C反应蛋白在结核性及恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的　探讨 C反应蛋白 (CRP)测定在结核性及恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值。方法　对 32例结核性或恶性胸腔积液患者的胸水、血清 CRP浓度及胸水 CRP/血清 CRP进行对比分析。结果　结核性胸液组胸水CRP浓度、血清 CRP浓度、胸水 CRP/血清 CRP均高于恶性胸液组 (分别为 P<0 .0 0 1,P<0 .0 1,P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 CRP测定有助于对结核性与恶性胸腔积液的鉴别。     

Management of malignant pleural effusions

Abstract:   Malignant pleural effusion is a common clinical problem. Evacuation of the pleural fluid and prevention of its reaccumulation are the main aims of management. Pleurodesis should be attempted early, although considerable practice variations exist in the way it is performed. There is a lack of consensus among respiratory physicians worldwide on the optimal method and agent for pleurodesis. Talc remains the most commonly used pleurodesing compound in most countries. While talc produces a higher success rate than other compounds, it generates more side-effects. The association between talc and ARDS continues to be debated. Ambulatory small-bore pleural catheter drainage followed by intrapleural instillation of a pleurodesing agent is increasingly accepted as an alternative to conventional in-patient pleurodesis. Development of novel methods to control pleural fluid formation should be made a high priority in future pleural research.     

A simple C-reactive protein measurement for the differentiation between tuberculous and malignant pleural effusion

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the validity of pleural fluid C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and/or pleural fluid to serum CRP ratio for differentiating tuberculous pleuritis (TBP) from malignant pleural effusion (MPE) in patients presenting with lymphocytic exudative pleural effusions. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 161 patients with pleural effusion who underwent diagnostic evaluation at Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand, between April 2001 and March 2002. The complete biochemical analysis of pleural fluid, cultures of pleural fluid, and pathological examinations of pleural fluid and pleural tissue were performed. The CRP concentrations were then measured in stored sera and pleural fluid samples from patients with a lymphocytic exudative pleural effusion and with a definite diagnosis. RESULTS: Among the 148 patients with lymphocytic exudative pleural effusions, 55 were diagnosed with TBP, 60 with MPE, and 33 with non-specific pleuritis. Pleural fluid and serum CRP levels were significantly higher in the TBP group than in the MPE group (54.58 +/- 4.50 mg/L and 106.93 +/- 9.54 mg/L vs 12.66 +/- 3.52 mg/L and 49.66 +/- 8.84 mg/L, respectively, P < 0.001). The ratio of pleural fluid to serum CRP was significantly higher in the TBP group than in the MPE group (0.52 +/- 0.18 vs 0.30 +/- 0.16, P < 0.001). The optimum cut-off value for pleural fluid CRP level of > or =30 mg/dL had a sensitivity of 72% with 93% specificity, and the pleural fluid to serum CRP ratio cut-off value of 0.45 had a sensitivity of 60% with 89% specificity. A correlation between serum and pleural fluid CRP levels was observed in TBP patients but not in MPE patients. CONCLUSION: In patients presenting with lymphocytic exudative pleural effusion, a simple marker of raised pleural fluid CRP level may be helpful in discriminating between TBP and MPE.     

结核及恶性胸腔积液患者胸膜活检次数与病理阳性率分析

目的研究结核及恶性胸腔积液胸膜活检时各次活检获得病理阳性结果的特点。方法对确诊的103例结核性胸腔积液及124例恶性胸腔积液患者行胸膜活检的临床资料进行分析。结果结核胸腔积液首次、第2次、第3次胸膜活检的病理阳性率分别为42.7%(44/103)、26.0%(12/46)、19.4%(6/31)。第3次活检的阳性率同第一次比较差异有统计学意义(χ2,P<0.05);恶性胸腔积液首次、第2次、第3次胸膜活检的病理阳性率分别为33.9%(42/124)、22.9%(16/70)、34.2%(13/38)。两者前3次活检后病理阳性者均已达到行胸膜活检阳性患者总阳性的94%以上。结论 3次胸膜活检已可达到较高阳性率,提示单次多部位活检可能提高阳性率,利于早期诊断。     

Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusions

Abstract:   Malignant pleural effusions (MPEs) complicate the clinical course of patients with a broad array of malignancies, which are most often due to lymphomas or carcinomas of the breast, lung, gastrointestinal tract or ovaries. Patients may present with a MPE as the initial manifestation of a cancer or develop an effusion during the advanced phases of a known malignancy. In either circumstance, the median survival after presentation with a MPE is 4 months. Effusions may result from direct pleural invasion (MPE) or indirect effects (paraneoplastic effusions), such as impairment of fluid efflux from the pleural space by lymphatic obstruction or pleural effects of cancer radiation or drug therapy. Because only 50% of patients with cancer who develop a pleural effusion during their clinical course have a MPE, careful evaluation of the effusion to establish its aetiology is required to direct therapy. Management is palliative with interventions directed towards decreasing the volume of intrapleural fluid and the severity of associated symptoms.     

Osteopontin is upregulated in malignant and inflammatory pleural effusions

Background and objective:   Osteopontin (OPN) is an important mediator of inflammation and cancer progression. In the present study, we asked whether pleural fluid (PF) and serum OPN concentrations differed between patients with pleural effusions of different aetiologies, and whether assessment of OPN levels was useful for diagnostic purposes.
Methods:   One hundred and nine consecutive patients with pleural effusions of different aetiologies were recruited prospectively during daily clinics. OPN levels were measured by ELISA.
Results:   PF OPN levels were 10-fold higher in exudates than in transudates and were significantly correlated with markers of pleural inflammation and vascular hyper-permeability, such as PF/serum LDH or protein ratios, PF protein and PF vascular endothelial growth factor levels. Patients with malignant pleural effusions had higher PF and lower serum OPN concentrations than those with benign disease. The diagnostic accuracies of PF and PF/serum OPN for malignancy were 71.5% (95% CI: 64–80) and 70.6% (95% CI: 62–80), respectively.
Conclusions:   OPN levels were elevated in exudative pleural effusions, as compared with the levels in blood or transudative pleural effusions. While PF and PF/serum OPN were higher in patients with malignancies, the diagnostic accuracy of the tests was not sufficient to permit routine use in clinical practice.     

Efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusions

Background and objective: Pleurodesis is one of the best methods of controlling malignant pleural effusions (MPE), a distressing complication of metastatic disease. In recent studies of a wide range of pleural diseases, iodopovidone was used as a sclerosing agent for pleurodesis and demonstrated good results with low morbidity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of iodopovidone pleurodesis in MPE. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on patients with MPE who underwent pleurodesis at our institution between 2005 and 2008. All patients underwent instillation of 20 mL of 10% iodopovidone, 80 mL of normal saline and 2 mg/kg of lidocaine through a chest tube, which was clamped for 2 h. The tube was removed when the daily output of fluid was <200 mL. Data on the requirement for additional pleural procedures, adverse events and survival were collected. Results: Sixty‐one pleurodesis procedures were performed in 54 patients. No procedure‐related mortality was observed. Adverse events occurred after 11 (18%) pleurodesis procedures. The most frequent complication was mild thoracic pain that occurred immediately after 10 (16.4%) procedures, and one patient developed pleural empyema that was treated with drainage and antibiotics. A success rate of 98.4% was observed. Except for the patient who developed pleural empyema, none of the other patients had recurrences of pleural fluid or required additional pleural procedures during the follow‐up period (mean of 5.6 months). Conclusions: Iodopovidone pleurodesis was successful and was associated with only a few minor complications. It appears to be a good option for the management of recurrent MPE.     

白细胞介素27在结核性胸腔积液和恶性胸腔积液鉴别诊断中的价值

目的研究胸腔积液中白细胞介素27(IL-27)浓度对于结核性胸腔积液(TPE)和恶性胸腔积液(MPE)的鉴别诊断价值.方法纳入2015~2018年收住北京朝阳医院诊断为TPE或MPE的患者,通过酶联免疫吸附法测定胸腔积液及血浆中IL-27浓度.通过受试者工作特征曲线获取胸腔积液中IL-27的浓度、胸腔积液与血浆IL-27浓度的差值和比值的诊断价值.结果143例患者中TPE组78例,MPE组65例.TPE患者中胸腔积液IL-27浓度显著高于MPE患者,胸腔积液IL-27诊断TPE的诊断界值为499.71 ng/L,敏感度为93.6%,特异度为95.4%,曲线下面积为0.952(95%CI:0.913~0.991),Z统计分析显示,胸腔积液与血浆IL-27浓度差值和比值的诊断价值不高于胸腔积液IL-27浓度.结论胸腔积液IL-27浓度是鉴别TPE和MPE的理想生物标志物.     

