Prognostic value of red cell distribution width in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship of red cell distribution width (RDW) with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (MHD). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed in patients who initiated MHD from January 2008 to September 2017 in the hemodialysis center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University. Basic data on demographic, dialysis and laboratory were collected, and echocardiography indicators and clinical outcomes were recorded. Patients were divided into four groups according to the quartile of RDW level. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to compare the difference of survival rate among the groups. Cox regression analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of all-cause and CVD-related mortality, and predictive value of RDW for all-cause and CVD-related death in hemodialysis patients. Results A total of 268 MHD patients were enrolled in this study with age of (60.9±15.8) years and dialysis duration of (58.1±9.1) months, including 159 males(59.3%). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that the 1-year overall survival rates of Q1 group (RDW≤13.8%, n=61), Q2 group (RDW 13.9%-14.6%, n=66), Q3 group (RDW 14.7%-15.6%, n=73) and Q4 group (RDW≥15.7%, n=68) were 96.8%, 95.1%, 93.1% and 85.7% respectively; 3-year overall survival rates were 88.5%, 87.5%, 59.2% and 51.8% respectively; 5-year overall survival rates were 71.5%, 65.4%, 33.6% and 17.7% respectively; The difference between the groups was statistically significant (all P＜0.01). The 1-year CVD survival rates were 98.4%, 96.6%, 95.8% and 92.4% respectively; 3-year CVD survival rates were 94.8%, 92.5%, 84.4% and 70.4% respectively; 5-year CVD survival rates were 86.9%, 81.3%, 65.6% and 51.3% respectively; The difference between the groups was statistically significant (all P＜0.01). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that RDW≥15.7% was an independent risk factor for all-cause and CVD-related mortality in MHD patients. The risk of all-cause mortality in Q4 group was 3.098 times higher than that in Q1 group (95%CI 1.072-8.950, P=0.037) and the risk of CVD-related mortality was 2.661 times (95%CI 1.111-8.342, P=0.048). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) showed that RDW=14.85% was the best cut-off point for predicting the all-cause mortality in HD patients (P＜0.01), RDW=15.45% was the best cut-off point for predicting the cardiovascular disease mortality (P＜0.01), and RDW=14.45% had a higher 5-year survival rate (P＜0.01). Conclusion RDW can independently predict all-cause and CVD-related mortality risk in hemodialysis patients, and it has important value for prognosis.     

Multicenter study on the influencing factors of interdialysis blood pressure variability in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To assess the influencing factors of interdialysis blood pressure variability (BPV) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients from Pearl River Delta, and provide clinically useful information for the prevention and treatment of BPV. Methods MHD patients in 10 hemodialysis centers from Pearl River Delta were enrolled and analyzed retrospectively. According to the quartile of interdialysis systolic blood pressure-coefficient of variation (SBP-CV), patients were divided into four groups, and clinical data, biochemical indicators and drug use were compared among 4 groups. Binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the associated factors of interdialysis BPV. Results A total of 1010 MHD patients (612 males and 398 females) with the age of (56.3±13.9) years were enrolled in this study. Their dialysis duration was (48.4±36.1) months, and the median of interdialysis SBP-CV was 8.07% (5.72%, 11.34%). According to the quartile of SBP-CV, the patients were divided into four groups: low BPV group (SBP-CV≤5.72%, 253 cases), middle BPV group (5.72%＜SBP-CV≤8.07%, 252 cases), high BPV group (8.07%＜SBP-CV≤11.34%, 253 cases) and extremely high BPV group (SBP-CV＞11.34%, 252 cases), and the dialysis duration, diabetes, ultrafiltration, interdialysis weight gain rate (IDWGR), serum calcium and the proportion of calcium channel antagonist used in the 4 groups were significantly different (all P＜0.05). Logistic multiple regression analysis showed that high IDWGR (OR=1.216, 95%CI 1.108-1.435, P＜0.001) was an independent risk factors for interdialysis BPV in MHD patients, while high ultrafiltration volume (OR=0.436, 95%CI 0.330-0.575, P＜0.001) and calcium channel antagonists used (OR=0.686, 95%CI 0.477-0.986, P=0.042) were independent protective factors. Conclusion High IDWGR is an independent risk factor for interdialysis BPV in MHD patients, while high ultrafiltration volume and calcium channel antagonists used are protective factors for interdialysis BPV in MHD patients.     

