急性心肌梗死直接冠脉介入治疗溶栓与常规治疗的临床疗效比较

目的 比较急性心肌梗死（AMI）直接冠脉介入治疗（PCI）、静脉溶栓与传统常规治疗的近期临床疗效。方法 112例AMI患者分别接受直接PCI治疗、静脉溶栓与传统常规治疗，比较3组患者梗死相关血管（IRA）再通率、左室射血分数（LVEF）与住院死亡率。结果 直接PCI组IRA再通率、LVEF均明显高于另外2组，住院死亡率显著低于另两组；溶栓组IRA再通率、LVEF显著高于传统治疗组，住院死亡率低于传统治疗组。结论 AMI患者在IRA再通率、LVEF及住院死亡率方面，直接PCI优于溶栓和传统常规治疗，溶栓治疗优于传统常规治疗。     

急性心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗时冠脉造影特点分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者急诊介入治疗（PCI）时冠状动脉造影特点。方法将入选的72例患者分为溶栓组41例和未溶栓组31例,比较分析两组患者冠脉造影结果。结果（1）急诊PCI的患者近2／3存在2支以上血管病变;（2）溶栓再通率虽然较自发再通率高,差异显著（29．3％vs67．8％,P〈0．01）,但绝大多数仍为全闭塞或存在严重狭窄（占94．4％）,且血流达到3级的较少,因而都需要支架治疗;（3）左冠闭塞部位好发于血管分叉处,即第一对角支开口处,右冠后分叉是右冠闭塞部位好发部位;（4）大多数IRA病变不长,平均只有（16±4．58）mm,单个支架可以解决问题,病变长度超过25mm的只有6例,需要两个支架连接;（5）IRA病变处出现钙化较非IRA出现钙化少（6．9％vs20．8％,P〈0．01）,提示钙化对斑块破裂可能有一定保护作用;（6）支架术后可出现一定比例的无复流现象,占12．5％,预示远期预后不良;（7）AMI患者冠脉造影可以正常。结论充分掌握急诊PCI时IRA的特点,有利于确保手术的成功与术后疗效。     

急性心肌梗死再灌注治疗的远期效果评价

目的通过长期观察急性心肌梗死（AMI）后接受急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PCI）、单纯静脉溶栓、静脉溶栓＋延迟PCI以及未再灌注治疗患者,了解其心功能变化及严重心脏事件的发生情况,以对AMI治疗的几种方法作出评价,更好地指导基层医院治疗。方法选择ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）患者137例,分为再灌注治疗组108例（包括急诊PCI组29例,静脉溶栓组43例,静脉溶栓＋延迟PCI组36例）和未再灌注治疗组29例,连续观察3个月至3年,对其心功能变化及严重心脏事件发生情况进行统计比较和分析。结果再灌注治疗组远期严重的心血管事件发生率明显低于未接受再灌注治疗组（P〈0．05）;LVEF≥50％者高于未再灌注组（P〈0．05）;动态心电图心律失常发生率无显著差异。其中以急诊PCI组与3h内溶栓远期效果最佳。结论AMI后行再灌注治疗与未行再灌注治疗远期疗效有显著差别。其中3h内溶栓与急诊PCI组,溶栓失败后行补救性PCI与3h内溶栓及急诊PCI均无明显差异。     

急性ST段抬高心肌梗死患者急诊介入治疗后低血压的临床意义及对近期预后的影响

目的探讨急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（STEMI）急诊介入治疗术后再灌注致低血压的临床意义及对近期预后的影响。方法回顾分析本院115例ST段抬高心肌梗死患者行急诊介入治疗术的临床资料,根据梗死相关动脉（IRA）开通后是否出现低血压分为低血压组（64例）和正常血压组（51例）,分析两组临床特征、术后心肌酶、心功能情况,同时分析住院和出院后半年主要的心脑临床事件。结果115例STEMI介入治疗患者出现低血压64例（55．7％）,血压正常组51例（44．3％）;低血压组多见于下壁心肌梗死（46例,71．9％）,IRA多为右冠状动脉（44例,68．8％）,两组在心功能恢复和主要心脑事件发生方面比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急性sT段抬高心肌梗死行急诊PCI患者较易出现低血压并发症,及时纠正低血压状态,其预后良好。     

血糖对急性心肌梗死患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后心肌灌注的影响

目的 探讨血糖对急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者预后和经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）治疗后心肌灌注的影响。方法 选取接受直接PCI治疗的AMI患者106例，将既往有糖尿病病史或者无糖尿病病史但入院时第1次随机血糖≥7．8mmol/L者列为高血糖组（49例），其余患者列为正常血糖组（57例）。比较两组患者术后梗死相关动脉（IRA）的TIMI血流分级、术前及术后各导联ST段抬高的平均值、术后ST段回落程度及住院期间心血管不良事件发生率。结果 高血糖组发病到就诊的时间长（P〈0．05），无痛性心肌梗死发生率及心血管不良事件发生率比正常血糖组高（P〈0．05）；两组PCI术后60min各导联ST段抬高平均值及术后ST段回落程度比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；高血糖组多支血管病变、弥漫性病变比例较正常血糖组高（P〈0．05），左室射血分数明显降低（P〈0．05）。结论 既往有糖尿病病史或入院后随机血糖升高的AMI患者，行急诊PCI治疗后的心肌灌注较差，进而影响心功能，增加住院期间心血管不良事件的发生率。     