Interventional therapies for malignant pleural effusions: The present and the future

The approach to management of malignant pleural effusions (MPE) has changed over the past few decades. The key goals of MPE management are to relieve patient symptoms using the least invasive means and in the most cost‐effective manner. There is now a realization that patient‐reported outcome measures should be the primary goal of MPE treatment, and this now is the focus in most clinical trials. Efforts to minimize patient morbidity are complemented by development of less invasive treatments that have mostly replaced the more aggressive surgical approaches of the past. Therapeutic thoracentesis is simple, effective and generally safe, although its benefits may only be temporary. Pleurodesis is the conventional and for a long time the only definitive therapy available. However, the efficacy and safety of talc pleurodesis has been challenged. Indwelling pleural catheter (IPC) drainage is increasingly accepted worldwide and represents a new concept to improve symptoms without necessarily generating pleural symphysis. Recent studies support the effectiveness of IPC treatment and provide reassurance regarding its safety. An unprecedented number of clinical trials are now underway to improve various aspects of MPE care. However, choosing an optimal intervention for MPE in an individual patient remains a challenge due to our limited understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of breathlessness in MPE and a lack of predictors of survival and pleurodesis outcome. This review provides an overview of common pleural interventional procedures used for MPE management, controversies and limitations of current practice, and areas of research most needed to improve practice in future.     

Pleural fluid viscosity may help identifying malignant pleural effusions

Background and objective:   Cancer cells are larger in size and more rigid than blood cells. As the size and rigidity of cells contribute to blood viscosity, an association may exist between high pleural fluid viscosity and cancer cells in pleural effusions. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between pleural fluid viscosity and cell constituents or laboratory data in pleural diseases with different aetiologies.
Methods:   Fluid viscosities were determined in pleural effusions obtained via thoracocentesis. Pleural fluid viscosities were correlated with the laboratory data and with the percentages of different cellular constituents as assessed by cytological examination.
Results:   Pleural fluid viscosity was highest in malignant pleural effusions with positive results on cytological examination, and was correlated with the percentages of tumour cells (Spearman's rho = 0.24, P  = 0.037) and mitotic figures (rho = 0.23, P  = 0.041) in the exudates. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that pleural fluid viscosity was a significant determinant of positive results on cytological examination (odds ratio (OR) 6.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32–29.8), as were the levels of protein (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.01–2.16) and LDH (OR 1.001, 95% CI 1–1.002).
Conclusion:   High pleural fluid viscosity may suggest a potential diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion.     

Pleural controversy: pleurodesis versus indwelling pleural catheters for malignant effusions

Malignant pleural effusions (MPE) are a common complication of advanced malignancy. The treatment of MPE should be focused on palliation of associated symptoms. The traditional approach to MPE has been to attempt pleurodesis by introducing a sclerosant into the pleural space. A more recent development in the treatment of MPE has been the use of indwelling pleural catheters (IPC) for ongoing drainage of the pleural space. Controversy exists as to which approach is superior. Pleurodesis approaches will have the advantage of a time-limited course of treatment and high pleurodesis rate at the cost of a more invasive procedure requiring a general anaesthetic or conscious sedation (for thoracoscopic approaches) and an inpatient hospital stay. Use of IPC will allow the patient to be treated on an outpatient basis with a minimally invasive procedure, at the cost of long-term need for catheter drainage and care. Symptom control appears similar between techniques. Complication rates between the two approaches cannot be easily compared, but studies suggest more frequent severe complications such as respiratory failure, arrhythmias and even mortality following pleurodesis, with infection rates similar between the two approaches. IPC will likely see increasing utilization in the future but patient preference and local resources and expertise will continue to play a significant part in treatment decisions. Randomized trials directly comparing the two approaches are needed and some are underway. Novel combination approaches utilizing both IPC and pleurodesis agents have the potential to further improve the care of these patients.     

