泪囊CT造影研究

目的:探讨鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻内造口术前泪囊CT造影的意义。方法:10例(20侧)健康志愿者、12例(24侧)慢性泪囊炎患者术前均进行了泪囊CT轴位及冠状位造影检查。结果:根据筛窦气化程度不同,将泪囊与筛窦的解剖关系分三种类型:Ⅰ型为前组筛窦前界位于泪后嵴之后,Ⅱ型为前组筛窦气化达泪颌缝,Ⅲ型为前组筛窦前端超过泪颌缝达泪前嵴,在轴位层面观察结果为Ⅰ型12侧(27.3％)、Ⅱ型18侧(40.9％)、Ⅲ型14侧(31.8％);12例患者冠状层面观察泪道阻塞部位均为泪囊与鼻泪管的移行处,11例泪囊形态正常或扩大,1例双侧泪囊瘢痕挛缩。结论:术前泪囊CT造影检查对鼻内窥镜下泪囊鼻内造口术中选择适当造口位置具有重要指导意义。     

与鼻内窥镜下鼻腔泪囊造孔术有关的前筛窦应用解剖

本文对６０具成人尸头有鼻内窥镜鼻腔泪囊造孔术的前筛窦解剖进行了研究，根据前筛窦与泪囊窝的解剖关系将前筛窦气房气化范围分为三度，结果为属Ｉ度者有２３．３３％，Ⅱ度者有５７．５０％，Ⅲ度者有１９．１７％。这种分度法对鼻内鼻腔泪囊造孔术具有临床指导意义。     

鼻内鼻窦手术损伤泪道的解剖学分析

为了减少或避免易内鼻窦手术损伤泥道，在20具成人尸头标本上，观测泪道与鼻腔外侧壁的毗邻关系。发现前筛气房与泪囊窝关系密切，气房侵及泪骨占87．5％；鼻泪管与钩突上端游离线之间距离为6.74±1．72mm，距离筛漏斗前界3．44±0．75mm，距上颌窦鼻内开口为5．50±3．73mm。鼻泪管开四位于下鼻道前端鼻甲附着处。研究表明，前筛房、钩突切除和上颌窦鼻内开窗手术范围，如果过于向前，容易损伤泪道。     

额窦鼻腔开口的解剖观察

本研究对１６具成人尸头的额窦鼻腔开口进行观察,结果发现额窦开口的位置因筛泡基板前上端与筛顶连接位置的不同而分为两种类型。Ⅰ型,额窦与侧窦相交通,开口于上半月裂,占２１．８％;Ⅱ型,额窦鼻腔开口于前组筛窦,占７８．２％,其中开口于筛漏斗的占４３．８％,开口于额隐窝及其气房的占３４．４％。本次研究的目的是明确额窦鼻腔开口的位置,为内窥镜下功能性额窦手术提供解剖学指导。     

额窦鼻腔开口的解剖观察

本研究对１６具成人尸头的额窦鼻腔开口进行观察，结果发现额窦开口的位置因筛泡基板前上端与筛顶连接位置的不同而分为两种类型。Ⅰ型，额窦与侧窦相交通，开口于上半月裂，占２１．８％；Ⅱ型，额窦鼻腔开口于前组筛窦，占７８．２％，其中开口于筛漏斗的占４３．８％，开口于额隐窝及其气房的占３４．４％，本次研究的目的是明确额窦鼻腔开口的位置。为内容镜下功能性额窦手术提供解剖学指导。     

正确接近鼻泪引流系统的关键结构——鼻丘气房和钩突

泪囊系统的边界包括前筛气房、上颌骨额突、下鼻甲及泪骨。泪囊鼻腔吻合手术(dacryocysto-rhinostomy,DCR)时发现鼻丘和钩突常阻挡进入泪囊窝的入路,了解这些关键解剖结构与泪囊的关系对于手术非常重要。作者对DCR及鼻窦手术患者共60侧的CT     