血液透析患者并发肺动脉高压的临床分析

目的　探讨慢性肾衰竭血液透析（HD）患者并发肺动脉高压（PAH）的发生率和临床特点,以便早期诊断PAH并进行干预。 方法　收集首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院肾内科2000年1月至2007年12月资料完整的维持性血液透析（MHD）患者184例的临床资料,进行回顾性分析。PAH的确定按照超声心动图诊断标准。 结果　184例中并发PAH 65例（35.3%）,其中男34例,女31例,平均年龄（56.84±14.58）岁,透析龄（29.69±21.61）个月。PAH组患者使用动静脉内瘘61例,深静脉置管4例。PAH组静息肺动脉收缩压（PASP）为（44.56±8.25） mm Hg（1 mm Hg＝0.133 kPa）,显著高于无PAH组的（30.28±3.92）mm Hg（P < 0.01）。PAH组与无PAH组每周透析时间、透析间期体质量增加、Hb、Hct、右室横径、右房横径、右房长径和肺动脉内径等指标差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。对以上因素进行Logistic回归分析显示,MHD并发PAH与贫血、透析间期体质量增加和右房横径显著相关（P < 0.05）。 结论　HD患者并发PAH并不少见,60%为轻度PAH,但临床症状隐匿,应提高警惕以早期诊断和早期干预。定期对HD患者行超声心动图检查对筛选PAH非常必要。     

Risk factor analysis of pneumonia in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the risk factors of pneumonia in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods The clinical data of patients undergoing dialysis longer than three months at the Hemodialysis Center of West China Hospital of Sichuan University from July 2013 to July 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were divided into pneumonia group and non- pneumonia group. Follow-up time started from admission to the beginning of hemodialysis. All patients were followed until the patient died, or withdrawn from hemodialysis, or transferred to another center, or until the study deadline (April 2019). Baseline clinical data were compared between the two groups, and the differences in clinical data between the pneumonia group and the baseline were also analyzed. Risk factors for pneumonia in hemodialysis patients was analyzed by binary logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier curve was used to compare the survival prognosis of the two groups, and the Log-rank method was used for significant test. A multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze risk factors for MHD patients' death. Results (1) A total of 311 patients were enrolled in the study, in which 178 (57.2%) of the patients were male, and 75(24.1%) of the patients had pneumonia. Compared with non-pneumonia group, the pneumonia group patients were older (P=0.002), had higher level of white blood cells (P=0.001) and lower level of serum creatinine (P=0.003), albumin (P=0.001), and serum magnesium (P=0.039). There were also statistically significant differences between the two groups in the proportion of females and underlying diseases (all P＜0.05). (2) The time of pneumonia occurred from the initial time of dialysis was (10.69±9.82) months. Compared with baseline values, decreased hemoglobin and albumin level were found (both P＜0.01). (3) Logistic regression analysis showed male patients had lower risk of pneumonia than female patients (OR=0.438, 95%CI 0.242-0.795, P=0.007). For every 1 g/L increase in albumin, the risk of pneumonia was reduced by 6.4% (OR=0.936, 95%CI 0.885-0.991, P=0.022). Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the difference in 5-year cumulative survival rate between pneumonia group and non-pneumonia group was statistically significant ( 60.6% vs 84.4%, χ2=16.647, P＜0.001). (4) Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that long dialysis time (HR=0.870, 95%CI 0.832-0.909, P＜0.001) and high serum albumin level (HR=0.898, 95%CI 0.845-0.955, P=0.001) were protective factors in patients with MHD. Pneumonia (HR=3.008, 95%CI 1.423-6.359, P=0.004) was an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients. Conclusions Hemoglobin and albumin level are reduced in MHD patients with pneumonia. Low albumin level is a risk factor for pneumonia in patients. MHD patients with pneumonia have a lower survival time than those without pneumonia.     

