索他洛尔的药动学及其血药浓度与QTc延长的关系

目的为研究国产索他洛尔的药动学及其QTc延长与血药浓度之间的关系.方法6名健康志愿者口服国产索他洛尔单剂160mg后分别于0,0.5,1.5,2,3,3.5,4,6,8,12,24,36h抽血及行心电图检查.采用反相高效液相色谱-荧光检测法检测血清中索他洛尔的浓度,根据QTc=QT/RR1/2得到相应的QTc值.结果国产索他洛尔片剂AUC,Cmax,Tmax,T1/2β分别为(17.3±2.3)μg*ml-1*h,(1.27±0.21)μg*ml-1,(2.3±0.6)h,(11.3±1.1)h.索他洛尔产生的QTc延长与血药浓度成线性相关,并可见最大QTc延长滞后于血药浓度.结论国产索他洛尔在国人体内的药动学参数与西方人相近,索他洛尔产生的QTc延长与血药浓度成线性相关,最大QTc延长滞后于血药浓度.     

丙泊酚注射液在健康志愿者中的药代动力学与药效学

目的评价丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳注射液药代动力学和药效学及相对生物利用度。方法 36名健康志愿者按照随机、双盲、双交叉试验设计,单次静脉注射试验药物或参比药物2 mg.kg-1,高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度,心电监护仪测定脑电双频谱指数(BIS)。结果丙泊酚体内过程符合三室开放模型,单次口服试验药物和参比药物后,药代动力学参数和药效学参数如下:tmax分别为(0.05±0.02),(0.06±0.02)h;cmax分别为(3.59±2.36),(2.57±1.42)mg.L-1;t1/2分别为(1.20±0.44),(1.25±0.52)h;MRT0-∞分别为(1.21±0.39),(1.34±0.55)h;AUC0-∞分别为(0.70±0.18),(0.64±0.17)mg.h.L-1。给药后丙泊酚血药浓度升高,BIS值随之下降,给药后tmin-BIS分别为(3.31±0.71),(3.39±0.64)min。试验药物和参比药物的相对生物利用度F(AUCinf)为(114.63±41.08)%。cmax、AUClast、AUC0-∞的90%置信区间分别为113.2%～156.6%,106.1%～119.2%和100.7%～117.5%,结论受试药物与参比药物具有生物等效性。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of vildagliptin in healthy Chinese volunteers

Vildagliptin is an orally effective, potent, and selective inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-4) that improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, time-lagged, parallel-group study in a total of 60 healthy Chinese participants. Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and safety and tolerability of vildagliptin were assessed following administration of 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg qd, or 50 mg bid. Vildagliptin was rapidly absorbed (tmax 1.5-2.0 hours) across the dose range of 25 to 200 mg and was quickly eliminated with a terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) of approximately 2 hours. Consistent with the short t1/2, no accumulation of vildagliptin was observed following the administration of multiple doses (accumulation factors were 1.00-1.05 across the 25- to 200-mg dose range). Vildagliptin AUC and Cmax values increased in an approximately dose-proportional fashion (dose proportionality constant beta 1.00-1.16). Administration of vildagliptin 25 to 200 mg led to rapid and near-complete (>95%) inhibition of DPP-4 activity for at least 4 hours after dosing, which was associated with increases in plasma active glucagon-like peptide-1 of up to 2- to 3-fold compared with placebo. The duration of DPP-4 inhibition increased with dose. Glucose and insulin levels were not affected by vildagliptin in healthy participants, consistent with the fact that the glucose-lowering effects of vildagliptin occur in a glucose-dependent fashion. Vildagliptin was well tolerated at the highest tested dose of 200 mg qd. Vildagliptin 25 to 200 mg qd exhibits approximately dose-proportional pharmacokinetics with no evidence of accumulation after multiple dosing in healthy Chinese participants. Vildagliptin demonstrates potent inhibition of DPP-4 activity with excellent tolerability at doses of up to and including 200 mg qd.     

