孕15~20＋6周产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床研究

目的：评价产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查对提高胎儿染色体异常检出率的临床价值。方法选择于孕15~20＋6周已行孕妇血清学筛查且结果提示有21-三体和（或）18-三体临界风险的628例胎儿行超声筛查,采用经腹部超声对胎儿鼻骨（NB）和颈部皮肤皱褶（NF,中孕期超声软指标）进行检测,观察有无鼻骨发育不良、有无颈部皮肤皱褶增厚（＞6 mm为增厚）及有无其他超声软指标异常,对鼻骨发育不良及颈部皱褶增厚者进行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析。结果产前超声筛查的628例胎儿中发现鼻骨皱发育不良6例（0.96%,6/628）,其中1例合并颈部皮肤皱褶增厚,2例合并肠道回声增强,1例合并脉络膜囊肿,1例合并左心室内高回声;6例胎儿均行羊水穿刺染色体核型分析,2例为21-三体（33.3%,2/6）,余4例染色体未见明显异常。结论产前超声筛查联合孕妇血清学筛查可提高染色体临界风险胎儿染色体异常的检出率。     

中孕期超声软指标在胎儿染色体筛查中的价值

目的 探讨中孕期超声软指标在胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值。方法 对757例单胎妊娠高危孕妇行中孕期超声检查,观察以下超声软指标:胎儿颈部软组织有无增厚、胎儿鼻骨存在与否、有无脉络丛囊肿、有无轻度侧脑室增宽、有无心室强回声点、有无肠管强回声、有无肾盂轻度扩张及单脐动脉。之后所有孕妇均接受羊水穿刺行胎儿染色体核型分析。结合胎儿软指标及染色体核型结果,统计分析超声软指标与胎儿染色体异常的关系。结果 757胎胎儿中,软指标阳性200胎(200/757, 26.42%),阴性557胎(557/757,73.58%);染色体异常56胎。其中软指标阳性胎儿中,染色体异常39胎。颈部软组织增厚及鼻骨缺失是与胎儿染色体异常关系最密切的两项软指标(P均<0.01)。结论 高危孕妇中,软指标阳性胎儿染色体异常发生率高于软指标阴性胎儿。不同超声软指标在预测胎儿染色体异常中价值不同,其中颈部软组织增厚及鼻骨缺失意义最大。     

产前血清学筛查联合胎儿超声软指标对胎儿染色体非整倍体异常的诊断价值

目的 观察产前血清学筛查联合胎儿超声软指标对胎儿染色体非整倍体异常的诊断价值。方法 回顾性选取2022年4月至2023年3月广东省广州市花都区妇幼保健院接受染色体核型检查的2000例高危孕妇为研究对象,均行产科超声及唐氏综合征产前筛选检查,比较超声软指标、唐氏综合征产前筛选检查及两者联合对胎儿染色体非整倍体异常的诊断价值。结果 2000例孕妇中,经染色体核型检查诊断为染色体非整倍体异常胎儿23例（1.15%）,其中21-三体综合征9例,18-三体综合征7例,13-三体综合征5例,性染色体非整倍体2例。超声软指标检查结果异常的胎儿中,表现为NT增厚及鼻骨发育异常占比较多,分别为34.48%、20.69%。采用超声软指标诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体异常的敏感性、特异性及准确性分别为82.61%、99.49%、99.30%;唐氏综合征产前筛选检查为86.96%、99.70%、99.55%;超声软指标联合唐氏综合征产前筛选检查为95.65%、99.95%、99.90%。超声软指标联合唐氏综合征产前筛选检查诊断胎儿染色体非整倍体异常的特异性及准确性均高于单一检查（P<0.05）。结论 产前血清学...     

