肝门胆管良性狭窄的原因和处理

目的：探讨单纯肝门胆管良性狭窄的原因和治疗。方法：回顾性总结分析单纯肝门胆管良性狭窄73例的病因,治疗方法和效果。结果：病因依次为肝胆管结石（48例）,高位胆管损伤（19例）,胆囊结石Mirizzi征（4例）,单纯良性瘢痕性狭窄（2例）,分别施行了肝门胆管空肠吻合,肝门胆管整形,肝门胆管切除等手术87例次,随访1－19年61例次的远期效果,优良77％,好转6．6％,差16．4％,其中,以肝门胆管空肠吻合效果最好,优良达90．7％,结论：肝门胆管良性狭窄的主要原因是肝胆管结石和高位胆管损伤,治疗以肝门胆管空肠大口吻合效果最好。     

肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的治疗

为探讨肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗，对１０年来收治的１６８例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的术前检查、结石及狭窄的部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症及残余结石的处理进行了分析。结果显示：１６８例中，左肝内胆管结石、全肝结石和右肝内胆管结石分别是８３，５９和２６例；左外叶及左半肝切除１１６例；右肝段切除２２例；高位胆管切开整形胆肠大口吻合９６例；残石率３％；１３例出现手术后并发症；随访１４２例，优良效果９６．５％。结果提示肝叶、肝段切除联合肝胆管空肠大口吻合是肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的最佳治疗选择。     

肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 为探讨肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的外科治疗。方法 从１９９１年６月至１９９７年１２月,对２４例肝内胆管结石并狭窄的患者行肝胆管切开取石,其中１０例加行硬性经皮胆钳术中取石;左外叶及左半肝切除１２例所有病人均行肝胆管空肠大口吻合术。结果 ２４例病人均行随访,优良效果９６．０％。结论 肝叶、肝段切除联合肝胆管空肠大口吻合是肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄的最佳治疗方法选择。     

胆肠吻合术治疗肝内外胆管结石并狭窄的术式选择及疗效分析

目的:分析胆肠吻合术治疗肝内外胆管结石并狭窄的术式选择的疗效。方法:对62例行胆肠吻合术的肝内外胆管结石并狭窄的病例进行总结,包括临床表现、结石部位、狭窄情况、手术方式和治疗效果等。结果:胆管狭窄主要位于1～2级胆管内,39例(62.9％)行肝胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术,23例(37.1％)采用肝胆管十二指肠吻合术。随访结果表明:肝胆管空肠Roux-Y吻合术优良率为82.5％,胆总管十二指肠吻合术优良率为73.9％(P<0.05)。结论:对肝内外胆管结石并胆道狭窄的病人应首选Roux-Y吻合术。十二指肠吻合术应用于下级胆管狭窄、狭窄胆管切开整形、肝胆管大口径吻合。     

肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的诊断和治疗

目的 总结肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄诊治的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析l12例临床病例的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况。结果 术前检查行B超l12例(准确率73．8％)，CT 74例(准确率86．5％)，PTC 31例(准确率93．5％)，ERCP 41例(准确率92．6％)，MRCP 28例(准确率96．4％)。全组均采取肝方叶切除，肝胆管切开取石、整形，高位胆肠吻合术进行治疗。术后并发症发生率10．75％，残石率18．7％，结石复发率为5．4％，优良率90．1％。结论 (1)，MRCP是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝方叶切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝门部狭窄胆管的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

肝内胆管结石外科手术方法探讨

目的: 探讨肝内胆管结石并狭窄的手术治疗方法及其效果。方法: 总结8年间住院的165例肝内胆管结石并胆管狭窄患者的外科手术治疗情况。其中A组85例行肝叶(或肝段)切除的各种术式，同时行胆管空肠吻合40例，肝断面扩张胆管、肝门胆管与空肠双口吻合10例，T管和U管引流分别为21例和14例；B组80例行非肝叶(或肝段)切除术的各种术式，其中胆总管切开取石+T管引流23例，胆总管切开取石+U形管引流15例，胆肠吻合+胆总管取石42例。肝门部肝胆管狭窄整形46例。结果: A组无手术死亡；随访2～7年，术后残留结石4例，残石率4.71%；症状复发3例，复发率3.53%，无再手术者。B组无手术死亡；B组随访2～7年，术后残留结石12例，残石率15.00%。10例术后常有上腹隐痛或发热，症状复发率12.5%。术后经胆道镜取石5例，其余6例中有3例再次行肝叶切除治愈。结论: 肝段(叶)切除联合其他手术是治疗肝内胆管结石较为理想而有效的手术方式。     

