乳腺导管原位癌及微浸润的MR影像学表现

目的 总结乳腺导管原位癌及其微浸润的MR影像学表现.方法 回顾性分析经手术和病理证实的乳腺导管原位癌和微浸润病例30例.所有病例均于术前进行MR成像.结果 MR检出所有病例,敏感性为100％.10例呈肿块样强化(33.3％).20例呈非肿块样强化(66.7％).内部强化不均匀4例(20％),强化均匀2例(10％),内部卵石状强化和簇状小环状强化共11例(55％),另3例病灶呈点簇状强化(15％).所有病例时间-信号强度(TIC)曲线呈流出型12例,平台型18例.结论 乳腺导管原位癌及其微浸润的MR特征性表现为非肿块样强化并其内部卵石状及簇状小环状强化,时间-信号强度曲线呈平台型及流出型.     

Positive enhancement integral values in dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of breast carcinoma: Ductal carcinoma in situ vs. invasive ductal carcinoma

Objectives

The aim of this study was to contribute to the standardization of the numeric positive enhancement integral (PEI) values in breast parenchyma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and to evaluate the significance of the difference in PEI values between IDC and parenchyma, DCIS and parenchyma and IDC and DCIS.

Materials and Methods

In the prospective trial, we analyzed the dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) of 60 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed unilateral DCIS (n = 30) and IDC (n = 30) and defined the PEI values (range; mean ± SD) for the lesions and the breast parenchyma. Tumor-to-non-tumor (T/NT) ratios were calculated for DCIS and IDC and compared. PEI color maps (PEICM) were created. The differences in PEI values between IDC and parenchyma and between DCIS and parenchyma were tested according to t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the differences between the mean PEI values of parenchyma, DCIS and IDC.

Results

IDC showed highly statistically different PEI numeric values compared to breast parenchyma (748.7 ± 32.2 vs. 74.6 ± 17.0; p < 0.0001). The same applied to the differences in the group of patients with DCIS (428.0 ± 25.0 vs. 66.0 ± 10.6; p < 0.0001). The difference between IDC, DCIS and parenchyma were also considered highly statistically significant (p < 0.0001) and so were the T/NT ratios for IDC and DCIS (10.1 ± 2.4 vs. 6.6 ± 1.4; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

PEI numeric values may contribute to differentiation between invasive and in situ breast carcinoma.     

Percutaneous breast lesion excision system (BLES): A new tool for complete closed excision of high risk lesions (Egyptian experience)

The objective of the study is to assess the use of “Intact” Breast lesion excision system as the primary method for histopathological diagnosis of suspicious small and borderline lesions as well as the unclassified microcalcifications.     

Background enhancement in breast MR: Correlation with breast density in mammography and background echotexture in ultrasound

Objective

This study aimed to determine whether background enhancement on MR was related to mammographic breast density or ultrasonographic background echotexture in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Materials and methods

We studied 142 patients (79 premenopausal, 63 postmenopausal) who underwent mammography, ultrasonography, and breast MR. We reviewed the mammography for overall breast density of the contralateral normal breast according to the four-point scale of the BI-RADS classification. Ultrasound findings were classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous background echotexture according to the BI-RADS lexicon. We rated background enhancement on a contralateral breast MR into four categories based on subtraction images: absent, mild, moderate, and marked. All imaging findings were interpreted independently by two readers without knowledge of menstrual status, imaging findings of other modalities.

Results

There were significant differences between the premenopausal and postmenopausal group in distribution of mammographic breast density, ultrasonographic background echotexture, and degree of background enhancement. Regarding the relationship between mammographic density and background enhancement, there was no significant correlation. There was significant relationship between ultrasonographic background echotexture and background enhancement in both premenopausal and postmenopausal groups.

Conclusion

There is a significant correlation between ultrasonographic background echotexture and background enhancement in MR regardless of menopausal status. Interpreting breast MR, or scheduling for breast MR of women showing heterogeneous background echotexture needs more caution.     

Incremental value of real-time ultrasound elastography in differentiating breast masses

Aim of the work

To evaluate the value of real-time ultrasound elastography (RTE) in differentiating benign from malignant breast masses.

Materials and methods

This study included, whether palpable or non-palpable, 145 sonographically proven breast masses in 121 patients, imaged by conventional B-mode US, color-flow Doppler US and RTE with histopathological analysis considered as the golden standard reference.

