Multiple jejunoileal perforations because of intestinal involvement of miliary tuberculosis in an infant

Infants are more susceptible to tuberculous bacilli and may develop severe extrapulmonary and miliary forms of the disease. However, miliary tuberculosis (MT) presenting with multiple intestinal perforations as an initial manifestation of the disease is extremely rare in children. The authors describe an infant who underwent emergency laparotomy because of jejunoileal perforations secondary to intestinal involvement of MT to emphasize the characteristics of the abdominal disease and the importance of controlling systemic disease to achieve a favorable outcome.     

Factors associated with acute renal failure in children with rhabdomyolysis

Pigment nephropathy accounts for approximately 3% of all cases of acute renal failure (ARF) in children. Studies of risk factors associated with ARF and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT) in children with rhabdomyolysis-associated pigment nephropathy consist of retrospective case series with variable inclusion criteria. Our objective was to evaluate clinical and laboratory characteristics, etiology, initial fluid therapy, prevalence of ARF and the requirement for RRT in pediatric patients with acute rhabdomyolysis. Twenty-eight patients (19 male) with a mean age of 11.1 ± 5.6 years were studied. Acute renal failure occurred in 11 patients (39%), seven of whom (64%) required RRT. Features associated with the need for RRT included history of fever, persistent oliguria, admission blood urea nitrogen level, creatinine, Ca²⁺, K⁺, bicarbonate and aspartate aminotransferase. Most of these factors are related to the level of renal insufficiency and degree of muscle injury. There was no difference in admission and peak creatine kinase (CK) levels between those who did or did not require RRT. However, all who required RRT had a peak CK level > 5000 U/L.     

慢性肾功能衰竭维持性透析患者合并结核分枝杆菌感染的诊断

慢性肾功能衰竭维持性透析患者由于免疫力降低,极易感染结核分枝杆菌。研究显示,透析患者结核分枝杆菌的感染率为普通人群的4．6～15．5倍,而且主要是肺外结核,占40．0％～87．5％,其中最为常见的是淋巴结结核。透析患者感染结核分枝杆菌后的症状极不典型,甚至无明显的感染症状,且结核菌素试验常为阴性（阳性率仅为20％）,普通的诊断方法较难发现。本文就广州市红十字会医院透析中心经严格筛查并诊断为结核分枝杆菌感染的9例透析患者相关情况进行报道。     

Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with end stage renal disease

Chronic renal failure is a risk factor fortuberculosis. In the past five years we have identifiedtwo cases of tuberculosis in our dialysis population.The first patient, showed chronic failure to thrive onhemodialysis. An enlarged cervical lymph node wasbiopsied and, although no acid fast bacilli (AFB) wereseen, a culture grew Mycobacterium tuberculosum (TB). Her chest X-ray did not show evidence of pasttuberculosis. The second patient was a long timesmoker who presented with an enlarged cervical node,which was biopsied. AFB were not seen on her biopsy,but her culture grew TB. Extrapulmonary TB is commonin patients with ESRD, and lymph node involvement isthe most common extrapulmonary presentation. Screening with the purified protein derivative (PPD)is not helpful in ESRD patients, since defects in cellmediated immunity are common. A high index ofsuspicion for TB is warranted in patients with ESRD. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

慢性肾功能衰竭患者的高同型半胱氨酸血症

目的 研究慢性肾功能衰竭（ＣＲＦ）患者血浆同型半胱氨酸（Ｈｃｙ）水平、影响因素以及与心、脑血管疾病的关系。方法 采用荧光偏振免疫分析法测定１６０例ＣＲＦ患者血浆总同型半胱氨酸（ｔＨｃｙ）水平，以３１例冠心病患者和４５例正常人为对照。结果 以正常组血浆ｔＨｃｙｘ±２ｓ为９５％可信度上限，ＣＲＦ患者高同型半胱氨酸血症的发生率为８２．５０％，明显高于冠心病组（２２．５８％）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；血液透析（ＨＤ）组血浆ｔＨｅｙ水平［（２４．１３±１２．６８）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝７３］明显高于持续性非卧床腹膜透析（ＣＡＰＤ）组［（１６．４３ ±５．５８）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝１９］、冠心病组［（１１．１３±４．９７）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝３１］以及正常组（７．９７±２．６５）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝４５，Ｐ均＜０．０１。９２例透析治疗的ＣＲＦ患者中有明确心、脑血管病者的血浆ｔＨｃｙ水平［（２７．１２±１５．９４）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝３０］明显高于无此类病史的患者［（２０．１７±８．７１）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，ｎ＝６２］。未经透析的 ＣＲＦ患者血浆 ｔＨｃｙ水平与内生肌酐清除率呈负相关（ｒ＝－０．３７４，Ｐ＜０．０１），与患者年龄、血葡萄糖、血脂及血浆白     

Coronary artery bypass grafting in patients with dialysis-dependent renal failure