胆囊胆管吻合外置胆囊治疗肝内胆管结石18例

<正> 我院于1998年采用“皮T胆囊胆管吻合术治疗肝胆管结石”术式。治疗肝胆管结石18例,疗效满意,现报告如下: 1 临床资料 1.1 一般资料:本组18例,男7例,女11例。年龄21～69岁,平均41岁。肝内胆管结石18例,其中肝左胆管结石6例,肝右胆管结石4例,肝左右胆管结石5例,肝内胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄3例均采用皮下胆囊胆管吻合术。 1.2 手术方法:切开胆总管,尽可能取尽结石,冲洗肝内胆管,检查奥狄氏括约肌通畅后,切开胆囊壶腹与胆总管吻合(遇到肝胆管狭窄时,切开狭窄并整形后再吻合)。吻合使用1     

肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的外科治疗

目的 探讨如何提高肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄的疗效。方法 对我院1993年1月至2002年l0月经手术治疗的216例肝胆管结石合并高位胆管狭窄病例进行回顾性分析。结果 216例中183例行择期手术；33例因急性梗阻性化脓性胆管炎行单纯胆道探查引流术，其中30例行再手术治疗。手术方式：肝切除术，胆管狭窄切开、胆管原位整形，肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开盆式整形及自体组织补片修复胆管或胆肠吻合术。治愈206例(95．4％)，好转8例(3．7％)，死亡2例(O．9％)。结论 肝叶切除术在治疗肝胆管结石病中效果最好。肝Ⅱ、Ⅲ级胆管切开对解除肝胆管狭窄、清除结石及通畅引流提供了一条满意的途径。对肝外胆管和Oddi’s括约肌功能正常者，尽可能应用自体组织补片修复胆管，以保持胆道正常的生理状态和功能。术中胆道镜的应用对降低残石率有重要作用。     

肝切除术治疗区域性肝胆管结石

目的 探讨肝切除术治疗区域性肝胆管结石的效果。方法 分析12年来采用肝切除术治疗儿2例区域性肝胆管结石患者的临床表现、结石的部位和分布情况、手术方式、手术后并发症及结石残留等情况。结果 肝内结石以左肝较多(108例),肝切除仍以左外叶及左半肝切除为主。10．8％的病例有结石残留；13例出现手术后并发症；无手术死亡。治疗效果优良者占93％。结论 肝切除手术是治疗区域性肝胆管结石的主要方法，为减少结石的残留和复发，应根据结石情况同时行肝内狭窄胆管切开整形、胆管空肠吻合治疗。     

2 肝切除治疗肝胆管结石并狭窄

目的探讨肝切除在肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄治疗中的作用。方法回顾性分析82例肝胆管结石患者的定位诊断、术式选择、合并症、并发症及随访情况等临床资料。结果术前检查:B超诊断准确率为75.6%,CT准确率87.0%,PTC准确率90.9%,ERCP准确率93.5%,MRCP准确率94.4%。全组均采取结石所在部位肝叶、段切除,肝胆管切开取石、整形,高位胆肠吻合术等治疗。术后并发症发生率17.1%,残石率15.9%。73例随访1~16年,平均10.6年。随访期间结石复发率为6.8%,优良率90.4%。结论(1)MRCP等影像学检查是肝胆管结石合并肝门部胆管狭窄术前定位诊断的最佳方法。(2)肝叶、段切除是治疗肝胆管结石合并肝胆管狭窄的有效手段。(3)重视肝胆管狭窄的处理是提高疗效的关键。     

肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的应用

背景与目的:对于肝胆管结石多次手术后复发患者,如何安全取尽结石,最大限度解除肝门甚至是肝内胆管的狭窄,并建立或修复通畅的胆流通道,一直是胆道外科治疗领域中的难点。本研究探讨肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形在肝门胆管狭窄合并结石中的治疗效果及应用价值。方法:回顾性分析2015年7月—2019年6月湖南省人民医院收治的36例复杂肝胆管结石患者的临床资料,36例患者既往平均手术2.4次,均存在不同程度的肝门部胆管狭窄,其中肝门胆管汇合部狭窄18例,合并右肝管狭窄8例,合并左肝管狭窄10例。结果:所有患者均行肝方叶切除、肝门胆管高位劈开整形、胆肠内引流手术,术中采用取石钳取石、塑形管冲洗、胆道镜探查等多种方式取尽结石。平均手术时间354.4 min,平均失血量230.5 mL。术后平均结石清除率在90%以上。术后2例患者出现胆汁漏,经积极引流治疗后好转,3例患者出现切口脂肪液化、感染,1例患者不完全性肠梗阻,均保守治疗后好转。术后采用门诊、电话随访12～48个月,4例患者出现反流性胆管炎,无胆肠吻合口再发狭窄病例。结论:肝方叶切除联合肝门胆管高位劈开整形能有效解除肝门胆管高位狭窄,达到取尽结石、通畅引流的目的,同时能避免大范围的肝切除,因此具有一定的临床应用价值。     

