96-kd gelatinase B) in human rheumatoid arthritis

Objective. To determine the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9/gelatinase B (MMP-9) in synovial fluid (SF), plasma, and synovial tissue from individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), inflammatory arthritis (IA), and osteoarthritis (OA), using specific monoclonal antibody reagents. Methods. Gelatinolytic activity in the SF and plasma of patients with RA, IA, and OA was assessed by gelatin zymography. A mouse monoclonal antiserum, 277.13, which selectively recognizes soluble latent forms of human MMP-9, was used to quantitate MMP-9 levels in patient synovial effusions, plasma, and synovial tissue with a capture sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Fifty-one SF samples (31 RA, 9 OA, 11 IA) were analyzed. Immunolocalization of MMP-9 in RA, OA, and normal synovium was investigated using MMP-9–specific antisera. Results. MMP-9 antigen levels in synovial effusions were elevated 67-fold in RA samples compared with OA samples. In addition, although MMP-9 antigen levels in IA synovial effusions were 2.7-fold less than the values in RA samples, they were elevated 34-fold over the values in OA samples. These data indicate an association between increased MMP-9 levels and inflammatory arthritis. A predominant 92-kd gelatinolytic activity (specifically inhibited by EDTA) was evident in RA and IA samples, but no activity was observed in OA samples. Among 86 plasma samples (17 RA, 9 IA, 60 normal controls) analyzed for MMP-9 antigen levels by immunocapture ELISA, MMP-9 antigen levels were elevated 7-fold in RA plasma compared with normal plasma. RA synovial tissue extracts demonstrated elevated levels of MMP-9 antigen compared with OA synovial tissue. MMP-9 immunolocalization studies demonstrated expression in infiltrating leukocytes (neutrophils and macrophages), endothelial cells, and synovial fibroblasts in RA synovium. Conclusion. Latent MMP-9 and/or MMP-9–tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP-1) complexes are elevated in RA and IA SF compared with OA SF. In addition, MMP-9 is increased in RA plasma versus normal control plasma. Synovial tissue levels of MMP-9 antigen are also elevated in RA versus OA. The tissue distribution of MMP-9 within RA synovium is localized to sites of inflammation comprising surface synovial lining cells, endothelium, and leukocytes. Taken together, these observations suggest that connective tissue turnover occurs as a result of excessive MMP activity over TIMP action in the invading pannus, periarticular tissue, or SF. Further studies such as those used in the present investigation will help elucidate the role of a number of different enzymes and inhibitors in the destructive arthropathies.     

Expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis

We investigated the expression of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNAs in synovial tissue from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, n = 5) or osteoarthritis (OA, n = 5) by Northern blot analysis. Northern analysis demonstrated strong expression of MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP, MMP-1, and MMP-3 and weak expression of MT2-MMP and MMP-8 in synovial tissue from patients with RA or OA. MT4-MMP was not detected. No significant difference was shown in the expression of MT-MMP mRNAs between RA and OA. Synovial tissue of RA or OA patients expressed MT-MMPs as well as MMPs. These results indicate that, in addition to MMPs, MT1-MMP, MT3-MMP, and probably MT2-MMP may play a role in the degradation of bone and cartilage matrix in RA and OA. Such information may provide a clue to the development of a novel therapeutic approach targeted on the prevention of joint destruction. Received: April 30, 2000 / Accepted: September 19, 2000     

Expression of Jak3, STAT1, STAT4, and STAT6 in inflammatory arthritis: unique Jak3 and STAT4 expression in dendritic cells in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND: Modulation of Jak-STAT signalling may provide an effective therapeutic strategy in inflammatory arthritis. OBJECTIVE: To document Jak-STAT expression in a cohort of patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA), spondyloarthritis (SpA), and osteoarthritis (OA) and compare these subsets with normal synovial tissue. METHODS: Synovial tissue biopsy specimens from patients with RA, OA, and SpA and histologically normal tissue (n = 10 in each arthritis group) were examined for the presence of Jak3, STAT1, STAT4, and STAT6 expression using immunohistochemistry. Phenotyping was performed using immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. Clinical and serological characteristics of patients with RA expressing Jak3-STAT4 were assessed. RESULTS: STAT1, STAT4, and Jak3 protein expression was generally increased in inflammatory arthritis. In contrast, STAT6 expression was relatively heterogeneous. A subpopulation of CD1a positive dendritic cells unique to seropositive patients with RA was detected. These cells showed intense protein expression for Jak3, STAT4, and STAT6. CONCLUSION: CD1a positive dendritic cells intensely express Jak3, STAT4, and STAT6 in seropositive RA tissue and may be an alternative marker for dendritic cells in their early stages of activation as well as providing a tool for identifying RA at the level of the synovium. Jak3 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic target to prevent dendritic cell maturation in RA. STAT1 expression is increased in inflammatory arthritis, suggesting that its pro-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects cannot effectively counteract inflammation. STAT6 expression is heterogeneous in synovium, suggesting a possible homoeostatic role in addition to any anti-inflammatory effects.     

Comparative analysis of cathepsin l,cathepsin d,and collagenase messenger rna expression in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis,by in situ hybridization

Objective. To compare the expression of cathepsin L, cathepsin D, and collagenase messenger RNA (mRNA) in synovial specimens from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Methods. The expression of cathepsins L and D as well as collagenase mRNA in synovial tissues from 8 patients with RA, 6 patients with OA, and 2 patients with noninflamed joints was evaluated using in situ hybridization with digoxigenin-labeled RNA probes. Results. Both RA and OA synovial tissue expressed cathepsins L and D as well as collagenase mRNA. The expression of the cathepsins was markedly higher in interstitial regions and, to some extent, in perivascular infiltrates of RA synovial tissue compared with OA specimens. Conclusion. Cathepsins L and D mRNA are expressed differently in RA and OA synovial tissues, supporting the concept that these enzymes may contribute to the influx of mononuclear cells into RA synovium. Moreover, the data reveal that the expression of collagenase and cathepsins in RA and OA synovial lining is otherwise largely similar, and suggest that the adhesion of synovial cells to cartilage mediates the invasive destructive process in RA.