上调胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白6基因对乳腺癌细胞 MDA-MB-231细胞周期和凋亡的影响*

目的：探究上调胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白6（IGFBP-6）基因对乳腺癌细胞MDA-MB-231细胞周期和凋 亡的影响。方法：体外培养人三阴性乳腺癌MDA-MB-231细胞,转染IGFBP-6 过表达质粒,实时荧光定量PCR 法验证转染效率;流式细胞术检测转染IGFBP-6 后的细胞周期的改变及凋亡的情况;免疫印迹检测增殖细胞核抗 原（PCNA）、细胞周期蛋白D1（cyclin D1）、凋亡相关蛋白Bcl-2 和Bax 的蛋白表达水平。结果：IGFBP-6 转染 MDA-MB-231细胞后,IGFBP-6 的mRNA水平明显上调;PCNA、细胞周期蛋白D1 的表达水平明显降低;细胞 G1/S 期阻滞;凋亡细胞增多。结论：IGFBP-6 可以显著抑制乳腺癌细胞的增殖,促进细胞凋亡。     

Cyclin D3 expression in normal fetal, normal adult and neoplastic feline tissue

Cyclin D3 is a tightly regulated cell cycle protein and member of the cyclin D family-a group of proteins that facilitates the progression of a cell through G(1) and into the S phase of the cell cycle. All cells use at least one of the cyclin D proteins for cell cycle regulation. In this study, feline tissues (normal fetal and adult, and neoplastic) were examined immunohistochemically for expression and topographical distribution of cyclin D3. Its distribution was similar to that in human tissues in health and neoplasia, and suggested a dual role of cyclin D3 in cell proliferation and differentiation. Immature lymphoid tissue and proliferating epithelial cells in health and neoplasia were immunoreactive for cyclin D3, whereas expression of the protein in other immunoreactive tissues reflected differentiated cell types. Immunoreactivity for cyclin D3 was particularly striking in germinal centre cells of normal lymph nodes and B-cell lymphomas, and in normal suprabasal epithelial cells of the skin and mucous membranes of the oropharynx and in squamous cell carcinomas at these sites.     

沉默NANOG表达对人肝癌细胞HepG2中cyclin D1表达及细胞增殖的影响

 目的:探讨RNA干扰沉默NANOG表达后对肝癌细胞HepG2中细胞周期素D1(cyclin D1)表达及细胞增殖的影响。方法:将以NANOG基因为靶点的NANOG-siRNA瞬时转染肝癌细胞HepG2,real-time PCR和Western boltting检测NANOG、cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白的表达,CCK-8和平板克隆形成实验检测细胞增殖能力,流式细胞术检测细胞周期情况。结果:与mock组比较,转染NANOG-siRNA后,肝癌细胞HepG2中NANOG、cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白水平均下调(P＜0.05),细胞增殖能力下降(P＜0.05),进入G 0/G 1期的细胞比例增多(P＜0.05)。结论:沉默NANOG表达可引起肝癌细胞HepG2中cyclin D1的表达下降,导致细胞增殖能力下降。     

DEC1基因过表达对人食管癌ECA109细胞增殖及侵袭能力的影响

目的:探讨DEC1基因过表达对人食管癌ECA109细胞增殖和侵袭能力的影响及可能机制。方法:将质粒pc DNA3.1(-)/DEC1(DEC1组)和pc DNA3.1(-)(vector组)利用脂质体分别转染至人食管癌ECA109细胞中,通过real-time PCR检测转染48 h后的细胞内DEC1 mRNA表达,Western blot分别检测转染72 h后细胞内DEC1、基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP9)及细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1的蛋白表达;采用CCK-8实验、平板集落实验及Transwell实验分别检测DEC1过表达对细胞的增殖和侵袭能力的影响。结果:与vector组相比,DEC1组中DEC1的表达明显增高(P0.01);cyclin D1和MMP9的表达明显降低(P0.05);细胞增殖与侵袭能力明显受到抑制(P0.01)。结论:过表达DEC1可明显抑制ECA109细胞的增殖和侵袭能力,DEC1可能通过影响MMP9和cyclin D1参与其中。     