维持性血液透析患者缺血性脑卒中发生的影响因素及预后分析

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者缺血性脑卒中的危险因素及影响其预后的因素。方法在我院2004年1月至2008年12月行MHD治疗的216例患者中,选择发生缺血性脑卒中的患者25例,为脑卒中组;选择同期无脑卒中者42例,为非脑卒中组。比较2组患者临床及生化指标。Logistic回归分析MHD患者缺血性脑卒中发生的危险因素,同时分析脑卒中组患者的转归。结果（1）脑卒中组年龄、收缩压（SBP）、脉压（PP）、脉压指数（PPI）、进入MHD后平均动脉压（MAP）的增加值、尿酸（UA）、C反应蛋白（CRP）、纤维蛋白原、总胆固醇（TC）／高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLC）比值以及合并高血压、糖尿病的比例均高于非脑卒中组,而血压控制满意率、血清白蛋白（Alb）、HDL-C低于非脑卒中组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;（2）Logistic回归分析表明,合并糖尿病、SBP、PPI、Alb、TC／HDL-C比值（0分别为1．265、1．032、1．655、0．625和3．087,P〈0．05）是MHD患者并发缺血性脑卒中的危险因素;（3）脑卒中组死亡7例,存活18例,死亡组年龄、透析龄、合并糖尿病的比例高于存活组,血红蛋白、Alb低于存活组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论MHD患者缺血性脑卒中的发生与高血压、糖脂代谢紊乱、营养不良和炎症状态有关。纠正贫血、改善透析质量以纠正营养不良一炎症状态可能改善透析合并脑卒中患者的预后。     

长期维持性血液透析患者并发的肺动脉高压

目的 研究长期维持性血液透析(MHD)患者肺动脉高压(PHT)的特征及相关因素.方法 参照2010年美国心脏超声协会右心检测指南,肺动脉收缩压(PASP)＞35 mm Hg诊为PHT.超声心动图和脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)于透析后次日集中检测.自体动静脉内瘘(AVF)流量采用超声稀释法检测.收集及评估患者的透析相关信息,取血检测血常规、钙、磷、甲状旁腺激素(iPTH)、肝肾功能等指标.结果 我院透析中心进行MHD 6个月以上,采用自体AVF并除外其他疾病引起并发PHT者,共111例,其中男性45例,女性66例,平均年龄( 57.32±12.49)岁,平均透析龄为(70.51±44.98)个月.28例诊为PHT,占25.23％,平均PASP为(45.68±10.83) mm Hg.PHT组的左室舒张功能不全明显较非PHT组常见(53.60％比6.02％,P＜0.01).PHT组左室射血分数(EF)值(62.06％±14.90％比69.72％±8.60％)、左室内径缩短分数(36.46％±10.04％比40.20％±7.86％)均低于非PHT组(均P＜0.01).EF＜50％者在PHT组和非PHT组分别占21.43％和3.61％.但PHT组和非PHT组在年龄、性别、透析龄、身高、体质量指数(BMl)、透析间期平均每日体质量增长、透析前血压、血红蛋白、血白蛋白、前白蛋白、血钙、血磷、iPTH、标准化蛋白分解率(nPCR)、Kt/V、baPWV以及AVF流量等差异均无统计学意义.结论 PHT是维持性血液透析常见的并发症,其发生与左室收缩和舒张功能下降密切相关;与钙磷代谢、AVF流量、血红蛋白、透析充分性及营养状态等无明显相关性.     

3种透析方式对于维持性血液透析患者难治性高血压的疗效观察

目的观察血液透析、血液透析并滤过和血液透析＋血液透析并滤过3种血液净化治疗方法对维持性血液透析患者难治性高血压的临床疗效。方法将60例维持性血液透析患者随机分为3组,即血液透析组、血液透析并滤过组和血液透析＋血液透析并滤过组各20例。血液透析组每周行血液透析治疗3次;血液透析并滤过组每周行血液透析并滤过治疗3次;血液透析＋血液透析并滤过组每周行血液透析治疗2次,血液透析并滤过治疗1次。观察治疗4周和8周后血压的变化。结果血液透析组治疗4周和8周后和治疗前相比,患者血压差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;血液透析并滤过组和血液透析＋血液透析并滤过组中,治疗4周后两组血压都较本组治疗前明显下降（P〈0．05）;但两组间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;治疗8周与治疗4周时相比,两组患者血压均基本保持稳定,没有明显进一步下降,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论血液透析＋血液透析并滤过及血液透析并滤过两种血液净化方式均可以有效改善血液透析患者难治性高血压,而且血液透析＋血液透析并滤过比血液透析并滤过方式更为经济。     