泪囊窝与毗邻结构解剖关系的CT影像学研究

目的　研究泪囊窝与毗邻结构的解剖学关系。方法　收集79例泪道阻塞患者的鼻窦CT,在中鼻甲前端鼻腔外侧壁附着处最低点水平位,测量泪囊窝泪前后嵴的距离,测量泪囊窝内侧壁上颌骨额突的厚度,观察泪囊窝上颌骨额突的走形。在中鼻甲前端鼻腔外侧壁附着处以下平面,观察钩突与泪囊窝鼻腔外侧壁投影的关系。结果　发现泪囊窝泪前后脊距离为3.5～13.1 mm[（7.84±1.78）mm],泪囊窝内侧壁上颌骨额突厚度为0.4～8.8 mm[（2.57±1.30）mm],上颌骨额突向内型占49.48%,向外型占0.52%。中鼻甲前端鼻腔外侧壁附着以下平面,钩突附着处位于泪囊窝鼻腔外侧壁投影后方者占6.98%;位于泪囊窝鼻腔外侧壁投影之中者占89.53%;前方者3例占3.49%。结论　术前通过鼻窦CT可以准确定位泪囊在鼻腔的投影,选择合适的鼻黏膜切口位置,判断手术难易,减少并发症。     

慢性鼻-鼻窦炎筛窦骨质病理形态学改变及其相关因素分析

目的:研究慢性鼻-鼻窦炎(CRS)筛窦骨质病理形态学改变的相关因素。方法:CRS患者180例,其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型各60例,鼻内镜手术中取带有筛窦黏膜的筛骨标本送病理苏木精-伊红染色,对其病理形态学改变严重程度进行分级。统计不同临床分型其病理分级的例数及所占比率。分析筛窦骨质病理改变严重程度与筛窦黏膜病理改变程度、筛窦CT分型、病程长短及是否有手术史的关系。结果:所有患者筛窦骨质发生不同程度的病理形态学改变。病理分级:Ⅰ级5例(2.78%),Ⅱ级38例(21.11%),Ⅲ级71例(39.44%),Ⅳ级66例(36.67%)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型的筛骨病理分级结果:Ⅰ型,Ⅰ级5例(8.33%),Ⅱ级33例(55.00%),Ⅲ级15例(25.00%),Ⅳ级7例(11.67%);Ⅱ型,Ⅱ级5例(8.33%),Ⅲ级37例(61.67%),Ⅳ级18例(30.00%);Ⅲ型,Ⅲ级19例(31.67%),Ⅳ级41例(68.33%)。180例CRS患者不同临床分型、筛窦黏膜病理改变严重程度、不同筛窦CT分型、病程长短及是否有手术史与筛窦骨质病理分级均差异有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论:CRS筛窦骨质发生不同程度的病理形态学改变,其...     

内镜下单鼻孔入路解剖训练流程的探讨

目的探索单鼻孔入路解剖训练流程的设计原则与应用，旨在利用最少的尸头标本，完成尽可能多的临床手术解剖训练。指导初学者进行高效的训练，缩短学习曲线。方法流程的设计原则为：①前次手术暴露但不损伤后续手术的结构；②用一侧标本完成尽可能多的临床手术训练；③根据临床常用径路，设计分步操作；④临床上需要双鼻孔入路完成的手术暂不纳入本流程，故一侧全部完成后，对侧鼻腔结构无损伤。采用5例新鲜硅胶灌注尸头的双侧验证并完成流程，采用Storz公司0°，4 mm鼻内镜及HD IMAGE 1高清摄录系统全程录像。结果按上述原则设计单鼻孔入路解剖流程，可经同一侧鼻孔按顺序完成19项解剖操作。操作靶区集中在泪囊、鼻窦、翼腭窝及颞下窝。依次为：①钩突的精细切除术；②泪囊造口术；③Draf I型及Draf IIa型手术；④前组筛窦开放术；⑤后组筛窦开放术；⑥蝶窦开放术；⑦蝶腭动脉凝扎术；⑧制作HB瓣；⑨下鼻道开窗；⑩Draf IIb型手术；制作游离中鼻甲黏膜瓣；翼腭窝及经中鼻道部分颞下窝前壁开放术；泪前隐窝入路；经泪前隐窝部分颞下窝前壁开放术；内镜下改良Denker入路；经Denker入路颞下窝前壁开放术；上颌窦内侧壁切除术；翼腭窝手术；颞下窝手术。本流程可在10侧标本中重复，所用时间亦随操作次数增加而缩短。结论本流程设计思路清晰，特点鲜明，可重复性高，可作为鼻颅底解剖学习的参考，值得推广和使用。     

