小切口复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗部分跟骨关节内骨折

目的：探讨小切口复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗部分跟骨关节内骨折的方法和疗效。方法：自2006年1月至2009年1月,对27例32足部分塌陷移位的跟骨关节内骨折（Sanders分型为Ⅱ-Ⅲ型）采用距下关节外侧小切口入路、复位距下关节面、同种异体骨移植,中空钉内固定。术后患者均石膏托外固定4周。结果：所有患者术后获6-48个月（平均22．9个月）随访,骨折全部愈合。按Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果：优22足,良7足,可3足,优良率91％。无一例发生切口皮缘坏死及螺钉断裂。结论：有移位的Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折,采用小切口切开复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗可获得满意疗效,能避免切口缘浅表坏死等并发症的发生。     

小切口复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗部分跟骨关节内骨折的短期疗效分析

背景:手术治疗是跟骨关节内骨折有效的治疗方法,如何减少手术创伤,提高手术疗效,是临床研究的难题。目的:探讨小切口复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗部分跟骨关节内骨折的短期疗效。方法:2006年1月至2010年1月,对27例(32足)部分塌陷移位的跟骨关节内骨折(Sanders分型为Ⅱ~Ⅲ型)采用距下关节外侧小切口入路、复位距下关节面、同种异体骨移植,中空钉内固定进行治疗。术后患者均石膏托外固定4周。结果:所有患者术后获得6～48个月(平均22.9个月)随访,骨折全部愈合。按Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果:优22足,良7足,可3足,优良率91%。无一例发生切口皮缘坏死及螺钉断裂。结论:有移位的Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折,采用小切口切开复位植骨空心钉内固定治疗可获得满意疗效,能避免切口缘浅表坏死等并发症的发生,短期疗效可靠。     

跟骨陈旧性关节内骨折的二期手术治疗

目的评价跟骨钢板内固定二期治疗跟骨关节内骨折的临床疗效。方法33例陈旧性跟骨关节内骨折按Sanders分型:Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型15例,Ⅳ型11例。SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折采用保留距下关节跟骨截骨矫形,SandersⅣ型骨折采用距下关节撑开植骨的距下关节融合术。选择改良L形切口,劈除外膨的跟骨外侧壁,松解腓骨肌腱。跟骨内骨缺损采用自体骨植骨。结果所有患者平均随访19.8个月(6～48个月),按Maryland足部评分标准评价术后功能,总体优良率81.8%。结论跟骨关节内骨折如一期皮肤等条件不允许情况下,二期SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折采用保留距下关节跟骨截骨矫形,SandersⅣ型距下关节撑开植骨的距下关节融合治疗不失是一种可靠的办法。     

切开复位钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的讨论切开复位钢板内固定治疗距下关节移位跟骨骨折的疗效。方法25例30足跟骨骨折病人,其中SandersⅡ型骨折13足,Ⅲ型11足,Ⅳ型6足,切开复位AO钢板固定,必要时自体骨移植治疗。术中侧位C臂监测Bohler角,Broden位观察关节面情况,并于术后、6周、1年分别摄片观测BShler角角度。所有病例随访12～30个月,平均1个月。结果采用AOFAS评分标准评测足部功能,优19足,良7足,可4足,优良率达87％。早期并发症其中切口皮缘坏死3足,腓肠神经损伤2足,远期并发症距下关节创伤性关节炎4例。结论对于合并距下关节损伤的跟骨骨折,治疗的主要目标在于恢复其正常的力学关系,术前评估软组织损伤和骨折类型显得尤其重要,同时尽量减少并发症的发生。     

直接复位内固定治疗有移位的跟骨关节内骨折28例

目的探讨直接复位内固定治疗有移位的跟骨关节内骨折的疗效并总结其经验。方法对26例26足有移位的跟骨关节内骨折,其中Sanders Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型17例,Ⅳ型1例,采用外侧延伸的“L”型切口入路,切开复位内固定,均未行植骨,术后石膏托短期外围定。结果26例均获随防,时间10月～3年。优15例,良11例,可1例,差1例。Bohler角平均恢复至35度,Gissane角平均恢复至60度。结论有移位的跟骨关节内骨折,切开复位内固定可获得满意疗效。恢复跟骨的解剖形态和距下关节面是治疗关键。     

