瓷表面不同处理方法及粘结剂对全瓷剪切强度的影响

目的:观察喷砂、酸蚀及硅烷偶联剂等表面处理方法对热压铸陶瓷,玻璃渗透陶瓷和氧化锆陶瓷与不同种粘结剂的粘结强度的影响。方法:样本分为热压铸陶瓷组,渗透陶瓷组和氧化锆陶瓷组。分别应用不同表面处理方法和粘结剂,测其剪切强度。结果:方差分析表明,热压铸陶瓷组中酸蚀涂硅烷树脂粘结组粘结强度最高,渗透陶瓷组中喷砂玻璃离子粘结组粘结强度最高,氧化锆陶瓷组中喷砂玻璃离子粘结组粘结强度最高。结论:应用常规树脂粘结剂粘固热压铸陶瓷修复体取得较好的粘固效果,采用酸蚀和硅烷偶联剂的表面处理,可取得最大粘结强度。     

表面处理及不同水门汀材料对纤维桩粘固性能影响的研究

目的：评价酸蚀一喷砂处理以及4种不同水门汀材料Fuji I（FUI）、Fuji Cem（FUC）、RelyX Unicem（RX—U）、RelyXARC（RXA））对纤维桩粘固性能的影响。方法：选取80颗无龋坏单根管人前磨牙,根据对应纤维桩表面处理与否随机分为2组,进而根据粘接材料的不同分为4个亚组。常规根管充填和桩道预备后,分别选用4种水门汀材料将表面处理前后的玻璃纤维桩粘接到预备根管内;观察纤维桩表面及每组试件粘接界面扫描电镜（SEM）下微观形貌,测试即刻拉出强度（pull—outtest）。结果：表面处理前后纤维桩的各水门汀材料拉出强度以RXA组最高,随后依次为RXU、FUC、FUI组,且各组间均相差显著（P〈0．05）;纤维桩表面处理后与各水门汀材料的拉出强度较之处理前均显著提高（P〈0．05）：SEM观察显示：表面处理后纤维桩的表面粗糙度纤维暴露数量均有明显增加;表面处理前后各组粘接界面微观形貌存在差异,各组的粘接界面均较处理前更致密。结论：酸蚀一喷砂处理纤维桩表面后可以提高其与不同水门汀材料的粘接固位力。     

Effect of ceramic surface treatment on the shear bond strengths of two resin luting agents to all-ceramic materials

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strengths of some resin luting cements of two different all ceramic materials (In-Ceram, IPS-Empress). Composite cylinders 3.2 x 2 mm were prepared on the ceramic surfaces for a shear test. Four ceramic surface treatments were performed. (i). As received, (ii). grinding with diamond bur, (iii). sandblasting with 50 microm alumina grit and (iv). HF acid treatment and sandblasting with 50 microm alumina grit. Ceramic specimens were treated with one of the four methods and then cemented together with each of the two luting agents. The tested luting cements were Panavia F and Clearfil Se Bond (CSeB). The CSeB demonstrated the highest bond strength (59.95 MPa) regardless of the ceramic blocks. The average of load to fracture the In-Ceram blocks luted with Panavia F cement was 25.89 MPa. The mean shear bond strength of IPS Empress blocks luted with Panavia F cement was 10.31 MPa. Grinding the surface with a diamond bur for In-Ceram blocks luted with Panavia-F was 30.93 MPa and with CSeB was 77.04 MPa. For IPS-Empress blocks these values decreased to 12.39 MPa for Panavia-F and 30.84 MPa for CSeB. Acid etching of the surfaces with HF acid demonstrated a weak tendency to improve bond strength (In-Ceram-->Panavia-F= 14.59 MPa and CSeB=59.32 Mpa; IPS-Empress--> Panavia-F=5.85 MPa and CSeB= 23.33 MPa).     