鼻内镜鼻窦手术前筛窦颅底高度的CT评估价值

目的 探讨内镜鼻窦手术前应用CT评估筛窦颅底高度的价值。 方法 选取就诊于我院的100例共200侧的鼻窦冠状CT扫描图像,测量筛前动脉水平的筛顶中点至眶水平中线的距离,根据测量数据进行分型,同时进行Keros分型,用皮尔森相关系数来确定两者之间是否存在相关性。 结果 筛前动脉管水平的筛顶中点至眶水平中线的距离作为筛窦颅底高度。根据筛窦颅底的高度进行分型,其中Ⅰ型即筛窦颅底高度>7 mm(高位颅底)占44%(88/200),Ⅱ型即筛窦颅底高度介于4~7 mm(中位颅底)占41%(82/200),Ⅲ型即筛窦颅底高度<4 mm(低位颅底)占15%(30/200)。按Keros方法进行测量并分型,Ⅰ型占37%(74/200),Ⅱ型占52%(104/200),Ⅲ型占11%(22/200);Keros分型与筛窦颅底高度之间的皮尔森相关系数为0.384(P<0.001),Keros分型与筛窦颅底高度呈弱相关性。 结论 筛窦颅底高度存在明显差异,术前进行CT影像评估,可有效识别低颅底变异,有助于避免颅底损伤,进而减少内镜手术并发症。     

The maxillary line: anatomic characterization and clinical utility of an important surgical landmark

OBJECTIVES: The maxillary line is a mucosal projection along the lateral nasal wall that serves as a landmark for endoscopic sinus and orbital procedures. The anatomic relations of this structure are not well described. We sought to define the anatomy of the maxillary line and explore its clinical utility. STUDY DESIGN: Cadaver dissection/case series. METHODS: Twenty-five cadaveric nasal specimens were dissected. Extranasal and intranasal measurements of structures including the lacrimal crests, sac and duct, the suture line between the maxillary and lacrimal bones, and the maxillary sinus ostium were taken. The mid-point of the maxillary line, termed the "M point," was used for reference. The distance from the nasal sill to the M point was measured in 30 consecutive clinic patients. RESULTS: The maxillary line corresponded intranasally to the junction of the uncinate and maxilla and extranasally to the suture line between the lacrimal bone and maxilla within the lacrimal fossa. This suture was approximately half way between the anterior and posterior crests. Axially, the plane of the M point corresponded to the superior margin of the maxillary sinus ostium posteriorly (average 10 mm) and was just inferior to the lacrimal sac-duct junction anteriorly. In live subjects, the M point was approximately 3.9 cm from the nasal sill in women and 4.8 cm in men. CONCLUSION: Understanding the conserved relationships of the maxillary line and M point with adjacent nasal and orbital structures will ensure the complete removal of the uncinate process during uncinectomy and promote safe and ample exposure of the lacrimal sac during endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy.     