健康受试者口服氟罗沙星的药动学/药效学研究

目的:研究健康受试者口服氟罗沙星的药动学(PK)和药效学(PD),从而优化氟罗沙星的临床给药方案。方法:采用三周期自身交叉对照的方式对15名健康受试者分别口服200,300,400 mg氟罗沙星片后,以高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定血药浓度,进而求出药动学(PK)参数。体外药效学(PD)研究是测定氟罗沙星对临床分离的15种494株常见致病菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。以AUC_0-24/MIC作为氟罗沙星的PK/PD参数(靶值为100和125),采用蒙特卡洛(Monte Carlo)模拟评价氟罗沙星的3种治疗方案对不同分离菌株AUC_0-24/MIC值的药效学累积反应分数(CFR)。结果:以CFR> 90%作为抗感染经验治疗的合理选择,对于大肠杆菌和淋球菌引起的感染,或口服200 mg(qd)即可;对硝酸盐阴性杆菌、肠杆菌属和哈夫尼亚菌属引起的感染,或口服300 mg(qd)即可;对于表葡球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、志贺菌属、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、柠檬酸杆菌属、普通变形杆菌、肺炎链球菌、沙门菌属和金葡球菌(MSSA)引起的感染,或口服400 mg(qd)可获得预期满意的临床疗效并能有效预防细菌耐药性产生,而对于耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MRSA),PK/PD参数显示疗效不佳。结论:应用Monte Carlo模拟评价氟罗沙星的PK/PD参数,可以为氟罗沙星的临床最佳给药方案的制定提供参考依据。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of erythropoietin receptor in healthy volunteers

The purpose of this study was to apply the target-mediated drug disposition (TMDD) pharmacokinetic (PK) model to describe binding, internalization, and turnover of erythropoietin receptor (EPOR). This model allows one to determine from free drug (C) PK data not only parameters describing linear disposition of EPO such as the elimination rate constant (k (el)) and volume of distribution (V (c)), but also the total receptor concentration (R (tot0)), drug-receptor complex (RC) internalization rate constant (k (int)), as well as synthesis and degradation rate constants (k (syn) and k (deg)) for the receptor turnover. The previously published data on PK of recombinant EPO (rHuEPO) in humans and the results of EPOR binding studies were used for analysis. The estimated PK parameters were used to simulate time courses of free and bound EPOR after IV administration of clinically relevant rHuEPO doses. The estimates of k (el) = 0.106 h(-1) and V (c) = 0.032 l/kg are consistent with reported in the literature values of rHuEPO linear disposition parameters. The determined value of R (tot0) was 66.35 pM and the half-life for EPOR degradation was 8.8 h. Computer simulations showed a very rapid binding phase in the EPOR time profile followed by a decline to a nadir, and a subsequent return to the baseline. The nadir values decreased with increasing doses and resulted in the maximum values of the bound fractions of the total EPOR in the ranges 33-99%. At the baseline conditions, only 3.1% of EPOR were occupied. The saturation of EPOR was correlated with the time C remained above the K (D) level. In conclusion, the time courses of serum rHuEPO concentrations contain information about internalization and turnover of EPOR. Kinetics of EPOR can be utilized to determine the relationship between the pharmacologic effect and exposure to rHuEPO.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ()-sotalol in healthy male volunteers

1 We investigated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of (±)-sotalol administered orally to healthy male volunteers in single doses of 40, 80 and 160 mg and in multiple doses of 80 mg twice daily for 7 consecutive days.
2 In the single dose studies, the half-life of (-)-sotalol (7.2-8.5 h) was significantly ( P < 0.01) shorter than that of (+)-sotalol (9.1-11.4 h) while the renal clearance of (-)-sotalol (110.6-126.4 ml min^-1) was significantly ( P < 0.01) faster than that of (+)-sotalol (102.2-110.1 ml min^-1). In the multiple dose studies, similar differences in the pharmacokinetics of (+)- and (-)-sotalol were observed. In addition, the pharmacokinetics of both (+)- and (-)-sotalol on day 4 were shown to be essentially the same as those on day 7.
3 In pharmacodynamic examinations, (±)-sotalol prolonged QTc intervals on electrocardiograms dose-dependently after single doses of 80 and 160 mg (3.81 ± 2.96%, 13.23 ± 5.66%). The correlation between the plasma concentration of (±)-sotalol and prolongation of QTc intervals was nearly linear, and showed no hysteresis.
4 In conclusion, we demonstrated that QTc interval was prolonged with a linear correlation to the plasma concentration of (±)-sotalol. In addition, our study suggested that differences in the pharmacokinetics of (+)- and (-)-sotalol may be attributable to faster urinary excretion of (-)-sotalol.     

Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of desloratadine and fluoxetine in healthy volunteers

The authors assessed the potential for a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic interaction between desloratadine and fluoxetine. This randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label study was conducted in 54 healthy volunteers. Subjects received 1 of 3 treatments: desloratadine 5 mg plus fluoxetine 20 mg, desloratadine 5 mg plus placebo, or fluoxetine 20 mg plus placebo. Serial electrocardiograms (ECGs) were performed at baseline and day 35. Treatment effects on C(max) and AUC were assessed. During coadministration of desloratadine with fluoxetine, the ratio of the mean log-transformed C(max) and AUC values for desloratadine following concomitant fluoxetine therapy revealed a small increase in C(max) values of 15% (90% confidence interval [CI], 95%-139%) but no increase for AUC values (90% CI, 82%-123%). Corresponding values for 3-OH desloratadine demonstrated small increases in mean log-transformed C(max) and AUC ratios: 17% (90% CI, 100%-136%) and 13% (90% CI, 96%-132%), respectively. Statistical evaluation of the ratio of the mean C(max) and AUC values for fluoxetine following concomitant desloratadine therapy revealed small decreases of 9% (90% CI, 72%-115%) and 11% (90% CI, 69%-113%), respectively. Corresponding values for norfluoxetine demonstrated modest increases in mean log-transformed C(max) and AUC ratios: 22% (90% CI, 100%-139%) and 18% (90% CI, 101%-136%), respectively. Coadministration of desloratadine with a potent inhibitor of CYP2D6 did not result in clinically relevant changes in its pharmacokinetic parameters. Desloratadine administration was not associated with clinically important changes in the pharmacokinetics of fluoxetine, a drug metabolized by CYP2D6. The most common adverse event in all groups was headache (65%). Desloratadine plus fluoxetine caused no significant changes in ECGs or ventricular rate.     

替格瑞洛在中国健康男性志愿者中的药动学及药效学研究

目的：研究替格瑞洛在中国健康志愿者中药动学及药效学,为其临床合理使用提供依据。方法：选14名健康男性志愿者,分别单次口服替格瑞洛180 mg,在不同时间点采集血样分别用于药动力学及药效学研究,其中药动学采样时间点为给药前、给药后0.5,1,1.5,2,3,4,5,6,8,12,16,24,36,48 h,药效学采样时间点为给药前他和给药后1,2,4,12,24,48 h,药动学血浆样品采用蛋白沉淀法处理,超高效液相色谱-串联质谱（UPLC-MS/MS）法测定原药、活性代谢产物浓度;药效学采用四通道血小板聚集仪测定ADP诱导的血小板聚集率,以血小板聚集抑制的变化程度作为替格瑞洛的药效学指标。用WinNonlin软件处理所得数据。结果：14例健康受试者口服180 mg替格瑞洛后,替格瑞洛原药、活性代谢产物AR-C124910XX在人体内平均t_max分别为（1.9±0.6）h和（2.1±0.6）h,平均t_1/2分别为（8.3±1.1）h和（9.7±2.5）h,平均C_max分别为（1 447.0±532.2）ng·mL^-1和（384.5±90.2）ng·mL^-1,平均AUC_0-last为（9 023.0±3 285.4）ng·mL^-1·h和（3 445.0±723.2）ng·mL^-1·h,平均AUC_0-∞为（9 208.7±3 437.6）ng·mL^-1·h和（3 594.4±827.0）ng·mL^-1·h。替格瑞洛对血小板抑制的达峰时间为4 h,对血小板抑制的最大效应E_max为（75.9±11.9%）。替格瑞洛的抗血小板效应随替格瑞洛及AR-C124910XX降低而减弱。结论：本研究系统考察了14例健康志愿者服用替格瑞洛后的药动学及药效学,为临床使用替格瑞洛剂量调整、优化治疗方案提供了理论依据。     