Clinical characteristics and risk factors of infection-related hospitalization in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients combined with infection-related hospitalization. Methods Patients with MHD from December 1, 2013 to February 28, 2018 were retrospectively selected and then followed up for at least 1 year until February 28, 2019. Baseline data including demographic and clinical data of patients were collected. According to whether the infection-related hospitalization occurred, patients were divided into infection group and non-infection group. The clinical characteristics and related factors were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results A total of 392 patients were included in the study. Two hundred and fifty-five cases were males, accounting for 65.1%. The age was (59.39±15.28) years old. The infection rate of diabetic kidney disease patients was the highest (32.2%). The main site of infection was the lung, accounting for 78.4%, which was far higher than the catheter-related infection in the second position. After infection, quinolones and cephalosporins were often the preferred drugs. Compared with the non-infection group, the infection group had older age [(62.96±15.16) years vs (57.98±15.12) years, t=-2.607, P=0.004], higher proportion of comorbid diabetes (45.9% vs 32.4%, χ2=6.334, P=0.012) and previous smoking history (30.6% vs 18.5%, χ2=6.831, P=0.009), longer time of first dialysis stay [13.0(9.0, 18.0) d vs 12.0(9.0, 17.5) d, Z=3.659, P=0.001] and lower hemoglobin [(74.43±19.93) g/L vs (79.06±17.10) g/L, t=1.612, P=0.022] , albumin [(32.63±5.33) g/L vs (33.99±6.14) g/L, t=2.062, P=0.029] and red blood cell count [2.53×1012/L (2.06×1012/L, 3.06×1012/L) vs 2.68×1012/L(2.28×1012/L, 3.07×1012/L), Z=2.118, P=0.034]. Multivariate logistic analysis found that older age (every 1 year, OR=1.016, 95%CI 1.003-1.030, P=0.017) and longer hospital stay at first dialysis (every 1 d, OR=1.047, 95%CI 1.014-1.080, P=0.008) were independent risk factors, and higher hemoglobin (every 1 g/L, OR=0.987, 95%CI 0.975-0.999, P=0.033) was a protective factor for infection-related hospitalization in MHD patients. Conclusions MHD patients with diabetic kidney disease have the highest infection incidence. The incidence of pulmonary infection is much higher than other types of infection such as catheter-related infection, urinary tract infection and sepsis. Aging and low hemoglobin are risk factors for MHD patients to prone to co-infection.     

Epidemiological investigation of hypertension and its control on maintenance hemodialysis patients in Anhui province

Objective To understand the prevalence, treatment and influence factors of hypertension in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients in Anhui Province. Methods A total of 2724 adult patients on MHD from January 1st 2014 to March 31st 2014 in 26 hospitals of southern, northern and central Anhui Province were investigated. Their demographic characteristics, primary disease, complications, medications, dialysis and laboratory examination were explored. The prevalence treatment rate and control rate of hypertension were analyzed. Associated factors for controlling hypertension [systolic blood pressure (SBP)＜140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)＜90 mmHg] were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Results (1) The prevalence of hypertension in the hemodialysis patients was 87.0%. Their treatment rate and control rate were 93.2% and 23.9% respectively. The average of SBP was (145.90±21.18) mmHg, and the DBP on average was (83.60±12.21) mmHg. The most commonly used anti-hypertensive drug is calcium channel blocker (88.2%). Over one third (45.7%) of patients were treated with two kinds of anti-hypertensive drug, 26.2% with 1 kind, 21.7% with 3 kinds, and 6.4% with 4 kinds or more. (2) Compared with non-hypertension patients, patients with hypertension have older age, higher body mass index (BMI), phosphorus, SBP and DBP, as well as lower hemoglobin and Kt/V (all P＜0.05). (3) The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that Ca＞2.50 mmol/L (OR=2.084, 95%CI 1.008-4.307, P=0.047) positively correlated with controlling hypertension, while smoke (OR=0.594, 95%CI 0.356-0.911, P=0.046) and BMI 18.5～23.9 kg/m2 (OR=0.516, 95%CI 0.293-0.907, P=0.022) negatively correlated with it. Conclusions High prevalence yet low control rate of hypertension in MHD patients in Anhui Province were observed. Hypocalcemia may be a protective factor for hypertension control, while smoke and BMI may be risk factors for it.     

Prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of sarcopenia in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Methods The patients who underwent regular peritoneal dialysis at Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine between November 2016 and March 2018 were enrolled. Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured to assess muscle strength. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) was applied to measure the lean tissue index (LTI). Reduced LTI plus decreased HGS was defined as sarcopenia. The prevalence of sarcopenia in PD patients was evaluated. According to the presence or absence of sarcopenia, they were divided into the sarcopenia group and the non-sarcopenia group, and the differences in clinical indicators between the two groups were compared. Multivariate logistic regression was used to explore the risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Results A total of 207 patients were enrolled in the study with age of (55.3±13.7) years and a median PD duration of 22.9(7.3, 60.9) months. Of them, 122 patients (58.9%) were male, 45 patients (21.7%) had diabetics and 32 patients (15.5%) suffered from cardiovascular diseases. There were 27 patients (13.0%) diagnosed with sarcopenia. These patients presented with longer PD duration, more prevalent diabetics, lower residual renal function (RRF) and serum pre-albumin, greater ratio of extracellular water to intracellular water (ECW/ICW) and high sensitive C-reactive protein in contrast with those in the non-sarcopenia group (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic analysis showed that male (OR=3.94，95%CI 1.35-11.50，P=0.012), longer PD duration (OR=1.01, 95%CI 1.00-1.02，P=0.029) and higher ECW/ICW (OR=1.09, 95%CI 1.05-1.14，P＜0.001) were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients. Conclusions Sarcopenia is common in PD patients. Male, longer PD duration and higher ECW/ICW were independent risk factors of sarcopenia in PD patients.     

Clinical characteristic and correlative factors of maintenance hemodialysis patients with restless legs syndrome

Objective To explore the prevalence and the correlative factors of restless legs syndrome (RLS) in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods The basic information and clinical laboratory results of 307 MHD patients were collected. The international RLS study group (IRLSSG) diagnostic criteria were applied to assess the presence and the severity of RLS. Binary logistic analysis was used for exploring correlative factors of RLS. Results The prevalence of RLS was 12.1% in the MHD patients, with 73.0% patients having mild-to-moderate symptoms and 83.8% having chronic RLS. There was no significant difference between MHD patients with and without RLS in age, gender, dialysis age, daily urine, Kt/V, history of smoking, drinking, hemoglobin, serum creatinine, urea nitrogen, uric acid, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), prealbumin, albumin and alkaline phosphatase. But the frequency of daily exercise in RLS group is significantly lower than that in non-RLS group (Z=-4.114, P＜0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that daily exercise was a correlative factor of RLS (B=-2.203, OR=0.111, 95%CI 0.033-0.371, P＜0.001). Conclusions RLS is a common complication in MHD patients, with chronic state and mild-to-moderate symptoms. RLS is correlated with daily exercise, which may be a scientific approach to treat or prevent this disease.     

Association of intradialytic hypotension and 5-year mortality in maintaining hemodialysis patients

Objective To assess the risk factors of intradialytic-hypotension (IDH) and the prognosis of IDH among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients for the prevention and treatment of IDH. Methods 276 MHD patients were enrolled during Jan. 2009 to Mar. 2009. Intradialytic blood pressure was monitored during a 3-month period. IDH was defined as an event characterized by a sudden drop in systolic BP more than 20 mmHg or in mean artery pressure (MAP) more than 10 mmHg associated with clinical events and need for interventions. Dialysis-related information was collected. Kaplan-Meier method, log-rank test, logistic regression and Cox regression analyses were performed to examine the association between IDH and survival, using a follow-up through 31 May 2014. Results A total of 276 patients were recruited. The incidence rate of IDH was 40.9%. 163 patients with no-IDH (＜1/10 hypotensive events/3 months) served as controls. 113 patients with IDH (≥1/10 hypotensive events/3 months) were identified among all 276 patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that age, ultrafiltration rate, gender, serum NT-proBNP, serum albumin and aortic rool inside dimension (AoRD) were associated with IDH among MHD patients. During the 5-year follow-up, 74 patients died, with a mortality rate 5.2 per 100 person-year. Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed significant difference of overall and CV mortality rates between 2 groups. The multivariate Cox regression model indicated that IDH increased the risk of death (HR=1.572, 95%CI 1.077-2.293, P=0.019). So did the rise of LVMI (HR=1.010, 95%CI 1.009-1.085, P=0.020). Conclusion Elderly, female, high ultrafiltration rate, high level of serum NT-proBNP, hypoalbuminemia and shorter AoRD are independent risk factors for IDH among MHD patients. LVMI can predict the outcome of MHD patients. Intradialytic hypotension is an independent risk factor for long-term mortality in MHD patients.     