泪囊鼻腔吻合术中泪骨的定位测量

目的:探讨泪骨在泪囊鼻腔吻合术中的重要意义。方法:测量10具(男5具,女5具)成人尸头鼻腔外侧壁上泪骨的长、宽、厚,观察钩突、上颌线和M点(上颌线的中点)的解剖位置。结果:泪骨在鼻腔外侧壁位于钩突的前方,骨质菲薄,所测量的长、宽、厚的平均值分别为9.23、3.63和0.06 mm。结论:使用咬钳可以咬除泪骨,进一步开放泪囊内壁骨质,同时避免使用电钻,减小创伤。钩突、上颌线及M点可作为术中可靠的定位标志。     

泪囊窝的应用解剖研究

目的 :明确泪囊窝的解剖学特点 ,为鼻内镜下鼻腔泪囊造孔术提供参考。方法 :对 2 3具 (4 6侧 )成人尸头泪囊窝的骨性结构构成及骨壁的厚度和倾斜角度进行测量。结果 :泪囊窝中部的骨性构成中上颌骨额突所占比例略大于泪骨 ,且变异较大 ;泪囊窝后壁与冠状面呈大约 2 0°的倾角。结论 :在鼻内镜鼻腔泪囊造孔术中 ,应对眶壁行CT检查 ,以明确不同类型泪囊窝骨性构成情况下手术可能遇到的问题 ,防止术中眶内并发症或由于造孔过小导致术后鼻泪管阻塞 ,症状不能缓解     

The anatomy of the lacrimal bone at the lateral wall of the nose: its significance to the lacrimal surgeon

The position, dimension and thickness of the exposed lacrimal bone at the lateral nasal wall in 10 cadaveric half-heads were examined. In all cases, the lacrimal bone at the lateral nasal wall was found to be just anterior to the mid-third of the uncinate process. The average length and width was 7.4 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively. In nine of the 10 half-heads, the lacrimal bone was very thin with an average thickness of 57 mm. In all the cases, the position of the lacrimal passage covered by the lacrimal bone corresponded to the postero-medial aspect of the upper lacrimal duct and the lower lacrimal sac. This study shows that the uncinate process is a reliable landmark for the lacrimal bone in endoscopic nasal surgery. The paper-thin lacrimal bone allows a bone rongeur to infracture through and nibble away the bony covering of the lacrimal sac in a dacryocystorhinostomy.     

The anatomy of the lacrimal bone at the lateral wall of the nose: its significance to the lacrimal surgeon.

The position, dimension and thickness of the exposed lacrimal bone at the lateral nasal wall in 10 cadaveric half-heads were examined. In all cases, the lacrimal bone at the lateral nasal wall was found to be just anterior to the mid-third of the uncinate process. The average length and width was 7.4 mm and 2.5 mm, respectively. In nine of the 10 half-heads, the lacrimal bone was very thin with an average thickness of 57 mm. In all the cases, the position of the lacrimal passage covered by the lacrimal bone corresponded to the postero-medial aspect of the upper lacrimal duct and the lower lacrimal sac. This study shows that the uncinate process is a reliable landmark for the lacrimal bone in endoscopic nasal surgery. The paper-thin lacrimal bone allows a bone rongeur to infracture through and nibble away the bony covering of the lacrimal sac in a dacryocystorhinostomy.     

Eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis of the lacrimal sac

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Chronic sinusitis is a condition affecting millions of individuals each year. Recent findings indicate that chronic rhinosinusitis is a response to fungi mediated by the eosinophil in some of these individuals. We report a case of eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis of the lacrimal sac, an entity not previously reported. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. METHODS: A 69-year-old man presented with a 1-cm cystic lesion in the right-side medial canthal region. This lesion was fluctuant, and mucoid material was freely expressed from the medial canthal area. Endoscopic examination revealed bilateral nasal polyps anteriorly and superiorly with mucopurulent drainage from both maxillary sinuses. He had undergone three prior sinus surgeries and two prior lacrimal cannulations elsewhere. A computed tomography scan showed opacification of both maxillary sinuses, ethmoid sinuses, and the left sphenoid sinus and moderate thickening in the frontal sinuses. There was significant soft tissue prominence in the area of both lacrimal fossae with erosion into the medial orbit. The patient underwent bilateral endoscopic revision ethmoidectomies, middle meatal antrostomies, sphenoidotomies, frontal sinusotomies, and endoscopic right-side dacryocystorhinostomy at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN). RESULTS: At the time of surgery, massive amounts of thick mucoid material were aspirated from both lacrimal regions. The aspiration of the lacrimal duct on the left side was sufficient treatment, whereas the dacryocystorhinostomy was necessary to decompress the cyst of the face on the right side. The material aspirated was allergic mucin, and the patient met the criteria for diagnosing eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis. The patient was started on a regimen of antifungal nasal irrigations postoperatively and has done well in follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Although never previously reported, eosinophilic fungal rhinosinusitis can occur in the lacrimal sac. It is important to recognize this so that the underlying disease process can be treated appropriately.     

骨性鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的毗邻解剖影像学研究

目的采用鼻窦CT研究骨性鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的毗邻解剖关系。方法收集206例无明显上颌窦病变的鼻窦CT,观察骨性鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的关系,将鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的毗邻关系分为融合型和分离型,上颌窦前壁内侧壁夹角相对于鼻泪管的位置分为前方型和外侧型。结果骨性鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的关系融合型占40.05%,分离型占59.95%。男女之间没有统计学差异,左右侧不一致率为16.02%。上颌窦前壁内侧壁夹角前方型64.08%,外侧型35.92%。融合型中前方型15.76%,外侧型84.24%,分离型中前方型97.17%,外侧型2.92%。结论骨性鼻泪管中下段与上颌窦前壁的毗邻关系表现为不同类型,对选择手术方案具有参考价值。     

钩突上端和鼻丘气房的解剖学和影像学观察

目的 通过观察钩突上端和鼻丘气房的解剖关系，进一步阐明鼻丘径路鼻内镜下额窦开放手术的解剖学基础。方法 鼻内解剖标志完整的成人颅骨21个（42侧）和成人尸头1个，①鼻内镜观察颅骨钩突前上端与中鼻甲和鼻腔外侧壁的毗邻关系；②16排螺旋CT扫描（层距0．300mm，层厚0．625mm）结合三维重建技术（层厚0．625mm），观察颅骨钩突前上端与鼻丘气房的关系，以及钩突上端的附着点，同时测量鼻丘气房的前后径、横径和高度；③火棉胶包埋后冠状位薄层（100μm）断层经苏木精伊红染色后，观察成人尸头钩突前上端的毗邻关系。结果 ①鼻内镜下中鼻甲垂直板前缘中部与钩突前缘上部相互融合，在中鼻道前端顶部与鼻腔外侧壁间形成骨性穹隆；钩突前上缘除附着于上颌骨额突（42侧，100％）外，多数还同时附着于上颌骨额突后方的泪骨（33侧，78．6％）。②冠状位CT显示钩突上端的附着点可位于眶内壁、颅底或中鼻甲（垂直板）上，单一钩突上端附着点的位置，多数位于眶内壁上（33．3％），额窦在该平面经钩突上端内侧引流人中鼻道；其余附着于颅底（9．5％），额窦在该平面经钩突上端外侧引流入筛漏斗。2个附着点的钩突，多数附着于眶内壁和颅底（31．0％）；少数附着于眶内壁和中鼻甲（21．4％）。③多数鼻丘（90．5％）含1～2个气房，钩突参与组成鼻丘气房的内、下和上壁，左侧和右侧钩突的横径、高度以及前后径均无显著性差异。④尸头冠状位连续断层的观察结果与鼻内镜下和CT观察结果一致。结论 钩突上端参与组成鼻丘气房，并与中鼻甲前端形成骨性连接。通过开放鼻丘气房可从前下部疏通额窦引流通道。