Results

Lesions were differentiated into benign and malignant by conventional B-mode US (79; 45.5% and 66; 54.5%, respectively), RTE (80; 55.2% and 65; 44.8% respectively), and histopathology (82; 56.6% and 63; 43.4%, respectively). The mean difference in the mass size was significant between B-mode US and RTE in malignant masses (P = 0.002), while not significant among benign masses (P = 0.153). The B-mode US depicted sensitivity of 92.06%, specificity of 90.24%, PPV of 87.88%, NPV of 93.67% and accuracy of 91.03%, while the RTE showed sensitivity of 98.41%, specificity of 96.34%, PPV of 95.38%, NPV of 98.75% and accuracy of 97.24%.

Conclusion

Combined use of RTE can complement conventional B-mode US with improving its diagnostic performance in differentiating breast lesions with subsequent reduction in the rate of unnecessary biopsies in benign lesions.     

Diagnostic algorithm: how to make use of new 2D, 3D and 4D ultrasound technologies in breast imaging

The aim of this publication is to present a time saving diagnostic algorithm consisting of two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound (US) technologies. This algorithm of eight steps combines different imaging modalities and render modes which allow a step by step analysis of 2D, 3D and 4D diagnostic criteria. Advanced breast US systems with broadband high frequency linear transducers, full digital data management and high resolution are the actual basis for two-dimensional breast US studies in order to detect early breast cancer (step 1). The continuous developments of 2D US technologies including contrast resolution imaging (CRI) and speckle reduction imaging (SRI) have a direct influence on the high quality of three-dimensional and four-dimensional presentation of anatomical breast structures and pathological details. The diagnostic options provided by static 3D volume datasets according to US BI-RADS analogue assessment, concerning lesion shape, orientation, margin, echogenic rim sign, lesion echogenicity, acoustic transmission, associated calcifications, 3D criteria of the coronal plane, surrounding tissue composition (step 2) and lesion vascularity (step 6) are discussed. Static 3D datasets offer the combination of long axes distance measurements and volume calculations, which are the basis for an accurate follow-up in BI-RADS II and BI-RADS III lesions (step 3). Real time 4D volume contrast imaging (VCI) is able to demonstrate tissue elasticity (step 5). Glass body rendering is a static 3D tool which presents greyscale and colour information to study the vascularity and the vascular architecture of a lesion (step 6). Tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI) is used for a slice by slice documentation in different investigation planes (A-,B- or C-plane) (steps 4 and 7). The final step 8 uses the panoramic view technique (XTD-View) to document the localisation within the breast and to make the position of a lesion simply reproducible.     

LI-RADS CT分类标准对肝细胞癌的诊断效能评价

目的：探讨肝脏影像报告和数据管理系统（LI-RADS）CT分级诊断标准对肝细胞癌（HCC）的临床诊断价值。方法：回顾性分析158例肝癌高危患者肝脏病变患者的上腹部CT资料,并根据LI-RADS分类标准对病变进行分析评估,并与临床客观诊断结果进行比较。结果：158例患者的 CT 图像共发现179个肝内病灶,其中 LI-RADS 1～5类病灶共167个：1类和2类48个,临床客观诊断结果均为良性（阴性预测值为100％）;3类4个;4类6个,其中2个病灶的术后病理结果为 HCC（阳性预测值为33．3％）;5类109个,其中103例为 HCC（阳性预测值为94．5％）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积为0．89（P＜0．001）。若将LI-RADS 1～2类病灶归为阴性,3～5类病灶归为阳性,LI-RADS对诊断肝癌的总符合率为91．6％（153／167）,检出 HCC 的敏感度为100％（105／105）,特异度为77．4％（48／62）,阳性预测值为88．2％（105／119）,阴性预测值为100％（48／48）。若将LI-RADS 3类病灶排除,1～2类病灶归为阴性,4～5类病灶归为阳性,LI-RADS对肝内已检出病灶的诊断符合率为93．9％（153／163）,检出 HCC 的敏感度为100％（105／105）,特异度为82．8％（48／58）,阳性预测值为91．3％（105／115）,阴性预测值为100％（48／48）。结论：LI-RADS分类标准对 HCC 的CT诊断具有很好的诊断效果,有利于提高CT诊断报告的准确性。     

Added value of strain elastosonography in prediction of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule

Aim and objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of elastosonographyin prediction of malignancy in solitary thyroid nodule.