基于logistic回归模型及CHAID决策树模型的胎儿染色体异常预测研究

目的 使用logistic回归模型及CHAID决策树模型分析胎儿染色体异常的影响因素,并比较两种模型的优劣。方法 回顾性分析超声软指标（ultrasound soft marker,USM）阳性并具有羊水穿刺结果的642例单胎孕妇资料,以胎儿染色体结果为因变量,USM为自变量建立logistic回归模型及决策树模型筛选影响胎儿染色体结果的因素,绘制ROC曲线比较两种模型的效果。结果 单因素logistic回归模型显示NT增厚、鼻骨缺失、侧脑室增宽为胎儿染色体异常的危险因素;多因素logistic回归分析筛选NT增厚（OR=7.511,P<0.05）、鼻骨缺失（OR=4.819,P<0.05）、侧脑室增宽（OR=4.789,P<0.05）3个因素用于回归模型的拟合;CHAID决策树模型显示NT增厚、鼻骨缺失是胎儿染色体异常的影响因素;logistic回归模型ROC曲线下面积大于CHAID决策树模型（0.712vs 0.675,Z=2.267,P<0.05）。结论 logistic回归模型及决策树模型对胎儿染色体结果有一定的预测价值,且logistic回归模型优于决策树模型。 关键词：logistic回归模型;CHAID决策树模型;胎儿染色体异常;超声软指标     

超声软指标在胎儿染色体异常筛查中的应用价值

目的 探讨各项超声软指标在胎儿染色体异常筛查中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析513例超声检查发现软指标阳性但未合并明确结构畸形的单胎妊娠孕妇资料,应用二元Logistic回归分析超声软指标与胎儿染色体异常的相关性,绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析各项超声软指标对染色体异常的筛查价值.结果 513例胎儿中,单项超声...     

超声软指标联合母体血清甲胎蛋白和人绒毛膜促性腺激素筛查胎儿染色体异常

目的 观察孕中期超声软指标联合检测血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）和人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）用于筛查胎儿染色体异常的价值。方法 对1 625名接受孕中期产前检查孕妇以常规腹部超声检测胎儿超声软指标，采用免疫层析法检测母体血清AFP和HCG。将胎儿多个超声软指标（≥2个）阳性者归为高危孕妇（高危组），行羊膜腔穿刺术及羊水细胞染色体核型检查；对低危孕妇进行产后随访，与筛查结果进行对比。结果 共检出64胎胎儿染色体异常，包括染色体数目异常35胎、结构异常29胎。于高危组167名中发现40胎胎儿染色体异常，包括染色体数目异常23胎、结构异常17胎。母体血清AFP及HCG水平筛查胎儿染色体异常的敏感度分别为64.60%和98.50%，特异度分别为66.00%和14.40%，曲线下面积（AUC）分别为0.701和0.788，截断值分别为56.24 ng/ml和19.36 ng/ml；母体血清AFP联合HCG筛查胎儿染色体异常的敏感度为71.88%，特异度为93.66%，AUC为0.796。超声软指标联合检测母体血清AFP、HCG诊断胎儿染色体异常的敏感度均高于单项指标（P均<0.05）。结论 孕中期超声软指标联合母体血清AFP、HCG检测可提高检出胎儿染色体异常的敏感度，有效筛选胎儿染色体异常的高危孕妇。     

肠管强回声胎儿伴发结构异常及染色体异常超声图像分析

目的探讨肠管强回声合并染色体异常胎儿的产前超声声像图特征。方法选取2009年9月至2013年6月在南京医科大学附属苏州医院产前超声检出的80例肠管强回声胎儿行染色体核型分析并随访至产后,产前超声与产后检查结果对照分析。结果 80例肠管强回声胎儿产前超声及染色体检查结果：（1）单纯肠管强回声胎儿58例（72.5%,58/80,均无染色体异常）,产前超声筛查无其他异常发现。（2）合并超声软指标异常11例（13.8%,11/80,均无染色体异常）,超声显示脉络丛囊肿8例,单脐动脉1例,鼻骨偏短1例,心室点状强回声1例。（3）合并严重结构异常或复合结构畸形但无染色体异常5例,超声显示心脏结构畸形3例,心衰1例,中枢神经系统畸形2例。其中1例为复合畸形,表现为右心室发育不良综合征伴发小脑发育不良及单脐动脉,其余4例均为单发畸形,且无其他软指标异常。（4）合并染色体异常6例（7.5%,6/80）,3例染色体结构异常,3例染色体数目异常（21-三体1例,18-三体1例,双胎之一三倍体1例）,均合并严重结构畸形及软指标异常;超声显示严重心脏畸形2例,中枢神经系统畸形2例,心包腔积液合并腹腔积液1例,胎盘绒毛膜多发性血管瘤1例。其中1例双胎输血综合征胎儿合并全前脑（输血儿）宫内死亡;伴发的软指标异常包括颈项软组织层（NF）增厚、脉络丛囊肿,脐带囊肿,单脐动脉,胎盘绒毛膜血管瘤等。结论单纯肠管强回声胎儿预后良好,临床随访过程中部分肠管强回声可消失;合并严重结构畸形和染色体异常的胎儿预后差,产前超声检出肠管强回声应行系统超声检查并提示临床对胎儿行染色体核型分析。     

