医学影像学在诊断先天性联体畸形中的价值

目的：探讨医学影像学在诊断先天性联体畸形中的价值，以便做好分离术前准备。材料与方法：收集我院两例联体婴儿的消化道造影、CT、MRI、核医学等影像学资料，分析各自特异性表现。结果：联体婴儿1肝脏相连，心包有轻度的粘连，相连的肝脏没有大血管交通，其代谢、功能正常，各自具有完整独立的胆道系统、消化系统、泌尿系统。联体婴儿2心脏、肝脏相连,其它部位没有相连。结论：联体婴儿的影像学资料比较全面地反映了相连脏器的相连程度及其血管沟通和代谢、功能情况，能够较准确地指导分离手术方案的制定,医学影像检查的综合应用是联体畸形分离术成功的重要保障。     

超声检查在胸腹联体婴儿分离围手术期的应用

目的通过对胸腹联体婴儿的超声检查,探讨其在胸腹联体婴儿分离围手术期的应用价值。方法术前通过常规超声对联体双胎婴儿进行检查,结合CT、MRI作出诊断,术中通过超声监测指导手术,并通过多学科协作完成手术,术后进行超声复查。结果第1例联体婴儿经超声等检查后实施分体术,其中一婴实施两次先心病手术获成功,病变与术前诊断一致,目前两婴健康存活。第2例在术前超声等影像检查及术中超声指导下分体成功,其中一婴于术后78d继发感染死亡,另一婴生存良好。结论超声在联体婴儿分离围手术期发挥着非常重要的作用,是一不可替代的检查手段。     

1例胸腹联体双胎分离术的全程护理

目的通过胸腹联体双胎婴儿的术前护理、术中配合护理、术后护理,提供联体女婴分离术的全程护理措施。方法通过1年的护理观察、喂养,根据手术预案列之相应的护理配合预案,术后专人监护,加强循环、呼吸及肝脏功能的监测,创面的保护,实施合理的喂养与营养支持。结果经过术前的精心喂养,术中、术后精密的护理预案的制定与落实,两婴均顺利出院。结论胸腹联体双胎婴儿极为罕见,术前合理喂养、正确评估,术中良好配合,术后精心护理,落实各项预案,是手术成功的关键。     

1例胸腹联体双胎分离术的全程护理

目的 通过胸腹联体双胎婴儿的术前护理、术中配合护理、术后护理,提供联体女婴分离术的全程护理措施.方法 通过1年的护理观察、喂养,根据手术预案列之相应的护理配合预案,术后专人监护,加强循环、呼吸及肝脏功能的监测,创面的保护,实施合理的喂养与营养支持.结果 经过术前的精心喂养,术中、术后精密的护理预案的制定与落实,两婴均顺利出院.结论 胸腹联体双胎婴儿极为罕见,术前合理喂养、正确评估,术中良好配合,术后精心护理,落实各项预案,是手术成功的关键.     

联体双胎分离术前影像学综合评价

目的对联体双胎(Conjoined Twins,CT)分离术前的影像学资料进行综合评价,确定手术的可行性及其方案。方法对两对(四婴)联体双胎在分离术前的影像学资料进行综合分析。结果两对联体双胎中肝脏均为联体融合畸形,其中一对为心脏融合畸形,另外一对为两个心脏,共用一个心包。X线、CT、MRI、超声学检查诊断比较准确、全面地显示了患儿联体畸形的解剖部位、联结面积程度和相关的解剖学关系。结论影像学诊断能比较全面的显示相连脏器的程度、血管沟通情况,有助于术前手术设计。联体双胎术前影像学检查有较高价值,是联体双胎分离手术的关键环节之一。     

胸腹联体儿超声检查体会

患儿为 32 周男性胸腹部联体早产儿 ,出生时体重 5 .7Kg,生后无窒息及产伤 ,吃奶、反应可 ,生后 45天拟手术治疗入我院。查体 :联体儿身长 5 5 cm ,两婴儿面对 ,胸骨中、下段及腹部相联形成“体桥”,周长 38cm ,共有脐窝。胸腹部螺旋 CT平扫 增强提示 :联体婴儿胸腹相连 ,上缘起自支气管平面 ,下至髂嵴水平。双侧心脏及肝脏相连 ,其中联体儿乙 (未增强 )心脏部份突向联体儿甲 (增强 )胸腔 ,增强扫描双侧心脏及肝脏强化度明显不同。双婴儿各有双肾、脾脏 ,且不相连。心电图呈不同步窦性心率。全消化道钡餐检查消化道未见互相交通。超声…     

胸腹联体婴儿分离术2例围麻醉期的处理

本院于2009-04成功地为一对胸腹联体婴儿进行了分离手术,现对围麻醉期的处理分析如下。1病历摘要该连体儿为女婴,足月经剖宫产娩出。呈面对面体位生存,胸部自乳头连线1 cm以下至脐部融合,体桥长13.5 cm,周径28cm,两婴相连器官为部分心包、胸骨、膈肌、肝脏,其肝脏相连面积约为6.0 cm×7.0 cm。入院后经过抗感染、静脉营养、光疗退黄15 d,患儿黄疸逐渐消退,体重增至5.4 kg。     

胸腹联体儿肝脏分离术后肝功能的观察与护理

报告了胸腹联体、肝脏融合联体女婴行肝脏分离术后肝功能的观察与护理。联体儿于生后12d实施小部分胸骨、心包分离及肝脏融合分离术。术后经密切监护生命体征,观察皮肤黄染、尿便颜色,控制感染发生,及时合理喂养,促进胆红素代谢,做好基础护理等。联体婴儿的切口愈合良好,肝功能维持在正常范围,术后18d痊愈出院。     

1例胸腹联体婴儿分离术的护理配合

联体双胎为一种罕见的先天畸形 ,其发生率为 1/5万～1/10万 ,大多数于胚胎时或出生后立即死亡 ,约 2 0万次以上分娩有 1例出生后仍存活[1] ,适合手术分离的病例极少。能成功进行胸腹联体分离手术 ,术后俩婴儿均存活的相当罕见[2 ,3] 。其手术时的护理配合具有一定的难度。我院于 2 0 0 0年 8月 16日成功地为 1例出生 95ｄ胸腹联体婴儿施行了分离手术。术后婴儿情况良好 ,两婴均存活。现将手术时的护理配合重点总结如下。1　病例介绍　　联体婴儿均为男性 ,胎龄 32周时以剖宫产取出 ,共重9.4ｋｇ ,甲婴取形体稍大 ,乙婴取稍小 ,哭时口唇发绀…     

胸腹联体儿分离术后的早期监护

目的　探讨胸腹联体双胎婴儿分离术后早期监护特点。方法　 1例胸腹联体婴儿在 96d时接受分离手术 ,术后进住监护室 ,进行特别护理。分析呼吸道支持和管理 ,肝脏功能观察与保护 ,创缘的观察与处理 ,营养支持与喂养等特点。结果　经过严密观察 ,及时对症处理 ,两婴均无严重并发症 ,顺利转出监护室 ,并痊愈出院。结论　胸腹联体双胎婴儿极为罕见 ,分离术后加强早期监护是保障手术成功的重要环节     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.