Association of serum magnesium level with all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the association of serum magnesium (Mg) level with all-cause mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods A multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in seven hemodialysis centers of Guizhou province. The adult outpatients who underwent hemodialysis for more than 3 months were included from June 2015 to June 2016. Demographics, baseline clinical and laboratory test results were collected. All patients were followed up until June 30, 2018. Patients were divided into 4 groups according to their baseline serum Mg levels (interquartile range). Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare the survival rates of the four group. Cox regression model was used to analyze the association of Mg with all-cause mortality. Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of low Mg level. Results A total of 868 hemodialysis dialysis patients with baseline Mg data were enrolled in this study, with age of (55.47±16.17) years old, among whom 59.4% were male. There were 11 (1.3%) patients with hypomagnesemia (Mg＜0.7 mmol/L), 432(49.8%) patients with hypermagnesemia (Mg＞1.05 mmol/L), and 16(1.8%) patients with Mg＞2.0 mmol/L. Median Mg was 1.05 mmol/L and interquartile range was 0.95-1.24 mmol/L. The comparison between Mg quartile groups showed that the difference in age, hemoglobin, serum albumin, serum calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), serum creatinine, uric acid and urea nitrogen was statistically significant (all P＜0.05). After a median follow-up of 24 months, 207 patients died. Kaplan-Meier curves showed higher all-cause mortality in patients with Mg≤0.95 mmol/L (Q1 group) (Log-rank test χ2=15.11, P=0.002). However, after adjusting for age, comorbidities and biochemical indicators(especially albumin), there was no statistically significant difference in the hazard ratio for all-cause death among the four groups. Multiple logistic regression analysis results showed that low serum albumin (OR=0.946, 95%CI 0.913-0.979, P=0.002) and low serum uric acid (OR=0.994, 95%CI 0.992-0.997, P＜0.001) were the risk factors for baseline Mg≤0.95 mmol/L. Conclusions Hypomagnesemia is rare in MHD patients, while hypermagnesemia is more common. Baseline serum Mg≤0.95 mmol/L in MHD patients is correlated with increased risk of all-cause death, but it may be not an independent risk factor. Baseline serum Mg≤0.95 mmol/L that occurred is associated with low levels of albumin and serum uric acid.     

Reasons for the dropout of peritoneal dialysis patients

Objective To explore the reasons for withdrawal from peritoneal dialysis (PD) in our hospital. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective cohort study. Patients who started PD in the Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University from November 1st, 2005 to February 28th, 2017, were enrolled, and followed up to May 31, 2017. Patients who continued PD after May 31, 2017 were as the control group. Patients who withdrew from PD were divided into 4 subgroups: death group, hemodialysis group, kidney transplantation group and loss of follow-up group. The clinical characters of 4 subgroups were compared with the control group. Results A total of 998 patients were enrolled with age of (49.36±14.94) when PD started and median dialysis duration of 27.13(12.84, 42.29) months, in whom 570 patients (57.11%) were male. Five hundred and seventeen dropout events were recorded, and the dropout rate was 51.80%. The main reason for withdrawal from PD was death (258 patients, 49.90%), followed by hemodialysis (166 patients, 32.11%), kidney transplantation (66 patients, 12.77%) and loss to follow-up (27 patients, 5.22%). The leading cause of death was cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases (136 cases, 52.71%), followed by infection (42 cases, 16.28%), dyscrasia (20 cases, 7.75%) and tumor (5 cases, 1.94%). The main reason for transfering to hemodialysis was insufficient dialysis (76 cases, 45.78%), followed by peritonitis (55 cases, 33.13%) and catheter dysfunction (24 cases, 14.46%). Compared with those in the control group, in the death group patients were older at PD commencement, and had higher proportions of hypertension, diabetes and cardio-cerebro-vascular diseases (all P＜0.05). The proportions of male and diabetes mellitus were higher in the hemodialysis group than those in the control group (both P＜0.05). Biochemical indicators showed that serum albumin and blood phosphorus were lower in the death group than those in the control group (both P＜0.05); blood albumin was significantly lower in the hemodialysis group than that in the control group (P＜0.05). Conclusions The main reasons for withdrawal from PD in our center are death and transfering to hemodialysis. The cardio-cerebro-vascular disease is the leading cause of death, and inadequate dialysis is the main reason for transfering to hemodialysis.     