小鼠晶状体发育过程中细胞增殖及突触素蛋白的表达

目的 探讨小鼠晶状体细胞增殖、细胞周期蛋白（cyclin) D1和突触素（SYN）的表达情况。方法 各日龄小鼠共150只,HE染色和
4’6-二脒基-2-苯基吲哚（DAPI）染色,在光镜下观察小鼠晶状体的一般结构;用抗细胞增殖核抗原（PCNA）免疫荧光法以及5′-溴脱氧尿嘧
啶核苷（BrdU）技术标记晶状体增殖细胞;用免疫荧标记标价法检测细胞周期蛋白cyclin D1和SYN在晶状体的表达。结果 孕8d（E8）左右,
晶状体由最初的晶状体板分化而来,是由单层柱状上皮细胞围成的空泡,空泡再进一步分化,被原始晶状体纤维所替代,逐渐形成晶状体;
BrdU和PCNA的阳性细胞主要分布在晶状体上皮细胞的前囊中央区,但出生10d（P10）以后BrdU阳性细胞已不在晶状体上皮细胞分布,而PCNA持
续表达。Cyclin D1阳性细胞在胚胎期主要在晶状体上皮细胞的赤道部表达,出生早期在晶状体上皮细胞的前囊中央区,出生5d（P5）以后在赤
道前区分布,赤道部有少量阳性细胞;在晶状体发育过程中,SYN可以在晶状体基质中和赤道部胞体中发现。结论 细胞增殖对晶状体的发育和
修复起着重要的作用;cyclin D1可能参与调控赤道部细胞的消失,因此保持晶状体的透明度;SYN在晶状体的表达说明了它对晶状体的透明有
着重要的作用,通过调控钙离子内流入胞体和基质中。     

Prognostic role of cyclin D1 in lung cancer. Relationship to proliferating cell nuclear antigen

We developed an immunohistochemical assay specific for cyclin D1 and suitable for formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded sections, to evaluate cyclin D1 expression in a group of 135 surgically resected lung-cancer patients for the purpose of investigating the prognostic role of this protein in lung cancer. In addition, we compared cyclin D1 expression with the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), considered to be a reliable index of the proliferation rate. We found cyclin D1 expressed in more than 60% of the neoplastic cells in 26.5% of our specimens. A total of 24.5% of the specimens showed cyclin D1 expression in a percentage of cells ranging from 30 to 60%; 36.7% of the specimens expressed cyclin D1 in less than 30% of the cells; and 12.2% of the specimens expressed cyclin D1 in less than 1% of the evaluated cells. Western blot analyses confirmed the specificity of this assay by correlating statistically in a highly significant fashion with the immunohistochemical results (P = 0.0003). Furthermore, we found a direct relationship between cyclin D1 and PCNA immunodetection (P = 0.0004), which correlated cyclin D1 overexpression with a higher tumor proliferation rate. When we analyzed our data statistically, cyclin D1 expression was found to be a negative prognostic marker (P < 0.00005) whose expression correlates with a shorter patient survival time.     

The antitumorigenic response of neural precursors depends on subventricular proliferation and age

Glioblastomas, the most aggressive primary brain tumors, occur almost exclusively in adult patients. Neural precursor cells (NPCs) are antitumorigenic in mice, as they can migrate to glioblastomas and induce tumor cell death. Here, we show that the antitumor effect of NPCs is age-dependently controlled by cell proliferation in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and that NPCs accumulating at a glioblastoma are diverted from their normal migratory path to the olfactory bulb. Experimentally induced cortical glioblastomas resulted in decreased subventricular proliferation in adult (postnatal day 90) but not in young (postnatal day 30) mice. Adult mice supplied fewer NPCs to glioblastomas and had larger tumors than young mice. Apart from the difference in proliferation, there was neither a change in cell number and death rate in the SVZ nor a change in angiogenesis and immune cell density in the tumors. The ability to kill glioblastomas was similar in NPCs isolated from young and adult mice. The proliferative response of NPCs to glioblastomas depended on the expression of D-type cyclins. In young mice, NPCs express the cyclins D1 and D2, but the expression of cyclin D1 is lost during aging, and in adult NPCs only cyclin D2 remains. In young and adult cyclin D2-deficient mice we observed a reduced supply of NPCs to glioblastomas and the generation of larger tumors compared with wild-type mice. We conclude that cyclin D1 and D2 are nonredundant for the antitumor response of subventricular NPCs. Loss of a single D-type cyclin results in a smaller pool of proliferating NPCs, lower number of NPCs migrating to the tumor, and reduced antitumor activity. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.     