Bond strength of luting cements to zirconium oxide ceramics

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to determine the bond strength of some resin luting cements to zirconia ceramic. The hypothesis was that adhesive bonding capacity is influenced by different surface pretreatments designed for milled ceramic inlays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Composite cylinders 5 mm x 5 mm were light cured on the ceramic surfaces for a shear test conducted in a test jig. Five surface treatments were studied: as received (from the milling machine), sandblasting with either 250- or 50-micron alumina sand, hydrofluoric acid treatment, and grinding with diamond burs. The tested luting cements were Panavia 21, Twinlook, and Superbond C&B. RESULTS: All debonding occurred at the interface between ceramic and composite cement. Superbond demonstrated the highest bond strength regardless of the surface treatments. Grinding the surface with diamond burs improved the bonding slightly for Twinlook and Panavia 21 and also showed the roughest texture. Washing with hydrofluoric acid had no significant influence on bond strength. CONCLUSION: Bond strengths for Twinlook and Pananvia 21 were quite low, and only Superbond showed a bond strength reasonably acceptable for clinical use; however, as no standard for bond strength has been established for inlay therapy, the other cements cannot be rejected as luting cements for inlays.     

Adhesion between fiber posts and resin luting agents: a microtensile bond strength test and an SEM investigation following different treatments of the post surface

PURPOSE: (1) To evaluate the interfacial strength between FRC Postec posts and three luting agents (Multilink, Variolink II, and MultiCore Flow) following different surface treatments, and (2) to observe the effect of sandblasting (Rocatec Pre) on the surface morphology of methacrylate-based fiber posts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The posts received one of the following surface treatments: (1) sandblasting, (2) sandblasting + silanization, (3) silanization or (4) no treatment. The three luting agents were bonded to the post and the post-cement bond strength was evaluated with the microtensile test. SEM observation of sandblasted and nontreated posts was performed. Post-cement interfaces were also evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed with two-Way ANOVA with post treatment and luting agent as factors. Tukey's test was applied for post-hoc comparisons. RESULTS: Post treatment and the interaction between type of luting agent and type of post treatment were significant factors for bond strength (p < 0.001). The type of luting agent did not significantly influence bond strength (p = 0.07). Sandblasting + silanization performed better than sandblasting or no treatment (p < 0.001). Silanization resulted in significantly higher bond strengths than no treatment (p = 0.045). No differences were detected between sandblasting + silanization and silanization. SEM observation revealed an increased surface roughness and exposure of fibers in sandblasted posts. CONCLUSION: Silanization was confirmed to be a reliable method for improving the bond strength of resin luting agents to fiber posts. Bond strength of resin luting agents to fiber posts was not influenced by the type of luting agent. The sandblasting procedure modified the methacrylate-based post surface texture.     

Bonding to densely sintered alumina surfaces: effect of sandblasting and silica coating on shear bond strength of luting cements

PURPOSE: An important determinant of the clinical success of ceramic restorations is the bond strength of the luting agent to the seating surface and the prepared tooth structures. Manufacturers of ceramic systems frequently specify both the luting agent and preluting treatment of the seating surface of the crown. Procera AllCeram is an all-ceramic crown comprising a porcelain-veneered coping of densely sintered, high-purity aluminum oxide. This study evaluated the shear bond strength of 4 luting agents: zinc-phosphate, glass-ionomer, resin-modified glass-ionomer, and resin cement (dual cured) to Procera aluminum oxide coping material. The luting agents were subjected to different surface treatments: untreated, sandblasted, or silica coated by the Rocatec system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindric and cubic specimens of the coping material were luted together, and the shear force necessary to separate the cylinder from the cube was measured with a universal testing machine. The surfaces of the specimens were also analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were recorded for the shear bond strengths of the luting agents to the untreated aluminum oxide. Glass-ionomer and the resin-modified glass-ionomer cements had the highest values (4.2 +/- 2.5 MPa and 4.3 +/- 1.9 MPa, respectively), and the lowest were 3.3 +/- 2.3 MPa for the resin cement and 3.2 +/- 1.0 MPa for the zinc-phosphate cement. Similar results were recorded for the sandblasted aluminum oxide surfaces, except with the glass-ionomer, which was significantly higher (12.9 +/- 2.4 MPa). For all 4 luting agents, the highest shear bond strength values were recorded for the silica-coated specimens; the highest was for the resin cement, at 36.2 +/- 7.8 MPa. CONCLUSION: The bond strengths between resin cement and aluminum oxide specimens treated by the Rocatec system were significantly higher than those of the other materials and surface treatments evaluated.     