肝移植术后并发高位胆管狭窄的原因及诊治八例

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后并发高位胆管狭窄的原因及诊治.方法 对8例肝移植后并发高位胆管狭窄患者的资料进行回顾性分析,8例均行背驮式肝移植,胆管采取端端吻合,其中2例置婴儿胃管.结果 高位胆管狭窄发生于术后3～18个月,5例以阻塞性黄疸为主要临床表现,3例以慢性胆管炎为主要临床表现.经保守治疗无效后,均行手术治疗,切除肝门部胆管狭窄段,再行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术.手术治疗后随访1～5年,除1例患者因肝癌复发死亡外,其余患者均生存良好.结论 胆道缺血、胆汁腐蚀以及保存性损伤是并发高位胆管狭窄的主要因素;B型超声波和磁共振胰胆管成像是有效诊断手段;胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合是处理高位胆管狭窄的有效方法.     

Extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hepatic hilar bile duct diseases

BACKGROUND: Extensive hilar bile duct resection beyond the second- or third-order intrahepatic biliary radicals is usually required for patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma as well as those with benign inflammatory stricture. Most hilar cholangiocarcinoma is resected with combined major hepatectomy to obtain free surgical margins. The purpose of this study was to show the surgical procedure and the usefulness of extensive hilar bile duct resection using a transhepatic approach for patients with hilar bile duct diseases. METHODS: Five patients with hepatic hilar bile duct disease and who were unfit for major hepatectomy for several reasons underwent extensive hilar bile duct resection by way of a transhepatic approach. Four of the patients had hilar bile duct cancer, including 1 with mucous-producing bile duct cancer of low-grade malignancy and 1 with a postsurgical benign bile duct stricture. RESULTS: After extensive hilar bile duct resection, bile duct stumps ranged in number from 3 to 7 mm (mean 4.4). Surgical margins at bile duct stump were free of cancer in all 4 cancer patients. The long-term outcomes were as follows: 3 patients are alive at the time of publication, and 2 patients have died. CONCLUSIONS: A transhepatic approach may be useful when performing extensive hilar bile duct resection bile duct stricture of biliary disease at the hepatic hilus, especially in high-risk patients who are unfit for major hepatectomy as well as in those having benign bile duct stricture and low-grade malignancy.     

Anatomy of the hepatic hilar area: the plate system

To surgically manage hilar bile duct carcinoma successfully, it is important to be familiar with the principal anatomical variations of the biliary and vascular components of the plate system in the hepatic hilar area, because all the variations in the bile ducts and vessels occur in the plate system. The plate system consists of bile ducts and blood vessels surrounded by a sheath. There are three plates in the hilar area: the hilar plate, the cystic plate, and the umbilical plate. The bile duct and blood vessel branches penetrate the plate system and form Glisson's capsule in all segments of the liver, except for the medial segment. The right hepatic duct is usually (in 53%–72% of individuals) formed by the union of the anterior segmental duct and the posterior segmental duct in the hilar area. However, three other variations have been found in which these segmental ducts do not form the right hepatic duct. Few anatomical variations have been identified in the left hepatic duct, but confusion arises because of the variations in the medial segment ducts (B4) which join the left hepatic duct at different sites. In 35.5% of individuals they join the hepatic duct in the vicinity of the hilar confluence (type I B4 anatomy), and in 64.5% of individuals they join the left hepatic duct some distance away from the confluence (type II B4 anatomy). Because B4 is very close to the hilar confluence in type I, hilar bile duct carcinoma can easily invade B4 and, for that reason, for curative resection of hilar bile duct carcinoma, resection of S4a (the inferior part of the medial segment) should be considered along with the resection of extrahepatic bile duct and caudate lobe. Variations in the portal vein and hepatic artery are found in 16%–26% and 31%–33% of individuals, respectively. Because a considerable number of anatomical variations in the bile ducts and vessels persist in the hilar area, and the reported proportions of the different variations vary, it is necessary to have a good knowledge of the plate system and the variations in the bile ducts and blood vessels in the hilar area to perform safe and curative surgery for hilar bile duct carcinoma. Received: June 3, 2000 / Accepted: July 20, 2000     

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??Main reasons and strategies for anastomotic stricture following bilioenterostomy LIU Hou-bao, SHEN Sheng. Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai200032, China
Corresponding author: LIU Hou-bao, E-mail: liu.houbao@zs-hospital.sh.cn
Abstract Bilioenterostomy is commonly performed during reconstruction following resection of benign or malignant biliary diseases, and repair of bile duct injury. Anastomotic stricture, as a common complication after bilioenterostomy, is one of the most complicated problems in biliary surgery. The characteristics of bile duct and the pathophysiological changes after bilioenterostomy are foundations of anastomotic stricture. However, many reasons for high incidence of stricture are factors associated with operations, such as R0 resection of biliary tumor, reconstruction of hilar bile duct, recurrence of bile duct stones, repeated infection of bile duct, the choose of suture material, surgical operation and so on. The key to solve the problem remains individual therapy on the basis of multidisciplinary team mode accurate preoperative evaluation and meticulous operation.     