CT和MRI对乙肝肝硬化背景下肝细胞癌诊断评分的一致性：基于LI-RADS的多中心、个体内对照研究

目的：基于肝脏影像报告和数据系统（LI-RADS）2014版评分系统,探讨CT和 MRI对乙肝肝硬化基础上的肝细胞肝癌（HCC）的诊断价值。方法：本研究为多中心、个体内对照研究,搜集51例（54个 HCC 病灶）经病理证实的慢性乙型肝炎肝硬化合并HCC患者的病例资料,所有患者均行CT和MRI平扫及动态增强扫描（两项检查间隔时间不超过1个月）。由2位不同年资的放射科医师根据LI-RADS标准分别对所有入组病例的动态增强CT、平扫联合动态增强MRI两个阅片单元进行独立盲法读片,每位阅片者每个单元读片结束后需等待至少一个月方能进入下个读片单元。通过Kappa检验对两位阅片者间的评分一致性进行分析。结果：两位阅片者对51例 HCC 患者 CT 图像进行评价,LI-RADS评分分别为4．13±1．10和4．07±1．13,一致性中等（Kappa＝0．550）;而基于平扫联合动态增强 MRI,两位阅片者的LI-RADS评分分别为4．61±0．65和4．31±0．91,一致性一般（Kappa＝0．398）。结论：针对 HCC 病灶,使用LI-RADS进行诊断评分时,动态增强CT的阅片者间一致性较好,优于平扫联合动态增强 MRI。     

初探超声造影基于LI-RADS分类标准诊断肝细胞癌的可行性

目的：探讨基于肝脏影像报告和数据管理系统（LI-RADS）的超声造影检查诊断肝细胞癌（HCC）的可行性。方法：回顾性分析108例有肝癌高风险的单发肝脏病变患者的超声造影资料,并基于LI-RADS分类标准对肝脏病变进行分析评估,并与病理或临床诊断结果相对照。结果：108个病灶中LI-RADS 1～5类病灶共106个：1类和2类病灶19个,临床客观诊断结果均为良性（阴性预测值为100％）;3类病灶3个;22个4类病灶中17个为 HCC（阳性预测值为77．3％）;62个5类病灶中有54个为 HCC（阳性预测值为87．1％）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线下面积为0．83（P＜0．001）。若将LI-RADS 3～5类病灶归为阳性,基于LI-RADS的超声造影检查对HCC的诊断符合率为83．9％（92／106）,敏感度为100％（73／73）,特异度为57．6％（19／33）,阳性预测值为83．9％（73／87）,阴性预测值为100％（19／19）;若将 LI-RADS 3类病灶排除、1～2类病灶归为阴性、4～5类病灶归为阳性,则诊断符合率为87．4％（90／103）,敏感度为100％（71／71）,特异度为59．4％（19／32）,阳性预测值为84．5％（71／84）,阴性预测值为100％（19／19）。结论：超声造影检查中应用LI-RADS分类标准诊断 HCC具有一定的可行性。     

肝硬化背景下肝细胞癌的CT动态增强表现：LI-RADS（2014版）定义征象的出现率

目的：分析肝硬化背景下肝细胞肝癌（HCC）的 CT 动态增强表现,探讨2014版肝脏影像报告及数据系统（LI-RADS）所定义的各种征象在图像中的出现率。方法：2008年12月－2014年8月共51例乙肝肝硬化患者行CT动态增强检查、且经病理证实有54个 HCC病灶。两位阅片者采用盲法独立进行阅片,根据LI-RADS标准,分析所有入组病例的动态增强CT图像,对每个病灶的主要征象（动脉期高强化、＂廓清＂表现、包膜）和次要征象（马赛克征、出血等）进行评估并计算其出现率。通过Kappa检验来分析两位阅片者所评估的各种征象的出现率的一致性。结果：对54个 HCC病灶的动脉期高强化、“廓清”表现和包膜这3个主要征象的出现率,两位阅片者的评估结果分别为：77．8％和75．9％、81．5％和81．5％、14．8％和18．5％,阅片者间的一致性（Kappa值）分别为0．636、0．755和0．468。所有次要征象的出现率均较低,以马赛克征的出现率最高,两位阅片者的评估结果分别为25．9％和11．1％,阅片者间的一致性（Kappa 值）为0．289。结论：基于LI-RADS的诊断标准,动态增强CT图像对乙肝肝硬化背景下的 HCC的主要征象显示较好,阅片者间的一致性较高;但其它征象的出现率较低及／或诊断一致性欠佳。     