丹参酚酸盐在健康志愿者的药代动力学和药效学研究

目的:研究丹参酚酸盐在健康人体的药代动力学,以及血药浓度与血小板粘附性和聚集率的关系。方法:9名健康志愿者根据交叉设计,静脉滴注丹参酚酸盐200、300、400 mg,用药后不同时间采血样,用高效液相色谱法测定丹参酚酸盐血药浓度;玻球法测定血小板粘附率;比浊法测定血小板聚集率。结果:丹参酚酸盐药动学代谢呈二室模型,消除半衰期约1 h,表观分布容积较大,提示为全身分布,峰浓度约为14 mg·L-1。血小板粘附率在用药后呈波动性下降,5 h(即用药后4 h)药效渐渐消失,可见一个药效滞后环,在停药后3 h、血药浓度在1.91mg·L-1时药效达峰值。血小板粘附率在静滴药物期间与药浓相关,药效峰值与药浓峰值吻合,也呈现药效滞后环。结论:丹参酚酸盐在健康人体消除快,对血小板聚集率和粘附率均有降低作用,前者达峰时间在滴注给药末,后者在停滴后3 h,均呈现较好的滞后效应。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clevidipine in healthy volunteers after intravenous infusion

Objective: To determine the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clevidipine, a new ultrashort-acting calcium antagonist, in healthy male volunteers following a constant rate infusion. Methods: Eight healthy male volunteers received 1030 nmol · min⁻¹ of clevidipine together with a tracer dose of ³[H]-clevidipine for 1 h as an i.v. infusion. Frequent venous blood samples and effect recordings were obtained during ongoing infusion and up to 32 h following termination of the infusion. The excretion of radioactivity in urine and faeces was followed for 7 days. Results: A two-compartment model gave the best fit to the individual clevidipine blood levels, resulting in a mean blood clearance of 0.14 (0.03) l · min⁻¹ · kg⁻¹ and a mean volume of distribution at steady state of 0.6 (0.1) l · kg⁻¹. The initial half-life was 1.6 (0.3) min, and the terminal half-life was 15 (5) min. The maximum concentration of the metabolite H 152/81 was reached 2.2 (1.3) min following termination of the infusion. The mean terminal half-life of the inactive primary metabolite was 9.5 (0.8) h and the mean recovery of the radioactive dose reached 83 (3)%. Following termination of the 1 h infusion, the effect on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate was back to pre-dose values within 15 min. Conclusion: Clevidipine is a high clearance drug, which is rapidly metabolized to the corresponding inactive acid. The t_max value of the primary metabolite, and a virtually identical value of the initial half-life and the half-life for elimination from the central compartment, indicate that the initial rapid decline of the post-infusion blood levels is mainly due to elimination rather than distribution. The duration of action of clevidipine is short. Received: 23 September 1998 / Accepted in revised form: 20 November 1998     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel extended-release ciprofloxacin in healthy volunteers

Two open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover studies (1 single-dose and 1 steady-state) were conducted in healthy volunteers to compare the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a novel extended-release ciprofloxacin (ciprofloxacin ER; 500 mg once daily) and immediate-release ciprofloxacin (ciprofloxacin IR; 250 mg twice daily). For both studies, mean ciprofloxacin maximum concentration (Cmax) values after once-daily ciprofloxacin ER were significantly greater than those after the first daily dose of ciprofloxacin IR (P < .0001) but were lower than those after the second daily dose of ciprofloxacin IR (P < .05). The relative bioavailability of ciprofloxacin ER compared to ciprofloxacin IR was 93.8% in the single-dose study and 97.7% in the steady-state study. Mean urinary ciprofloxacin concentrations and excretion rates after either treatment were substantially greater than the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for susceptible uropathogens in both studies. The area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)/MIC, Cmax/MIC, amount excreted (Ae)/MIC, and Ae24/MIC ratios with ciprofloxacin ER were similar to or slightly greater than with ciprofloxacin IR for all susceptible organisms.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil in healthy volunteers after single oral and sublingual administration