Influence of glazed zirconia on dual-cure luting agent bond strength

The current study evaluated the influence of a novel surface treatment that uses a low-fusing porcelain glaze for promoting a bond between zirconia-based ceramic and a dual-cure resin luting agent. Bond strengths were compared with those from airborne particle abrasion, hydrofluoric acid etching, and silanization-treated surfaces. Twenty-four yttrium-stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Cercon Smart Ceramics, Degudent, Hanau, Germany) discs were fabricated and received eight surface treatments: group 1: 110 μm aluminum oxide air-borne particle abrasion; group 2: 110 μm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion and silane; group 3: 50 μm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion; group 4: 50 pm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion and silane; group 5: glaze and hydrofluoric acid;group 6: glaze, hydrofluoric acid, and silane;group 7: glaze and 50 pm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion; and group 8: glaze,50 pm aluminum oxide airborne particle abrasion and silane. After treatment, Enforce resin cement (Dentsply, Caulk, Milford, DE, USA) was used to fill an iris cut from microbore Tygontubing that was put on the ceramic surface to create 30 cylinders of resin cement in each treatment group (n=30). Micro shear bond test-ing was performed at a cross head speed of 0.5mm/min. One-way analysis of variance, and multiple comparisons were made using Tukey's test (p<0.5). The bond strength was affected only by surface treatments other than silanization. The groups that utilized the low-fusing porcelain glaze with airborne particle abrasion or hydrofluoric acid showed bond strength values statistically superior to groups that utilized conventional airborne particle abrasion treatments with 50 or 110 pm aluminum oxide (p<0.001). The treatment that utilized low-fusing porcelain glaze and hydrofluoric acid showed bond strength values statistically superior to remaining groups (p<0.001). Treatment of zirconia ceramic surfaces with a glaze of low-fusing porcelain significantly increased the bond strength of a dual-cure resin luting agent to the ceramic surface.     

Shear bond strengths of various luting cements to zirconia ceramic: surface chemical aspects

Objectives

To measure the shear bond strengths of various luting cements to a sandblasted zirconia ceramic and to determine the surface energy parameters of the luting cements.

Methods

Two conventional glass ionomer cements, two resin-modified glass ionomer cements, two compomer cements, and two adhesive resin cements were prepared and bonded to sandblasted zirconia (Lava). All bonded specimens were stored in water at 37 °C for 48 h and then half of them additionally thermocycled 10,000 times prior to the shear bond strength test (n = 10). Surface roughness (R_a) values and surface energy parameters of the eight luting cements and polished zirconia ceramic were evaluated using a profilometer and contact angle measurements, respectively (n = 10). The bond strength and surface roughness data were statistically analysed using non-parametric and parametric procedures, respectively (α = 0.05). Relationships between surface energy parameters and measured shear bond strengths were investigated using the Spearman rank correlation test.

Results

Panavia F 2.0 and Principle produced higher bond strengths than the other cements, with no significant changes before and after thermocycling. Fuji I, Ketac Cem Easymix, and Ionotite F yielded near-zero or zero values after thermocycling. All debonded specimens showed adhesive failure. Mean R_a values ranged from 0.104 to 0.167 μm. We found the base (hydrogen bond accepting) components of the luting cements significantly affected the bond strengths both before and after thermocycling.

Conclusion

It is recommended that the surface energy parameters of luting cements be considered in evaluating their adhesive properties with zirconia ceramic.     

The influence of surface treatment and luting cement on in vitro behavior of two-unit cantilever resin-bonded bridges.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to find the optimal combination of surface pretreatment and luting cement for two-unit CoCr cantilever resin-bonded bridges. METHODS: Tensile peel, load and torque strength tests were performed using flat ground bovine teeth as substrate, four different commercially available luting cements, and CoCr beams as simulated cantilever resin-bonded bridges. The CoCr beams were pretreated with sandblasting or Rocatec. Tensile peel, load and torque strengths were determined 72h after cementation. The effects of sandblasting and Rocatec pretreatments on the morphology of the CoCr surface was investigated with SEM and EDAX analysis. RESULTS: The average strengths of the three tests showed that Rely X ARC, Resiment and Panavia were the same and significantly lower than UniFix. Rocatec showed a significantly higher average bond strength than sandblasting considering all tests. The peel test, which showed the lowest failure values, is clinically the most relevant test. This test showed that only UniFix as luting cement with sandblasting as pretreatment generates a significantly higher bond strength compared with the other cements and pretreatments. SIGNIFICANCE: Based on the results of this study the use of Unifix with sandblasting as metal surface pretreatment, is preferred for cementation of two-unit CoCr cantilever resin-bonded bridges.     