超声乳腺影像报告和数据系统与18F-FDG PET/CT在乳腺疾病诊断中的相关性及联合应用价值

目的：分析超声乳腺影像报告和数据系统（BI-RADS）分级与18F-脱氧葡萄糖（18F-FDG）PET/CT之间的相关性,并评价其在乳腺疾病诊断中的联合应用价值。资料与方法对103例疑似乳腺癌患者的18F-FDG PET/CT图像及超声BI-RADS分级进行回顾性研究,分析最大SUV（SUVmax）与超声BI-RADS分级的相关性,并以病理或长期随访结果为“金标准”,分别分析其灵敏度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值。结果在103例疑似乳腺癌患者中,良性46例,恶性57例;SUVmax与超声BI-RADS分级的Pearson相关系数r=0.464（P<0.01）;所有患者中PET/CT诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值分别为89.47%、73.91%、80.95%、84.99%;BI-RADS分级诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值分别为94.70%、69.60%、79.42%、91.38%;在BI-RADS 3~4级的患者中PET/CT诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值分别为88.90%、71.40%、66.65%、90.91%;BI-RADS分级诊断的灵敏度、特异度、阳性及阴性预测值分别为88.90%、46.40%、51.60%、86.67%。结论 SUVmax与超声BI-RADS分级不具有明显相关性,对于BI-RADS 3~4级病例, BI-RADS分级诊断的特异度明显降低,PET/CT可以很好地弥补这一缺点,两者联合诊断乳腺疾病具有一定的临床推广潜力。     

Tumoral pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia: Radiological and pathological correlation with review of literature

Tumoral pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) is rare and presents more often as a clinically apparent, well-circumscribed, solid mass. It may clinically and radiologically mimic fibroadenoma or Phyllodes tumor. In this article, our objective was to describe the clinical presentations, ultrasound and histopathological appearances of tumoral PASH in three patients. Among the three PASH tumors, all except one were palpable breast masses; and the non-palpable mass was detected on ultrasound. All patients underwent core biopsy followed by wide local excision of the mass which were histopathologically proven to be PASH.     

Cross-border teleradiology—Experience from two international teleradiology projects

Teleradiology aims to even radiologists’ workload, ensure on-call services, reduce waiting lists, consult other specialists and cut costs. Cross-border teleradiology widens this scope beyond the country borders. However, the new service should not reduce the quality of radiology. Quality and trust are key factors in establishment of teleradiology. Additionally there are organizational, technical, legal, security and linguistic issues influencing the service. Herein, we have used experiences from two partially European Union funded telemedicine projects to evaluate factors affecting cross-border teleradiology.Clinical partners from Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Lithuania and the Netherlands went through 649 radiology test cases in two different teleradiology projects to build trust and agree about the report structure. Technical set-up was established using secure Internet data transfer, streaming technology, integration of workflows and creating structured reporting tool to overcome language barriers.The biggest barrier to overcome in cross-border teleradiology was the language issue. Establishment of the service was technically and semantically successful but limited to knee and hip X-ray examinations only because the structured reporting tool did not cover any other anatomical regions yet.Special attention has to be paid to clinical quality and trust between partners in cross-border teleradiology. Our experience shows that it is achievable. Legal, security and financial aspects are not covered in this paper because today they differ country by country. There is however an European Union level harmonization process started to enable cross-border eHealth in general.     

Spectral CT-Based Iodized Oil Quantification to Predict Tumor Response Following Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

PurposeTo quantify iodized oil retention in tumors after transarterial chemoembolization using spectral computed tomography (CT) imaging in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluate its performance in predicting 12-month tumor responses.Materials and MethodsFrom September 2017 to December 2018, 111 patients with HCC underwent initial conventional transarterial chemoembolization. Immediately after the procedure, unenhanced CT was performed using a spectral CT scanner, and the iodized oil densities in index tumors were measured. In tumor-level analyses, a threshold level of iodized oil density in the tumors was calculated using clustered receiver operating characteristic curve analyses to predict the 12-month tumor responses. In patient-level analyses, significant factors associated with a 12-month complete response, including the presence of tumors below the threshold value (ie, suspected residual tumors), were evaluated by logistic regression.ResultsForty-eight HCCs in 39 patients were included in the analyses. The lower 10th percentile of the iodine density was identified as the threshold for determining the 12-month nonviable responses. The area under the curve of the iodine density measurements in predicting the 12-month nonviable responses was 0.893 (95% confidence interval, 0.797–0.989). The threshold value of the iodine density of 10.68 mg/mL yielded a sensitivity of 82.76% and specificity of 94.74% (P < .001). In the patient-level analysis, the 12-month complete response was significantly associated with the presence of a suspected residual tumor, with an odds ratio of 72.0 (95% confidence interval, 7.273–712.770).ConclusionsSpectral CT imaging using quantitative analysis of the iodized oil retention in target HCCs can predict tumor responses after a conventional transarterial chemoembolization procedure.