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??Etiology and treatments of re-stenosis of bile duct after surgical repair for iatrogenic bile duct injury LI Shao-qiang, LIANG Li-jian. Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
Corresponding author: LIANG Li-jian, E-mail: lianglj@medmail.com.cn
Abstract Iatrogenic bile duct injury (IBDI) is a severe complication of cholecystectomy. The major factors related to re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair includes type of IBDI, timing of initial surgical repair, initial surgical procedures, being accompanied by hepatic arterial injury and performed operation. The treatment for re-stenosis of bile duct is difficult. Preoperat imaging studies especially the cholangiogram of the whole biliary tree are critical important for surgical planning. The treatment modality adopted should comprehensively depend on the general condition of patient, liver function and liver function reserve, the site of biliary stricture, with or without intrahepatic stones and biliary cirrhosis. Metal stent placement is only indicated for patients who are intolerance of operation, or whose life expectancy are less than 2 years. Removal of the biliary stricture and hilar bile duct-jejunum Roux-en-Y anastomosis is the common used procedure for re-stenosis of bile duct after initial surgical repair for IBDI, and the long-term outcome is a satisfactory. For those with right or left hepatic duct stricture accompanied by intrahepatic stone or affected side liver atrophy, and with a good liver function, and without liver cirrhosis at the contralateral side, liver resection is indicated.     

两阶段医源性胆道损伤处理及其疗效的对比研究

目的 探讨医源性胆道损伤处理原则的演变及其效果的对比.方法 回顾性分析和总结1996～2001年和2004～2009年间我院收治的50例医源性胆道损伤的临床资料和随访结果.结果 前阶段处理28例,其中术中即时修复11例,术后17例,术中修复以胆管端端吻合为主,后期修复以胆管-空肠Roux-Y吻和为主,后阶段处理22例...     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中肝外胆道解剖异常的防范

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中肝外胆道异常的诊断及处理。方法1999年10月～2008年6月1216例LC中，发现15例（1．2％）胆道解剖异常。3例胆囊管异常粗、短，开口在左右肝管汇合部；1例胆囊颈部结石嵌顿，胆总管较细，向上牵拉胆囊使胆总管走行移位；1例胆囊管与肝总管并行后低位开口，1例胆囊管在胆总管右侧回旋扭曲，开口于右肝管侧壁，2例胆囊壶腹部粘连严重，覆盖于胆总管及肝总管前方；3例在胆床附近见迷走胆管走行；3例在分离胆囊管时发现右后肝管开口于肝总管；1例Mirizzi综合征解剖不清。仔细分离，丝线结扎或上钛夹处理，解剖不清者中转开腹。结果13例顺利完成LC；2例（13．3％）中转开腹，其中1例副右肝管损伤，1例Mirizzi综合征。无腹腔内出血、腹腔感染、肠道损伤及死亡等严重并发症。15例随访3个月～4年，其中〉1年11例，无胆道狭窄及残余结石。结论LC术中精细解剖胆囊三角，确切辨认各管道关系，是预防胆道异常情况下肝外胆道损伤的关键。     

复杂性肝内胆管结石的外科治疗

目的　总结复杂性肝内胆管结石的外科治疗方法及效果。 方法　 总结分析１９９２ ～１９９８ 年外科治疗复杂性肝内多段胆管结石并多处胆管狭窄３５ 例的手术方法,总结显露与切开肝内狭窄段胆管、取出结石、解除狭窄的经验和体会。 结果　３５ 例无手术死亡,术后近期并发感染、胆漏、肝功能不全或消化道出血共７ 例,均治愈;残留结石９ 例,术后经胆道镜取净结石７ 例。随访６ 个月至５ 年６ 个月２４ 例,优良２１ 例（８８ ％ ） ,好转２ 例（８ ％ ） ,无效１ 例（４ ％ ） 。 结论　复杂肝内胆管结石外科治疗的关键是显露和切开肝内各叶段胆管的狭窄段,取出结石、建立通畅的胆流通道。经肝门区或肝方叶可以显露和切开肝门胆管、左右肝管和左内叶、右前叶胆管,经肝膈面切开肝实质进路,可以显露和切开右肝内各叶段胆管。