Effect of surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of luting cement to ceramics

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of three different surface conditioning methods on the bond strength of a Bis-GMA based luting cement to six commercial dental ceramics. METHODS: Six disc shaped ceramic specimens (glass ceramics, glass infiltrated alumina, glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide reinforced alumina) were used for each test group yielding a total number of 216 specimens. The specimens in each group were randomly assigned to one of the each following treatment conditions: (1) hydrofluoric acid etching, (2) airborne particle abrasion, (3) tribochemical silica coating. The resin composite luting cement was bonded to the conditioned and silanized ceramics using polyethylene molds. All specimens were tested at dry and thermocycled (6.000, 5-55 degrees C, 30 s) conditions. The shear bond strength of luting cement to ceramics was measured in a universal testing machine (1 mm/min). RESULTS: In dry conditions, acid etched glass ceramics exhibited significantly higher results (26.4-29.4 MPa) than those of glass infiltrated alumina ceramics (5.3-18.1 MPa) or zirconium dioxide (8.1 MPa) (ANOVA, P<0.001). Silica coating with silanization increased the bond strength significantly for high-alumina ceramics (8.5-21.8 MPa) and glass infiltrated zirconium dioxide ceramic (17.4 MPa) compared to that of airborne particle abrasion (ANOVA, P<0.001). Thermocycling decreased the bond strengths significantly after all of the conditioning methods tested. SIGNIFICANCE: Bond strengths of the luting cement tested on the dental ceramics following surface conditioning methods varied in accordance with the ceramic types. Hydrofluoric acid gel was effective mostly on the ceramics having glassy matrix in their structures. Roughening the ceramic surfaces with air particle abrasion provided higher bond strengths for high-alumina ceramics and the values increased more significantly after silica coating/silanization.     

纳米硅涂层对玻璃渗透氧化铝陶瓷粘结强度的影响

目的：探讨利用溶胶凝胶法进行纳米硅涂层表面改性对玻璃渗透氧化铝陶瓷粘结强度的影响。方法：3组In-Ceram氧化铝瓷块分别施以“喷砂（P组）”、“喷砂＋硅烷偶联（PO组）”、“喷砂＋纳米硅涂层＋硅烷偶联（PTO）组）”的表面处理。制作陶瓷／复合树脂粘结体,室温下置蒸馏水中浸泡24h,微拉伸法测试各组试件粘结强度。结果：P组与PO组粘结强度较弱且无明显差异（P=0．797）,PTO组的粘结强度明显高于其他组（P〈0．05）。结论：通过溶胶凝胶法在喷砂表面制备纳米硅涂层后应用硅烷偶联剂可以显著提高In-Ceram氧化铝陶瓷的粘结强度。     

The effect of surface treatment on the shear bond strength of luting cement to a glass-infiltrated alumina ceramic

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three different surface treatments on the bond strength of four different luting cements--three bis-GMA-based resin cements and a compomer cement--to In-Ceram. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight In-Ceram samples were used for each experimental group. The samples were randomly assigned three treatment conditions: (1) etching for 90 seconds with 5% hydrofluoric acid gel, (2) sandblasting (110-micron Al2O3), and (3) tribochemical silica coating. All samples were silanated following the surface treatment. The luting cements were bonded to In-Ceram specimens using Teflon tubes. All samples were thermocycled for 5,000 cycles altering between 5 and 55 degrees C with 30-second dwell times. The shear bond strength values were measured in a universal testing machine with a cross-head speed of 1 mm/min. Analysis of variance was used to analyze data. RESULTS: The mean bond strengths varied between 1.2 and 24.7 MPa. CONCLUSION: Shear bond strength of compomer cement following tribochemical silica coating was significantly lower in comparison to resin cements. Luting of In-Ceram with various resins provided varying degrees of bond strengths that were significantly increased by the tribochemical silica-coating system.     