5-[3,4-Dimethoxyphenethyl)-methylamino]-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2- isopropylvaleronitril (verapamil, Isoptin) was administered p.o. (80 mg) and via the sublingual route (20 mg as the hydrochloride) in 6 healthy volunteers. After p.o. administration the mean peak serum concentration of 125.6 ng/ml was attained on average 80 min later. The half-life for the distribution phase (t1/2a) was 0.95 h and for the elimination phase (t1/2 beta) 6.08 h. After sublingual administration the mean peak serum concentration of verapamil was 26 ng/ml attained on average after 71.7 min. The mean t1/2a was 0.73 h and the mean T1/2 beta 4.39 h. There was an 18.4 min delay after oral administration and 0.8 min delay after sublingual administration before verapamil was detected in the serum. The relative bioavailability of verapamil sublingually was 2.7 (p.o. = 1.0). There were close correlations between the verapamil concentration in serum and the prolongation of the PQ-interval (0.725 sublingually; 0.853 p.o.). Approximately three times higher concentrations of verapamil were required when given by the oral route to produce the same prolongation of the PQ-interval obtained with sublingual administration. The variability of several important pharmacokinetic parameters of verapamil was reduced by sublingual application in comparison to the oral route. The coefficient of variation for the peak concentration, time to peak and t1/2 beta were 49.7%, 25.0% and 26.4%, respectively, after sublingual administration in comparison to 120.6%, 54.7% and 68.9%, respectively, when given p.o.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a single bolus of propofol 2% in healthy volunteers

This study was undertaken to assess the bioequivalence between a new formulation of propofol 2% and the commercially available product Diprivan. Secondary objectives were to compare the times to onset of and emergence from hypnosis, the hemodynamic effects, and the safety profiles. Twelve healthy male volunteers were included in a randomized crossover study. Subjects were administered a 2-mg/kg single bolus injection of each formulation separated by a 7- to 10-day washout period. Plasma propofol was determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. Eleven subjects completed the study, and both formulations were considered bioequivalent. There were no serious or severe adverse events. The concentration-time profiles of all the subjects could adequately be described using a three-compartment model. The mean times to cessation of counting out loud (17 vs. 18 s) and to eye opening (245 vs. 244 s) were not statistically different between treatment groups. Moreover, they seem to show some degree of pharmacodynamic bioequivalence, although a higher number of subjects are necessary to unequivocally demonstrate it.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the novel H1-receptor antagonist emedastine in healthy volunteers

OBJECTIVE: Emedastine is a novel H1-receptor antagonist with pre-clinically well-documented anti-allergic effects. Here, we set out to study the relationship between emedastine pharmacokinetics and the suppressive effect on histamine-induced wheals and flares, and to compare these effects to placebo and cetirizine. METHODS: Emedastine (4 mg q.d.), emedastine (2 mg b.i.d.), cetirizine (10 mg q.d.) and placebo were administered to healthy volunteers in a double-blind, cross-over fashion. On day 1 and day 5 (steady state) following drug administration, wheals and flares were induced by skin-prick testing with 1 mg ml(-1) or 10 mg ml(-1) histamine. RESULTS: Following the administration of 4 mg emedastine q.d., mean area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)0-24 values of 34.49 +/- 24.07 ng h ml(-1) and 47.05 +/- 36.12 ng h ml(-1) were attained on day 1 and day 5, respectively. Following the administration of emedastine (2 mg b.i.d.) mean AUC0-24 values were 29.75 +/- 19.92 ng h ml(-1) and 46.13 +/- 38.50 ng h ml(-1) on day 1 and day 5, respectively. Histamine-induced wheals and flares were significantly more effectively suppressed by emedastine and cetirizine than placebo. At pharmacokinetic steady-state levels, no significant difference could be found in the potency between cetirizine and emedastine (2 mg b.i.d.). CONCLUSION: Emedastine displays pharmacodynamic properties comparable with cetirizine and therefore qualifies as a safe and alternative compound with H1-receptor antagonist properties. Additional larger studies may be needed to substantiate potential benefits of cetirizine over emedastine after single-dose administration.     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of tucaresol, an antisickling agent, in healthy volunteers.