NT与NF筛查染色体异常的意义

目的：探讨早孕期测量颈项透明层（NT）值及中孕期测量颈后皮肤皱褶（NF）值对筛查染色体异常的意义及其相互关系。方法：对3 963名单胎孕妇分别于孕早期（11～14周）测量NT值,在孕中期（16～22周）测量NF值,并对孕妇随诊观察。结果：3 963名孕妇中共发现染色体异常胎儿39胎,13胎表现为孕早期NT增厚（33.3%）,12胎表现为NF增厚（30.8%）,其中NT及NF均增厚5胎。超声检查共发现44胎NT增厚病例及55胎NF增厚病例,其中包括14胎NT及NF均增厚病例。NT增厚对染色体异常的检出率为29.5%, NF增厚对染色体异常的检出率为21.8%,NT及NF均增厚对染色体异常的检出率为35.7%。结论：NT及NF是筛查染色体异常的两个独立、有效的软指标,NT及NF均增厚的胎儿出现染色体异常的风险性明显增加。     

超声联合检测胎儿颈项透明层增厚及鼻骨缺失在胎儿异常中的临床价值

目的探讨采用彩色多普勒超声进行胎儿颈项透明层(NT)增厚及鼻骨缺失联合检测在胎儿异常中的临床应用价值。方法从2010年10月至2014年10月孕11~13+6周进行产前检查的8 056例孕妇病例资料中选择单胎妊娠,有效进行胎儿NT及鼻骨检测,并获随访的有效病例5 945例;其中4 368例NT≥3.0 mm和或鼻骨缺失者在孕18周后于上级医院行羊膜囊穿刺或抽脐带静脉血检查胎儿染色体核型;所有病例在孕24~28周时超声筛查胎儿畸形;出生后随访。对是否NT增厚、是否鼻骨缺失者的染色体、超声检查及出生后结果进行比较分析。结果5 945例中,5 347例(89.94%)NT测值在正常范围,598例(10.06%)NT测值增厚。NT正常组染色体异常率0.09%(5/5 347),结构异常率0.17%(9/5 347);NT增厚组染色体异常率1.67%(10/598),结构异常率1.67%(10/598);胎儿不良后果的发生率NT增厚胎儿为3.34%,远高于NT正常范围胎儿的发生率0.26%(P<0.01)。5 945例中,5 940例(99.92%)鼻骨存在;5例(0.08%)鼻骨缺失。两种检查只有2例(0.03%)鼻骨缺失同时合并NT增厚。鼻骨存在组染色体异常率0.19%(11/5 940),结构异常率0.32%(19/5 940),鼻骨缺失组染色体异常率80.00%(4/5),结构异常率0,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.01);胎儿不良后果的发生率鼻骨缺失胎儿为80.00%,远高于鼻骨存在胎儿的发生率0.51%(P<0.01)。结论早孕期胎儿NT及鼻骨的观察可以为胎儿早期染色体异常及结构异常的筛查提供重要的线索,具有较高的临床价值。     

早中孕胎儿超声软指标筛查的意义

目的：探讨早中孕胎儿超声软指标筛查的意义。方法对15～20＋6周孕妇行血清学产前筛查,其中染色体异常低风险共有713例,对713例行胎儿超声软指标筛查。结果713例中发现鼻骨发育不良7例,其中1例伴颈部皮肤皱褶增厚,3例伴有肠管强回声,3例伴有左心室高回声;1例有短长骨。8例均行羊水穿刺,发现21-三体2例,未发现18-三体。结论孕妇血清学产前筛查提示患染色体异常低风险的胎儿,联合超声筛查可以提高染色体异常的检出率。但再行侵入性检查仍需慎重。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。