Effects of dental adhesive cement and surface treatment on bond strength and leakage of zirconium oxide ceramics

To evaluate the interactive influence of adhesive materials and surface treatments on bond strength of zirconium oxide ceramics, six types of adhesive resin cements (RelyX ARC (RA), Super-Bond C & B (SB), Linkmax (LM), Panavia Fluoro Cement (PF), Bistite II (BT), and Imperva Dual (ID)), three types of resin-reinforced glass ionomer cements (Xeno Cem Plus (XC), Vitremer Luting (VR), and Fuji Luting (FL)), as well as four types of surface treatments (# 600 polishing, sandblasting, silane, and Rocatec system) were used in this study. Results of this study indicated that all the tested adhesive materials treated with Rocatec system achieved the highest shear bond strength (31.9-67.1 MPa). In particular, the highest shear bond strength value of 67.1 MPa was found for Linkmax and Rocatec treatment combination, while the lowest shear bond strength value of 5.4 MPa was found for RelyX and # 600 polishing combination. Furthermore, results showed that Rocatec treatment was an effective way to prevent marginal leakage.     

Tensile bond strength of ceramic orthodontic brackets bonded to porcelain surfaces

The aim of this study was to compare various surface treatment methods to define the procedure that produces adequate bond strength between ceramic brackets and porcelain. The specimens used in this study, 60 porcelain tabs, were produced by duplication of the labial surface of a maxillary first premolar. The 6 different preparation procedures tested were: (1) sandblasting with 50 microm aluminum oxide in a sandblasting device, (2) application of silane to the porcelain and the bracket base, (3) sandblasting followed by application of silane, (4) acid etching with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid, (5) acid etching with 9.6% hydrofluoric acid followed by application of silane, and (6) sandblasting followed by application of 4-Meta adhesive. The ceramic brackets were bonded with no-mix orthodontic bonding material. A bonding force testing machine was used to determine tensile bond strengths at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm per second. The results of the study showed that porcelain surface preparation with acid etching followed by silane application resulted in a statistically significant higher tensile bond strength (P < .05). Sandblasting the porcelain surface before silane treatment provided similar bond strengths, but sandblasting or acid etching alone were less effective. Silane application was recommended to bond a ceramic bracket to the porcelain surface to achieve bond strengths that are clinically acceptable.     

Bonding of restorative materials to dentin with various luting agents

The aim was to compare eight types of luting agents when used to bond six indirect, laboratory restorative materials to dentin. Cylinders of the six restorative materials (Esteticor Avenir [gold alloy], Tritan [titanium], NobelRondo [feldspathic porcelain], Finesse All-Ceramic [leucite-glass ceramic], Lava [zirconia], and Sinfony [resin composite]) were ground and air-abraded. Cylinders of feldspathic porcelain and glass ceramic were additionally etched with hydrofluoric acid and were silane-treated. The cylinders were luted to ground human dentin with eight luting agents (DeTrey Zinc [zinc phosphate cement], Fuji I [conventional glass ionomer cement], Fuji Plus [resin-modified glass ionomer cement], Variolink II [conventional etch-and-rinse resin cement], Panavia F2.0 and Multilink [self-etch resin cements], and RelyX Unicem Aplicap and Maxcem [self-adhesive resin cements]). After water storage at 37°C for one week, the shear bond strength of the specimens (n=8/group) was measured, and the fracture mode was stereomicroscopically examined. Bond strength data were analyzed with two-factorial analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Newman-Keuls' Multiple Range Test (α=0.05). Both the restorative material and the luting agent had a significant effect on bond strength, and significant interaction was noted between the two variables. Zinc phosphate cement and glass ionomer cements produced the lowest bond strengths, whereas the highest bond strengths were found with the two self-etch and one of the self-adhesive resin cements. Generally, the fracture mode varied markedly with the restorative material. The luting agents had a bigger influence on bond strength between restorative materials and dentin than was seen with the restorative material.     