1. Tucaresol is an orally administered antisickling agent which increases the oxygen affinity of haemoglobin. 2. The pharmacokinetics, effects on moderate graded exercise and psychometric performance of tucaresol were examined in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel groups study in 12 healthy men. 3. Three doses of tucaresol were given at 48 h intervals intended to modify 15, 25 and 32.5% of a subject's haemoglobin to a high affinity form (%MOD). 4. Mean peak %MOD was 34%. Mean Cmax values in plasma and erythrocytes were 81.4 and 1459 micrograms ml-1, respectively. 5. Heart rate, compared with baseline, increased in the tucaresol group with the greatest changes at the highest %MOD and workload. There were no differences between groups in psychometric test performance. 6. Three volunteers on active drug developed fever, rash and tender cervical lymphadenopathy with onset 7-10 days from the start of dosing, suggesting an immune mechanism. 7. The acute increase in oxygen affinity with tucaresol is physiologically well-tolerated, but the utility of tucaresol in the management of sickle cell disease will depend on the identification of a dosing regimen with a lower incidence of drug allergy.     

比伐卢定序贯给药在中国健康受试者中的药代、药效及安全性研究

目的：探讨合理的比伐卢定临床序贯给药方案。方法：筛选健康受试者12名,给予比伐卢定0．75mg／kg静脉推注后,1．75mg·kg^-1·h^-1的速度匀速静滴4h,不同时间点采集血样,测定血药浓度、活性凝血时间（ACT）及凝血功能,计算药代动力学、药效学参数,同时观察试验期间的不良事件。结果：序贯给药期间药-时曲线与时-效曲线吻合良好,ACT稳定在220～240S,药效动力学符合M—Mequation模型。试验期间未出现严重不良事件,凝血功能于停药后24h恢复至正常水平。结论：比伐卢定序贯给药（0．75mg／kg静脉推注后,1．75mg·kg^-1·h^-1静滴）的药效及安全性能够满足临床要求。     

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil following sublingual and oral administration to healthy volunteers.

1. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of verapamil administered via the oral and sublingual routes were compared in a randomised, two-way cross-over study involving six healthy male volunteers. 2. Administered sublingually, a verapamil 40 mg (Securon) crushed tablet produced a significantly higher peak plasma concentration (P less than 0.05), a greater rate of absorption (P less than 0.05), and greater bioavailability (P less than 0.05) when compared with orally administered verapamil 40 mg (Securon). 3. In comparison with oral dosing, PR intervals were significantly (P less than 0.05) prolonged between 30 and 90 min after sublingual verapamil dosing. 4. Correlations between log plasma verapamil concentration and percentage increase in PR interval were greater after sublingual compared with oral dosing in all volunteers.     

丙泊酚注射液在中国健康志愿者中的药动/药效学研究

目的：丙泊酚是临床上广泛使用的短效静脉麻醉药,本文通过研究丙泊酚的药动学和药效学特征,从而评价国产丙泊酚注射液与进口产品的治疗等效性。方法：采用随机、双盲、两周期、交叉试验设计。共入组受试者24名,于不同周期分别给予试验制剂或对照药,周期间的洗脱期为7d。受试者在心电、脑电监护的情况下给药,给药前2min至用药后15min实时记录脑电双频指数（BIS值）、听觉诱发电位指数（AAI）、心率、呼吸、血压、血氧饱和度,记录麻醉时间。采用HPLC—Flu法测定血浆药物浓度。试验过程中记录不良事件。结果：共23名受试者完成本试验,试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药动学参数如下：Cmax分别为2．284和2．452mg／L;tmax分别为4和4min;AUC0-t分别为0．706和0．423mg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分另U为0．471和0．506mg·h·L-1两制剂间的相对生物利用度为93．1％。试验制剂与参比制剂的主要药效学参数如下：BISmin分别为51and53;AAImin分别为18和20;BISAUC0-15min分别为373．4和342．7;AAIAUC0-15min。分别为892．5和850．5。结论：国产丙泊酚注射液与进口产品在药动学及药效学均具有等效性,且安全性良好,故认为二者具治疗等效性。     