FOXQ1基因介导了Shh诱导的SW480细胞血管生成及增殖

 目的: 探讨FOXQ1基因沉默对大肠癌SW480细胞血管生成及增殖能力的影响及其在Sonic hedgehog(Shh)通路中的作用。方法: 以携带FOXQ1-shRNA的慢病毒载体感染SW480细胞,将细胞株分为FOXQ1-shRNA和NC-shRNA组,利用脐静脉内皮细胞系926细胞行体外血管形成实验,荧光显微镜观察2组细胞血管形成能力,MTT、倍增时间、平板克隆形成实验检测2组细胞的存活率,real-time PCR、Western blot检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)-A、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)2和cyclin D1 mRNA和蛋白水平。利用重组Shh蛋白诱导上述2组细胞,观察诱导前后细胞存活率及血管形成能力的变化,检测上述分子的表达差异。结果: 与NC-shRNA组细胞相比,FOXQ1-shRNA组细胞的体外血管形成能力降低,而存活率无明显变化,real-time PCR及Western blot显示FOXQ1基因沉默后,VEGF-A和MMP2的表达下调,cyclin D1表达无显著差异。与NC-shRNA组比较,重组Shh蛋白诱导的FOXQ1-shRNA体外血管形成能力更低,存活率无明显差异。结论: FOXQ1基因介导了大肠癌SW480细胞的血管形成能力,对存活率无明显影响,并且可能受到Shh通路调控。     

Determination of proliferating fractions in malignant melanomas by anti-PCNA/cyclin monoclonal antibody

An immunohistochemical study of melanocytic tumours using 19A2, a monoclonal antibody against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA/cyclin), was performed on tissues routinely processed with formalin fixation and paraffin embedding. In normal skin, keratinocytes of the suprabasal region in epidermis, the papillae and outer root sheath of hair follicles and the basal cells lining the lobules of sebaceous glands were stained in the nucleus. Other skin components, including basal and follicular melanocytes, did not demonstrate nuclear labelling. In addition, expression of PCNA/cyclin in keratinocytes was higher in sun-exposed skin compared with unexposed skin. In melanocytic lesions, PCNA/cyclin positive tumour cells increased in number and staining intensity according to the following progression: common melanocytic naevi; dysplastic naevi; primary melanomas; and metastatic melanomas. Expression of PCNA/cyclin, therefore, provides a useful marker for proliferation and tumour progression in skin.     

人参皂苷Rg1抑制脂多糖诱导BV-2小胶质细胞增殖

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1(Rg1)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导BV-2小胶质细胞中增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)和细胞周期蛋白D1(cyclin D1)的调控作用及其对活化的BV-2小胶质细胞增殖的调控作用。方法体外培养BV-2小胶质细胞并分为空白对照组、LPS不同时间(1,3,6,8,12 h)处理组及Rg1不同浓度(10、20和50μmol/L)预处理组。采用Western blotting检测细胞增殖相关因子PCNA蛋白和cyclin D1蛋白的表达变化;RT-PCR检测细胞增殖相关因子PCNA和cyclin D1 mRNA的表达变化;免疫荧光染色法观察细胞内cyclin D1蛋白表达变化。采用流式细胞术检测细胞周期的变化。结果 LPS诱导BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1mRNA和蛋白表达上调,并呈时间依赖性;不同浓度Rg1预处理下调LPS诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1的mRNA和蛋白表达。结论Rg1通过下调LPS诱导的BV-2小胶质细胞PCNA和cyclin D1的表达水平来调控细胞周期进而抑制活化的小胶质细胞的增殖。     

Differential expression of mTOR signaling pathway proteins in lichen planopilaris and frontal fibrosing alopecia

Dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway has a variety of effects on the immune system and stem cell proliferation. Lichen planopilaris (LPP) and frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) are inflammatory scalp conditions resulting in permanent alopecia, which are thought to be related to stem cell damage. Here we investigate the expression of mTOR signaling pathway proteins in human hair follicles of LPP and FFA patients. The expression of mTOR pathway proteins in biopsy specimens from lesional and non-lesional scalp areas of eight LPP and five FFA patients were compared to control scalp biopsies from patients undergoing surgical excisions of sebaceous cysts. We performed immunohistochemical evaluation using a panel of antibodies including mTOR, phospho-mTOR (Ser2448), phospho-p70S6K (Thr389), phospho-4EBP1 (Thr37146), and phospho-tuberin (T1462), as well as Western blot analysis for phospho-p70S6K (Thr389) expression. All evaluated mTOR pathway proteins were similarly expressed in the control and patient non-lesional scalps. While mTOR expression did not show significant alterations between the groups, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, p-4EBP1, and p-tuberin expressions decreased in the interfollicular epidermis in the lesional scalps of patients. p-p70S6K and p-4EBP1 expression decreased in the outer root sheath (ORS) and inner root sheath (IRS) of the bulge of hair follicles in the lesional scalps of patients. p-mTOR and p-p70S6K expression increased in the lower follicle ORS and bulb of the hair follicles, and p-4EBP1 expression decreased in the bulb of the hair follicles in the lesional scalps of patients. Phospho-tuberin expression increased in the IRS of the bulge and lower follicle ORS of the hair follicles in the lesional scalps of patients, whereas its expression decreased in the bulb. Our results indicate that the mTOR signaling pathway proteins are localized throughout normal hair follicles and that expression of mTOR signaling pathway proteins is altered in the hair follicles of LPP and FFA patients. Further research is required to understand the mechanism by which mTOR operates in the pathogenesis of these diseases.     

D-type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: relation to cell type,proliferation, differentiation,and malignancy

D-type cyclins are proto-oncogenic components of the ‘RB pathway’, a G1/S regulatory mechanism centred around the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor (pRB) implicated in key cellular decisions that control cell proliferation, cell-cycle arrest, quiescence, and differentiation. This study focused on immunohistochemical and immunochemical analysis of human adult testis and 32 testicular tumours to examine the differential expression and abundance of cyclins D1, D2, and D3 in relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy. In normal testis, the cell type-restricted expression patterns were dominated by high levels of cyclin D3 in quiescent Leydig cells and the lack of any D-type cyclin in the germ cells, the latter possibly representing the only example of normal mammalian cells proliferating in the absence of these cyclins. Most carcinoma-in-situ lesions appeared to gain expression of cyclin D2 but not D1 or D3, while the invasive testicular tumours showed variable positivity for cyclins D2 and D3, but rarely D1. An unexpected correlation with differentiation rather than proliferation was found particularly for cyclin D3 in teratomas, a conceptually significant observation confirmed by massive up-regulation of cyclin D3 in the human teratocarcinoma cell line NTera2/D1 induced to differentiate along the neuronal lineage. These results suggest a possible involvement of cyclin D2 in the early stages of testicular oncogenesis and the striking examples of proliferation-independent expression point to potential dual or multiple roles of the D-type cyclins, particularly of cyclin D3. These findings extend current concepts of the biology of the cyclin D subfamily, as well as of the biology and oncopathology of the human adult testis. Apart from practical implications for the assessment of proliferation and oncogenic aberrations in human tissues and tumours, this study may inspire further research into the emerging role of the cyclin D proteins in the establishment and/or maintenance of the differentiated phenotypes. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PRL-2基因转染对肝细胞增殖及细胞周期的影响

目的：研究PRL-2基因对肝细胞增殖和细胞周期的影响。方法:采用脂质体转染的方法将重组质粒稳定转染至正常永生化肝细胞系CL1中，G418筛选阳性克隆。应用实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应、Western印迹和免疫组化分析PRL-2在阳性细胞的表达及蛋白定位，MTT法检测细胞的群体倍增时间，流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化，Western印迹分析细胞周期素A、D1、E以及周期蛋白依赖激酶抑制因子p16、p21WAF1及p27Kip1的变化,实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测p21WAF1mRNA的变化。结果: 成功构建PRL-2真核表达载体pcDNA3-PRL-2。脂质体转染细胞经过G418筛选后,获得稳定表达PRL-2的细胞亚系PRL-2-CL1。经实时荧光定量PCR、Western印迹和免疫组化证实,PRL-2-CL1细胞系PRL-2基因及蛋白表达水平高于对照组，流式细胞仪检测细胞周期S期细胞比例明显增高，MTT法检测细胞群体倍增时间缩短。Western印迹及实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应显示p21WAF1在转染后较对照组明显降低，细胞周期素A、D1、E及p16、p27Kip1无明显变化。结论: 重组PRL-2真核表达载体构建正确,并在永生化肝细胞中获得稳定、高效表达。PRL-2基因具有促进细胞增殖的作用，这种作用与其降低p21WAF1蛋白含量相关。     