Incidence of cognitive impairment and risk factors associated with prognosis in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the incidence and prognosis of cognitive impairment and to find out the risk factors associated with the outcome for better understanding and preventing cognitive impairment in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods The patients who met the criteria as below: MHD patients (≥3 months) in Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from January 2000 to July 2014, ≥18 years old were enrolled and could carry on the montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) of voluntary cooperation. According to the score of MoCA, all enrolled patients were divided into two groups: cognitive impairment (MoCA＜26) group and non-cognitive impairment (MoCA≥26) group. The follow-up period was 3 years. There were 130 males, and the incidence, demography data, medical history, hemodialysis data, laboratory examination and prognosis of cognitive impairment in hemodialysis patients were prospectively compared and analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the risk factors of cognitive impairment. Kaplan-Meier survival curve and Cox regression model were used for prognostic analysis. Results A total of 219 MHD patients were enrolled. The incidence of cognitive impairment in MHD patients was 51.6%. There were 130 males, and the ratio of male to female was 1.46∶1. Age was (60.07±12.44) years old and dialysis vintage was (100.79±70.23) months. Compared with non-cognitive impairment group (n=106), patients in cognitive impairment group (n=113) were older, and had higher proportion of education status＜12 years, history of diabetes and anuria (all P＜0.05); however, the post-dialysis systolic pressure, pre-dialysis diastolic pressure, post-dialysis diastolic pressure, platelet and spKt/V were lower (all P＜0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that education status＜12 years (OR=3.428, 95%CI 1.919-6.125, P＜0.001), post-dialysis diastolic pressure＜73 mmHg (OR=2.234, 95%CI 1.253-3.984, P=0.006) and spKt/V＜1.72(OR=1.982, 95%CI 1.102-3.564, P=0.022) were the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in MHD patients. The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the survival rate of patients with cognitive impairment was lower than that of non-cognitive impairment group in MHD patients during 3 years follow-up (χ2=3.977, P=0.046). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that cognitive impairment was an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients (RR=2.661, 95%CI 0.967-7.321, P=0.058). Conclusions Cognitive impairment is one of the common complications and an independent risk factor for death in MHD patients. The mortality is high in patients who suffer cognitive impairment. Education status ＜12 years, post-dialysis diastolic pressure＜73 mmHg and spKt/V＜1.72 are the independent risk factors for cognitive impairment in MHD patients.     

维持性血液透析患者心脏结构功能的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心脏结构功能的危险因素。方法选择MHD患者153例,超声心动图测定心脏各项指标,并计算左心室心肌重量指数（LVMI）。生存函数乘积限（Kaplan-Meier）分析观察LVMI对患者预后的影响,分析影响LVMI的危险因素关系。结果153例MHD患者中,84例（占55．2％）患者存在左心室肥厚。多元回归结果显示超滤量（UF）和血红蛋白是影响左心室肥厚的独立危险因素。每周3次透析与每周2次透析的患者左心室肥厚的发生率分别为59．3％和52．1％。Kaplan-Meier生存分析显示左心室肥厚患者的5、10和15年生存率分为78．3％、54．3％和36．2％。结论MHD患者存在较高的左心室肥厚发生率,UF、血红蛋白与左心室肥厚相关,预防患者左心室肥厚可能有助于提高患者生存率。     

Relationship between ultrafiltration rate and cardiovascular death in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To investigate the relationship between ultrafiltration rate (UFR) and cardiovascular death in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Methods This retrospective study observed adult hemodialysis patients treated in Kidney Disease Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University during January 2010 to December 2015 and the follow-up were finished at April 2017. Patients were averagely divided into 3 groups according to their UFR. Their clinic characteristics were collected, the survival rate and death related factors were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier (Log-rank test) method and Logistic regression. Results Totally 2184 patients (male 1370, 62.7%) were enrolled, the age was 53.39±16.47. The UFR was (8.88±3.05) ml?h-1?kg-1. During the 7 years' follow-up, 168 patients died, of whom 58 cases (34.5%) died due to the cardiovascular events. Chi-square test showed that there were significant differences in death causes among the high, middle and low UFR group (χ2=12.584, P＜0.01), and the mortality rate of cardiovascular events in high UFR group was significantly higher than that in low (χ2=10.861, P= 0.010) and middle UFR group ( χ2=4.671, P=0.031). Kaplan-Meier survival curve showed that the difference of the survival rates in the 3 groups was statistically significant (Log-rank test χ2=23.394, P＜0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that high UFR (UFR≥10.95 ml?h-1?kg-1), old age (＞60 years old), and low left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, ≤50%) were independent risk factors of cardiovascular death. Conclusions High UFR level, old age and low LVEF are independent risk factors of cardiovascular death in hemodialysis patients. Maintaining low UFR level is beneficial to reduce cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients.     