228例急性心肌梗死尿激酶溶栓治疗效果分析

目的观察尿激酶溶栓治疗急性心肌梗死的临床效果。方法选择笔者所在医院2010年1月～2011年4月心内科收治住院的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者228例为溶栓组，另选同期住院未行溶栓治疗的380例患者为对照组。溶栓组根据溶栓开始时间距发病时间〈6h为A组，6～24h为B组。对照组采用常规治疗，溶栓组加用尿激酶治疗。观察各组胸痛缓解时间、心电图、心肌酶学改变以及出血等并发症和住院期间病死率。结果溶栓各组除发生轻微的一般出血外，未见严重并发症。溶栓组再通率61．4％（A组再通率72．2％，B组再通率42．9％），对照组再通率15．8％，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。溶栓组病死率8．77％，对照组15．8％，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论急性心肌梗死尿激酶静脉溶栓是安全、有效的，溶栓治疗效果与溶栓时间密切相关。     

不同性别急性心肌梗死患者3h内静脉溶栓的临床疗效分析

目的探讨不同性别急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者3h内静脉溶栓近期疗效的差异及危险因素。方法选择本院心内科收治的符合静脉溶栓适臆证,无禁忌证的AMI患者共98例。根据性别分为男性组76例,女性组22例。两组均于3h内给予静脉溶栓治疗。结果（1）接受静脉溶栓治疗的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者男性年龄较女性提前（P〈0．05）;（2）两组住院病死率无明显差异（P〉0．05）;（3）男性梗死相关血管再通率大于女性（P〉0．05）;（4）AMI易患因素中,高血压因素两组比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;女性高血脂及糖尿病高于男性（P〈0．05）;男性吸烟史显著高于女性（P〈0．01）;（5）女性组并发心力衰竭及房室传导阻滞明显高于男性（P〈0．05）。结论急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者3h内静脉溶栓近期疗效,女性不如男性。     

PCI对急诊心肌梗死患者的疗效分析

目的探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者的急诊治疗效果。方法研究组患者60例实施急诊PCI治疗,对照组患者60例均行非急诊静脉溶栓治疗。结果研究组患者治疗后发生心绞痛、心衰、心源性死亡、再灌注心律失常等心血管事件发生率明显低于对照组,平均住院天数明显短于对照组,存活率明显高于对照组,数据经统计学比较差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论 PCI治疗AMI具有有效性和安全性,对提高预后有积极作用。     

胺碘酮防治急性心肌梗死溶栓术后再灌注心律失常研究

目的胺碘酮防治急性心肌梗死（AMI）溶栓术后再灌注心律失常研究。方法80例接受溶栓治疗的AMI患者随机分为胺碘酮治疗组（A组,40例）和常规治疗组（B组,40例）,观察两组患者成功溶栓后再灌注心律失常的发生率。结果溶栓后A组再灌注心律失常发生率较B组低（275％vs47．5％,P〈0．05）。结论应用胺碘酮有效减少AMI患者溶栓后再灌注心律失常的发生率。     

老年急性心肌梗死急诊介入治疗联合替罗非班的疗效评价

目的探讨老年急性ST段抬高心肌梗死（ASTEMI）患者急诊介入治疗联合应用国产替罗非班临床疗效的有效性及安全性。方法2008年5月至2010年5月发病12h内接受急诊PCI术的老年ASTEMI患者106例,年龄65～88（68．5±9．6）岁,按就诊顺序分为替罗非班治疗组（n=54）和对照组（n=52）,比较两组基础临床特征、心肌呈色分级（MBG）及术后90min心电图ST段回落百分比（sumSTR）,并观察住院期间主要心血管事件、左室射血分数及出血并发症。结果两组基础临床情况和造影特征差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。替罗非班组心肌呈色分级3级获得率明显增高（88．9％vs57．7％,P〈0．05）,术后90min心电图ST段把抬高回落〉50％者（70．3％VS42．3％,P〈0．05）显著高于对照组。替罗非班组心肌梗死后1周射血分数也明显高于对照组（56．2±7．6VS46．7±8．5,P〈0．05）。两组住院期间主要心血管事件发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。替罗非班组轻度出血发生率有高于对照组趋势（11.1％vs6．0％,P〉0．05）,但无严重出血或血小板减少症。结论国产替罗非班能改善急诊PCI术后心肌灌注指标,并有助于改善心功能。老年ASTEMI患者急诊PCI联合使用替罗非班治疗是安全有效的。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.