CircRNA_23113抑制肺腺癌细胞的增殖和迁移

目的探究circRNA₂3113在肺腺癌中的表达及对肺腺癌细胞增殖和迁移的影响。方法通过高通量测序技术测序5例临床肺腺癌、癌旁组织标本,筛选出差异性表达的circRNA₂3113。实时荧光定量PCR检测肺腺癌组织、血清和细胞中circRNA₂3113的表达;构建circRNA₂3113的过表达质粒,用CCK-8法、克隆形成实验、细胞划痕和Transwell小室法分析其对细胞增殖和迁移的影响;用Western blot检测β-catenin、cyclin D1以及c-myc蛋白水平的表达。结果 CircRNA₂3113在肺腺癌患者组织、血清和细胞中显著低表达（P<0.05）;过表达circRNA₂3113后抑制A549和H1299细胞增殖和迁移（P<0.05）;CircRNA₂3113抑制β-catenin、cyclin D1以及c-myc表达（P<0.05）。结论 CircRNA₂3113在肺腺...     

Adiponectin exerts antiproliferative effect on human placenta via modulation of the JNK/c-Jun pathway

To determine the effects of adiponectin on human placenta during gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and on high glucose (HG)-induced BeWo cell proliferation. We examined the expression levels of adiponectin in control and GDM placenta using quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Cell proliferation and viability were assessed using a colorimetric assay (cell counting kit-8), PCNA immunocytochemical staining, and Western blot analysis of cyclin D1. Transfection of siRNA against c-jun was performed using Lipofectamine 2000. Cell cycle analysis was performed using propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. Results show a decreased expression of adiponectin and an increased degree of trophoblast cell proliferation in GDM placenta compared to the normal placenta. Similarly, HG can promote BeWo cell proliferation that is associated with adiponectin down-regulation. This proliferation could be depressed by addition of exogenous adiponectin, i.e. adiponectin exerts antiproliferative effects on HG-induced trophoblast cells. Adiponectin suppresses the HG-induced BeWo cell proliferation by inhibiting the activation of JNK/c-jun. In conclusion, adiponectin inhibits HG-induced proliferation of BeWo cells through down-regulation of JNK/c-jun phosphorylation.     

Cyclins D1 and D3 and topoisomerase II alpha in inactive pituitary adenomas

The oncogenes cyclin D1 and D3 are overexpressed in many tumors. Topoisomerase IIα is found in proliferating cells. The immunohistological expression of cyclin D1, cyclin D3, and Topoisomerase IIα was studied in a collection of 60 clinically inactive surgically removed pituitary adenomas of the follicle-stimulating hormone/luteinizing hormone (FSH/LH) cell complex (20 null cell adenomas, 20 oncocytomas, and 20 FSH/LH cell adenomas) for correlation with other proliferation markers (Ki-67, PCNA) and with clinical data. Whereas cyclin D1 was positive only in one invasive null cell adenoma (1.7%) with some p53-positive nuclei, cyclin D3 was overexpressed in the nuclei of 41 tumors (68%). Topoisomerase IIα was demonstrated in the nuclei of 42 adenomas (70%) with no significant differences discernible between the three adenoma subtypes. There was no significant correlation to the time of development of tumor symptoms, but a correlation of Topoisomerase IIα with cyclin D3 and the proliferation marker Ki-67 (Mib1). From these data we conclude that cyclin D3 and Toposomerase IIα appear to be additional markers for proliferation which can be used for prognosis index in surgical pathology of the pituitary.     

Immunohistochemical study of hair follicle stem cells in regenerated hair follicles induced by Wnt10b

The regulation of the periodic regeneration of hair follicles is complicated. Although Wnt10b has been reported to induce hair follicle regeneration, the characteristics of induced hair follicles, especially the target cells of Wnt10b, have not yet been clearly elucidated. Thus, we systematically evaluated the expression and proliferation patterns of Wnt10b-induced hair follicles. We found that Wnt10b promoted the proliferation of hair follicle stem cells from 24 hours after AdWnt10b injection. Seventy-two hours after AdWnt10b injection, cells outside of bulge area began to proliferate. When the induced hair follicle entered full anagen, although the hair follicle stem cells were normal, canonical Wnt signaling was maintained in the hair precortex cells. Our results reveal that the target cells that overexpressed Wnt10b included hair follicle stem cells, hair precortex cells, and matrix cells.