青年维持性血液透析患者心血管疾病调查及危险因素分析

目的调查青年维持性血液透析（MHD）患者心血管疾病的发病情况和病变特点，并探讨其危险因素。方法采用横断面研究。MHD患者98例，以45岁为界分为青年组（47例）和中老年组（51例）。收集患者临床资料和生化指标。心脏超声检查测量心脏腔径及心功能参数。分析青年组患者心脏结构和功能异常的患病率、病变特点及其影响因素。结果（1）47例青年患者中有30例（63．8％）存在心脏结构异常，主要表现为左心室肥厚、左心房增大和瓣膜反流，患病率分别为61．7％、38．3％和34．0％。（2）青年组患者向心性肥厚的患病率为86．2％，离心性肥厚的患病率为13．8％，与中老年组相比，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）与无心脏病变青年MHD患者相比，伴心脏病变者的超滤量、收缩压、血磷和甲状旁腺激素明显增高，而Kt／V、血红蛋白和血清白蛋白明显降低，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。Logistic回归分析结果显示，超滤量、收缩压、血红蛋白和血甲状旁腺激素是青年MHD患者并发心脏病变的独立危险因素。结论青年MHD患者心血管疾病的患病率较高，主要表现为左心室肥厚、左房增大和瓣膜反流。超滤量、收缩压、血红蛋白和血甲状旁腺激素水平可能是影响青年MHD患者并发心脏病变的独立危险因素。     

血液灌流对维持性血液透析难治性高血压患者治疗效果的临床观察

目的观察血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者难治性高血压的疗效并探讨其可能机制。方法选取68例维持性血液透析难治性高血压患者,随机分为治疗组（34例）与对照组（34例）。对照组应用常规治疗和血液透析,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用血液灌流治疗。结果治疗组控制血压的程度明显优于对照组,治疗组与对照组治疗后血清内皮素和同型半胱氨酸的表达均下降,但是治疗组下降值明显高于对照组。结论在常规治疗基础上应用血液透析和血液灌流,能较好的纠正维持性血液透析患者的难治性高血压,其治疗作用可能与血液灌流清除血浆中内皮素和同型半胱氨酸有关。     

Clinical significance of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in maintenance hemodialysis patients

Objective To explore how neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is related with inflammation and atherosclerosis, and the role of NLR in hospitalization in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods MHD patients treated in hemodialysis center of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital from June till November 2013 were enrolled. Patients with severe infection, cardiovascular events and malignant carcinoma were excluded. NLR was determined from complete blood count differential. Clinical parameters such as serum albumin, lipids, intact parathormone, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), 25-(OH) vitamin D, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were collected. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) and ankle-brachial index (ABI) were used to evaluate the arterial stiffness. Spearman analysis was used to evaluate the relationship between NLR and these parameters. All patients were divided into low NLR group (NLR≤3.25) and high NLR group (NLR＞3.25) on the median NLR, and their differences in these indexes were analyzed. During the one-year follow-up, the reasons and rates of hospitalization and survival were analyzed. Results One hundred and thirteen MHD patients including 58 males and 55 females were enrolled with (69±49) dialysis age and (54±15) average age. (1) The NLR was significantly correlated with whole blood count (WBC, r=0.538, P＜0.001), ABIL (r=0.201, P=0.033), ABIR (r=0.235, P=0.012) and total cholesterol (TC, r=-0.414, P＜0.001) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, r=-0.378, P＜0.001). (2) Low NLR patients had increased TC, LDL-C and IL-6 as compare with high NLR patients, however decreased ABIL and ABIR (all P＜0.05). (3) Forty one patients were hospitalized 63 times during the follow-up period. Annual hospitalization rate was 558/1000 and the mortality rate was 17.7/1000. (4) NLR in patients at least hospitalized once a year was significantly lower than in patients without hospitalization, while ALP was higher (all P＜0.05). Compared with those in other patients, NLR and hemoglobin (Hb) were significantly lower in patients with hospitalization due to infection, while ALP was higher (all P＜0.05). Conclusions NLR is related with WBC, ABI, TC and LDL-C in MHD patients. Lower NLR may indicate high risk for cardiovascular, atherosclerosis and hospitalization, probably different form non-MHD patients, which needs more studies to verify.