不同树脂水门汀和瓷表面处理对玻璃陶瓷粘结强度的影响

目的：评价4种不同的树脂水门汀以及2种不同的瓷表面处理方法对玻璃陶瓷粘结强度的影响。方法：选用IPse．Max Press热压铸瓷制作直径分别为5mm和4mm,高2mm的圆柱形瓷片。经打磨抛光后分为喇大组：（1）4％氢氟酸酸蚀40sec,（2）4％氢氟酸酸蚀40sec＋硅烷化处理1min。各组内分别选用VariolinkII,Multflink Sprint,RelyX Unicem,BisCem将大小瓷片成对粘固。再分别经37℃水储24h,以及水储后冷热循环5000次测定剪切强度,并用电镜观察瓷片表面形态。结果：硅烷化处理能明显提高粘结强度。经HF＋硅烷处理后Multflink Sprint（31．7±4．5MPa）,BisCem（29．2±4．4MPa）和RelyX Unicem（28．1±5．5MPa）3组显示出较VafiolinkII（21．8±4．2MPa）高的粘结强度。冷热循环后除硅烷处理且用VariolinkII和RelyX Unicem粘固的实验组外,其余各组粘结强度均显著下降。结论：4种树脂水门汀与经HF和硅烷联合处理的玻璃陶瓷问能达到理想的粘结强度。     

Effect of surface treatment on the initial bond strength of different luting cements to zirconium oxide ceramic

The objective of this study was to compare the shear bond strength to zirconium oxide ceramic of adhesive-phosphate-monomer-containing (APM) and non-APM-containing (nAPM) luting cements after different surface treatments. nAPM cements: Bifix QM, Dual Cement, Duo Cement Plus, Multilink Automix, ParaCem Universal DC, PermaCem Smartmix, RelyX ARC, Variolink Ultra, and Variolink II; APM cements: Panavia EX, Panavia F2.0, and RelyX UniCem. Groups of ten test specimens were each prepared by layering luting cement, using cylindrical Teflon molds, onto differently treated zirconium dioxide discs. The surface treatments were airborne-particle abrasion with 110 μm alumina particles, silica coating (SC) using 30 μm alumina particles modified by silica (Rocatec System) or SC and silanization. Bifix QM and Multilink Automix were used in combination with an additional bonding/priming agent recommended by the manufacturers. After 48 h of water storage, each specimen was subjected to a shear test. Combinations involving APM-containing cements (14.41–23.88 MPa) generally exhibited higher shear bond strength than those without APM (4.29–17.34 MPa). Exceptions were Bifix QM (14.20–25.11 MPa) and Multilink Automix (19.14–23.09 MPa) in combination with system-specific silane or priming agent, which were on the upper end of shear bond strength values. With the use of the Rocatec system, a partially significant increase in shear bond strength could be achieved in nAPM cement. Modified surface treatment modalities increased the bond strength to zirconium oxide, although the most important factor in achieving a strong bond was the selection of a suitable cement. System-specific priming or bonding agents lead to further improvement.     

Influence of ceramic surface conditioning and resin cements on microtensile bond strength to a glass ceramic