丙泊酚注射液在中国健康受试者的药代动力学和药效学

目的：评价丙泊酚中/长链脂肪乳注射液在中国男性健康受试者中的药代动力学和药效学。方法随机、双盲、两阶段两药的自身交叉阳性对照试验设计。20名中国男性健康受试者单次静脉注射试验药物或参比药物2 mg· kg-1,用HPLC-MS/MS法测定血药浓度,比较2药物的药代动力学（ PK）和药效学（ PD）参数差异;测定脑电双频谱指数（ BIS）;并观察试验期间不良事件。结果20名受试者均完成试验。丙泊酚符合三室模型,单次静脉注射试验药物或参比药物后,药代动力学参数如下：tmax分别为（2.25±0.44）,（2.25±0.44）min;t1/2分别为（1.94±0.45）,（1.89±0.36）h;cmax分别为（6.53±1.91）,（6.41±1.77）μg· mL-1;AUC0-t分别为（1.53±0.24）,（1.57±0.26）μg· mL-1· h。试验药物和参比药物的相对生物利用度（F）为（101.10±12.06）％。给药后最小BIS值出现时间（tmin-BIS）分别为（2.90±0.79）,（2.95±0.69）min,BISAUC（0-25 min）分别为1904.2±129.9,1914.1±170.7。试验期间未发生严重不良事件。结论丙泊酚在中国男性健康受试者中的药代动力学具有消除快的特点,给药后BIS值变化迅速,且与血药浓度变化保持较好的相关性。     

聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子注射液在健康志愿者中的药动学和药效学研究

目的研究聚乙二醇化重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子(PEG-G-CSF)注射液在健康人体单次给药的药动学(PK)和药效学(PD)特征,评价其PK/PD相关性。方法采用单中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验设计,36例健康受试者分别单次sc PEG-G-CSF注射液30、60、100、200μg/kg,分别于给药前(0 h),给药后1、3、6、8、10、12、24、48、72、96、120、144、192、240、312、408 h采肘静脉血,双抗体夹心酶联免疫分析(ELISA)法检测血清药物浓度,所有血药浓度–时间数据采用DAS3.2.4药动学程序软件进行处理,用非房室模型拟合计算药动学参数,t_(max)、C_(max)采用实测值;AUC采用梯形法计算。并同步监测血清绝对中性粒细胞计数(ANC)。结果在30~100μg/kg剂量范围内t_(max)较为恒定,为8.0~12.4 h;当给药剂量升至200μg/kg时,t_(max)后移至24.0 h;C_(max)和AUC_(0～408h)随剂量递增而呈更大比例增大,即当剂量增加约7倍时,C_(max)和AUC_(0～408h)分别增大14、26倍。各剂量组t1/2Z较为一致(约61 h)。血清中的ANC水平与给药前比较均有显著升高,ANC的达峰时间(t_(max)(ANC))随着剂量增加而延长,且明显滞后于血药浓度的t_(max);ANC的峰浓度(C_(max)(ANC))和随时间变化曲线下面积(AUC_(0～408h)(ANC))与给药剂量的相关性不甚明显。给药后1周内血液中ANC一直维持在较高水平范围内,而血清中PEG-G-CSF的浓度在8~24 h达到峰值,较PD的达峰时间早。结论健康受试者单次sc PEG-G-CSF注射液30~200μg/kg呈现非线性动力学特征。在血液中的清除主要经嗜中性粒细胞受体介导,并且具有自我调节的清除机制。与非PEG化的rh G-CSF比较,PEG-G-CSF显示了其在体内的长效特性。