小切口复位空心钉内固定治疗跟骨骨折

目的探讨经距下关节小切口撬拨复位植骨结合经皮空心钉内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法采用跟骨外侧距下关节小切口撬拨复位后植入同种异体骨+经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗35例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者。测量术前术后Bhler角和Gissane角的变化,根据角度变化数值观察关节面恢复情况。结果 35例均获随访,时间10～32(14±3.5)个月,患者骨折均愈合。未出现切口感染、皮瓣坏死、腓肠神经损伤等并发症。按Maryland足部评分标准评价手术效果:优23例,良9例,可2例,差1例,优良率达91.4%。结论距下关节小切口复位、植骨、经皮空心螺钉内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,软组织损伤少、关节面复位好,疗效满意。     

小切口有限内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折

目的探讨小切口有限内固定治疗跟骨关节内骨折的疗效。方法采用外侧小切口显露复位距下关节面,4孔弧形重建钛板固定;加经皮撬拨复位跟骨体部骨折,并空心螺钉或克氏针固定,治疗跟骨关节内骨折27例31足。根据SanderCT分型：Ⅱ型17足、Ⅲ型10足、Ⅳ型4足。结果按Maryland足评分系统评价术后功能,优11足、良15足、差3足,优良率89.6%。结论对SanderⅡ型、Ⅲ型和部分Ⅳ型骨折采用小切口有限固定微创治疗跟骨关节内骨折,可获良好的复位和可靠的固定,并可避免切口感染坏死、创口不愈合等并发症。     

外侧L形切口和微创小切口内固定治疗跟骨骨折的比较

目的探讨跟骨骨折内固定时,取外侧"L"形切口和微创小切口的疗效。方法收治87例(89足)跟骨骨折患者,58足采用外侧"L"形切口切开复位钢板内固定,31足(SandersⅡ～Ⅲ型)采用微创小切口空心钉内固定。结果根据Maryland评分标准,采用"L"形切口的58足中,优11足,良35足,可9足,差3足,优良率为79.31%。微创小切口空心钉内固定31足中:优6足,良20足,可5足,优良率为83.87%。结论微创小切口空心钉内固定对软组织损伤小,并发症少,关节面显露清晰,适用于SandersⅡ～Ⅲ型跟骨骨折。外侧"L"形切口钢板内固定较牢固,适用于关节面较粉碎的Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型骨折,但软组织并发症多。     

异型钢板治疗有移位的跟骨骨折

目的探讨切开复位异型钢板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的疗效。方法对30例（30足）SandersⅡ～Ⅳ型跟骨骨折患者采用外侧L型切口入路、开放复位、异型钢板内固定。部分Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折患者自体骨移植。结果30例均获随访,时间8～12个月,按MarylandFootScore评价系统评价术后功能：优12足,良11足,可5足,差2足,优良率77．6％。结论切开复位异型钢板内固定对Ⅱ-Ⅳ型跟骨骨折疗效肯定,部分Ⅲ、Ⅳ型骨折者疗效欠佳。     

Timax钛合金跟骨钢板治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折

目的 探讨切开复位、Timax钛合金跟骨钢板内固定治疗移位的关节内跟骨骨折的疗效.方法 对37例(45足)波及距下关节面的移位性跟骨骨折进行切开复位、Timax钛合金跟骨钢板内固定治疗.结果 37例获12～29(15.4±4.11)个月随访,术后3个月骨折均完全愈合,未发生伤口感染、钢板外露等并发症,3足出现表皮坏死.按照Maryland足部评分标准:优23足,良16足,中4足,差2足,优良率达86.7%.结论 波及距下关节的移位性跟骨骨折采用Timax钛合金跟骨钢板治疗,可有效恢复跟骨解剖位,显著减少手术并发症的发生率,降低病残率.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Dilemma of Membrane Biocompatibility and Reuse

Abstract: Numerous articles have been published on the multiple use of dialyzers and on the effect of different reprocessing chemicals and techniques on the dialyzer biocompatibility and performance. The results often appear contradictory, especially those comparing standard biocompatibility parameters. Despite this confusion, a discerning review of the published works allows certain limited conclusions to be drawn. Reprocessing of used hemodialyzers changes the biocompatibility profile of a dialyzer as defined by the parameters complement activation. leukopenia, and cytokine release. The effect of reprocessing depends on the chemicals and reprocessing technique applied and also on the type of membrane polymer being subjected to the reprocessing procedure. Reports of pyrogenic reactions indicate that the flux of the membrane also influences how suitable it is for safe reuse. An increased risk of allergic and pyrogenic reactions appears to be associated with dialyzer reuse. Furthermore, there has been a lack of investigations into the immunologic effect of the layer of adsorbed and chemically altered proteins that remains on the inner surface of reprocessed dialyzers. We conclude that the clinical benefit of dialyzer reuse cannot be generally accepted from a biocompatibility point of view.