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: It is not clear how different glass ceramic surface pretreatments influence the bonding capacity of various luting agents to these surfaces. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the microtensile bond strength (microTBS) of 3 resin cements to a lithia disilicate-based ceramic submitted to 2 surface conditioning treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighteen 5 x 6 x 8-mm ceramic (IPS Empress 2) blocks were fabricated according to manufacturer's instructions and duplicated in composite resin (Tetric Ceram). Ceramic blocks were polished and divided into 2 groups (n=9/treatment): no conditioning (no-conditioning/control), or 5% hydrofluoric acid etching for 20 seconds and silanization for 1 minute (HF + SIL). Ceramic blocks were cemented to the composite resin blocks with 1 self-adhesive universal resin cement (RelyX Unicem) or 1 of 2 resin-based luting agents (Multilink or Panavia F), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The composite resin-ceramic blocks were stored in humidity at 37 degrees C for 7 days and serially sectioned to produce 25 beam specimens per group with a 1.0-mm(2) cross-sectional area. Specimens were thermal cycled (5000 cycles, 5 degrees C-55 degrees C) and tested in tension at 1 mm/min. Microtensile bond strength data (MPa) were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey multiple comparisons tests (alpha=.05). Fractured specimens were examined with a stereomicroscope (x40) and classified as adhesive, mixed, or cohesive. RESULTS: The surface conditioning factor was significant (HF+SIL > no-conditioning) (P<.0001). Considering the unconditioned groups, the microTBS of RelyX Unicem was significantly higher (9.6 +/- 1.9) than that of Multilink (6.2 +/- 1.2) and Panavia F (7.4 +/- 1.9). Previous etching and silanization yielded statistically higher microTBS values for RelyX Unicem (18.8 +/- 3.5) and Multilink (17.4 +/- 3.0) when compared to Panavia F (15.7 +/- 3.8). Spontaneous debonding after thermal cycling was detected when luting agents were applied to untreated ceramic surfaces. CONCLUSION: Etching and silanization treatments appear to be crucial for resin bonding to a lithia disilicate-based ceramic, regardless of the resin cement used.     

3种粘接材料与氧化锆陶瓷粘接抗剪切强度的比较

目的研究3种粘接材料与氧化锆陶瓷材料的初期及耐久粘接抗剪切强度。方法将预烧结氧化锆陶瓷片试件喷砂后分为3组,每组20个,分别采用玻璃离子水门汀(GIC组)、Panavia F 2.0树脂粘接剂(PF组)、Clearfil SA Luting树脂粘接剂(SAC组)与核树脂块粘接,每组随机选取10个试件进行冷热循环实验(10 000次,5～55℃),用计算机控制万能材料试验机测定其粘接抗剪切强度。结果未经冷热循环处理的GIC组、PF组、SAC组试件的粘接抗剪切强度值分别为(21.98±1.78)MPa、(30.26±1.73)MPa、(28.63±2.02)MPa,GIC组试件的粘接抗剪切强度低于其他两组(P<0.01),PF组与SAC组的试件相比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);而冷热循环后,GIC组、PF组、SAC组试件的粘接抗剪切强度值分别为(10.72±2.03)MPa、(28.50±1.54)MPa、(27.02±1.79)MPa,GIC组试件经冷热循环后,其粘接抗剪切强度值明显下降(P<0.05),而其他两组试件经冷热循环后其粘接抗剪切强度值无明显改变(P>0.05)。结论使用玻璃离子可获得较好的初期粘接抗剪切强度,但耐久粘接强度欠佳;含磷酸酯单体的树脂粘接剂可使氧化锆陶瓷获得良好的初期粘接抗剪切强度及耐久粘接抗剪切强度;自粘接型树脂粘接剂操作简便,粘接抗剪切强度与自酸蚀型树脂粘接剂相当,且粘接效果持久。     

Dentin bonding of cements. The bonding of cements with dentin in combination with various indirect restorative materials

The number of both luting agents and restorative materials available on the market has rapidly increased. This study compared various types of luting agents when used to bond different indirect, laboratory restorative materials to dentin. Cylinders were produced of six restorative materials (gold alloy, titanium, feldspathic porcelain, leucite-glass ceramic, zirconia, and an indirect resin composite). Following relevant pretreatment, the end surface of the cylinders were luted to ground, human dentin with eight different luting agents (DeTrey Zinc [zinc phosphate cement], Fuji I [conventional glass ionomer cement], Fuji Plus [resin-modified glass ionomer cement], Variolink II [conventional etch-and-rinse resin cement], Panavia F2.0 and Multilink [self-etch resin cements], RelyX Unicem Aplicap and Maxcem [self-adhesive resin cements]). After water storage at 37 °C for one week, the shear bond strength of the specimens was measured and the fracture mode was examined stereo-microscopically. Restorative material and luting agent both had a significant effect on bond strength and there was a significant interaction between the two variables. The zinc phosphate cement and the glass ionomer cements resulted in the lowest bond strengths, whereas the highest bond strengths were found with the two self-etch and one of the self-adhesive resin cements.