Is there any role for thoracoscopy in the diagnosis of benign pleural effusions

Thoracoscopy in the endoscopy suite, has a high diagnostic yield of undiagnosed pleural effusions with minimal and mild complications. Whereas relatively minimal invasive techniques, such as thoracentesis, image‐guided pleural biopsy or blind pleural biopsy, can yield sufficient cell or tissue material to establish the diagnosis of the underlying condition, more definite invasive diagnostic and therapeutic procedure, such as thoracoscopy, may be required for accurate sampling and diagnosis, and further provide real‐time treatment options in same procedure. If thoracoscopy is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis is a fact in case. The current review aims to provide informations on thoracoscopy indications in benign pleural diseases according to up to date publications.     

尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸腔积液疗效观察

目的评估胸腔内注射尿激酶、辅助用泼尼松及单纯胸腔抽胸腔积液（胸液）3种方法对结核性包裹性胸液患者胸液引流量、胸液消退时间及胸膜增厚的影响。方法将78例结核性胸膜炎患者随机分为尿激酶组、泼尼松组和单纯抽胸液组。给予尿激酶组患者胸腔内注射10万单位尿激酶后持续胸腔引流,泼尼松组患者每日服用泼尼松25mg加间断胸腔穿刺抽胸液,给予单纯抽胸液组患者单纯间断胸腔穿刺抽液。观察抽出的胸液量、胸液消退时间、胸液消退后及胸液消退后6个月时胸膜厚度。结果尿激酶组胸液引流量较其他2组明显多,胸液消退时间较其他2组短,胸膜厚度也较其他2组轻。结论胸腔内注射尿激酶治疗结核性包裹性胸液能有效防止胸膜增厚,缩短胸液消退时间。     

Effectiveness of tunneled pleural catheter placement in patients with malignant pleural effusions

Pleural effusions (PE) occur frequently among patients with various types of advanced malignancies, resulting in remarkably decreased quality of life. Treatment of malignant PE includes placement of a chest tube with subsequent placement of a tunneled pleural catheter. We reviewed our experience with tunneled pleural catheter use to assess outcomes and resource utilization of this intervention. A retrospective study of consecutive patients (n = 163, including 41 outpatients) who were treated between July 2001 and April 2008 with tunneled pleural catheters was performed to evaluate operative and discharge outcomes. The average age of the patients was 59.32 years (range: 24 to 89). Lung cancer, breast cancer, and ovarian cancer were common primary diseases in this patient population. The mean hospital stay after tunneled pleural catheter placement was 3.19 days (range: 0 to 56), with 41 patients treated as outpatients. Thirteen inpatient deaths were related to the patients'' primary diseases, but no deaths were due to drain placement itself. Eight patients (4.91%) required reoperation to replace a nonfunctioning drain or to add an additional drain, and six patients underwent a second procedure to place a contralateral drain. One hundred twenty-six patients (77.30%) were discharged home following the procedure and hospital stay. Fifty-five people achieved spontaneous pleurodesis. Tunneled pleural catheter placement is a safe and effective approach to the treatment of PE. The advantages of tunneled pleural catheter placement include symptomatic relief and improved quality of life. This method allows patients to spend time at home with their family and avoid prolonged hospitalization.     

恶性胸腔积液治疗方法及进展

恶性胸腔积液发病率和病死率高,但发病机制不清,目前以姑息治疗为主.本文就近年来恶性胸腔积液局部和全身治疗方法及进展加以综述,旨在为临床医师提供参考.     

超声引导下胸膜腔注入尿激酶治疗结核性胸腔积液

目的探讨超声引导下胸膜腔注入尿激酶治疗结核性多房性胸腔积液的临床价值。方法对42例结核性胸腔积液患者超声引导下注入生理盐水50ml稀释的尿激酶10万IU,24小时后抽尽液体,如仍有积液与分隔,重复上述治疗。结果第1次注入尿激酶后抽液量较用药前明显增多,第2~4次用药后抽液量增多不明显。总有效率为95.2%。结论超声引导下胸膜腔注入尿激酶是治疗结核性胸腔积液一种安全有效的方法。     

胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床研究

目的探讨胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液的临床疗效及机制。方法将75例恶性胸腔积液患者分为给药组（39例）、引流组（27例）和对照组（9例）。给药组患者放尽胸水后经胸腔内注入顺铂进行治疗,引流组患者仅进行胸腔引流治疗,对照组仅进行常规化疗。结果给药组有效率（79.49%）高于引流组（55.56%）及对照组（22.22%）,差异显著（P〈0.01）。结论胸腔小导管引流联合顺铂腔内注射治疗恶性胸腔积液疗效显著,对于缓解病情具有积极的临床意义。