This study identified preoperative characteristics of dialysis patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and determined the early and long-term results. We retrospectively analyzed the data of 60 patients (mean age 60.8 +/- 7.6 years) with end-stage renal disease who underwent CABG between 1982 and 1999. Seventeen (28%) patients underwent CABG for unstable angina, and 9 (15%) patients required preoperative intraaortic balloon pumping. The incidence of congestive heart failure (18%) and diseased aorta (42%) was higher in the dialysis group. In-hospital mortality in the dialysis group was 13% (8/60). The estimated survival rate at 5 and 10 years in the dialysis patients was 55.6 +/- 8.8% and 31.8 +/- 11.6%, respectively. The cardiac event-free rate, excluding the in-hospital mortality, was 62.5 +/- 9.9% at 5 years. Although the early and long-term results of CABG in dialysis patients were inferior to those of nondialysis patients, CABG in dialysis-dependent patients allows the patients to continue their dialysis therapy and to improve their functional status.     

Mortality trends in pediatric patients with chronic renal failure

Mortality trends were analyzed in 441 children and adolescents with chronic renal failure (CRF) observed over a 24-year period before and after institution of renal replacement therapy (RRT). A total of 93 patients died. Overall mortality rate (MR) per 100 patient years decreased from 6.6 in 1969–1978 to 2.5 in 1979–1988 and increased slightly to 2.9 in 1989–1992. The fall involved all four modes of treatment: conservative hemodialysis (HD), continuous peritoneal dialysis (CPD), and transplantation (TX). From 1979–1988 to 1989–1992 MR on conservative and on dialysis treatment changed only slightly and was similar on HD and CPD. An alarming rise in MR was noted after TX in 1989–1992, mainly due to malignant tumors. In 44 patients who died on conservative treatment, the reasons for non-acceptance for RRT were analyzed: in 22 multi-morbidity was the main reason, usually because of a congenital neurological disorder. Some patients died from advanced uremia or unexpected events after the decision to institute RRT. Our experience demonstrates a persistent mortality in pediatric patients with CRF, which in recent years is primarily ascribed to congenital multi-morbid conditions which make RRT unfeasible, infections on dialysis treatment, and malignancies after TX.     

Advances in cell therapy for renal failure

Cell therapy is one of the most exciting fields in translational medicine. It stands at the intersection of a variety of rapidly developing scientific disciplines: stem cell biology, immunology, tissue engineering, molecular biology, biomaterials, transplantation biology, regenerative medicine and clinical research. Cell-based therapy may develop into a new therapeutic platform to treat a vast array of clinical disorders. Blood transfusions and bone marrow transplantation are prime examples of the successful application of cell-based therapeutics; but recent advances in cellular and molecular biology have expanded the potential applications of this approach. Although recombinant genetic engineering to produce a variety of therapeutics, such as human erythropoietin and insulin has proven successful, these treatments are unable to completely correct or reverse disease states, because most common disease processes are not due to the deficiency of a single protein but develop due to alterations in the complex interactions of a variety of cell components. In these complex situations, cell-based therapy may be a more successful strategy by providing a dynamic, interactive and individualized therapeutic approach that responds to the pathophysiological condition of the patient. In this regard, cells may provide innovative methods for drug delivery of biologics, immunotherapy, and tissue regenerative or replacement engineering [Nature 392 (1998) 518-524, Nat Biotechnol 20 (2002) 339-343]. The translation of this discipline to medicinal practice has tremendous potential, but in many applications technological issues need to be overcome. Since many cell-based indications are already being evaluated in the clinic, the field appears to be on the threshold of a number of successes. This review will focus on our group's use of human stem/progenitor cells in the treatment of acute and chronic renal failure as extensions to current successful renal substitution processes of hemodialysis and hemofiltration.     

肾结核的超声诊断与分型

目的：探讨肾结核超声诊断、分型及其临床价值。方法：回顾性分析资料完整的150例肾结核患者的超声声像图特点。结果：超声诊断肾结核的符合率为79．3％(119／150),根据肾结核B超声像图特点,将肾结核分析归纳为6型,即囊肿型18例,积水型10例,积脓型6例,炎症萎缩型16例,钙化型31例,混合型38例。结论：超声检查具有价廉、无创等优点,对肾结核声像图的分型,有助于肾结核的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

Immunization in children with chronic renal failure: a practical approach

The prevention of systemic viral and bacterial infections by effective vaccination represents an essential task of pediatric nephrologists caring for children with chronic renal failure (CRF) undergoing renal transplantation (RTPL) with life-long immunosuppression. This review addresses three issues: risk of vaccine-preventable diseases, safety, immunogenicity, and clinical efficacy of available vaccines, and implementation of immunization guidelines. Infections (including vaccine-preventable infections) represent the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children on dialysis and after RTPL. Vaccination in children with CRF and after RTPL is safe and does not cause reactivation of an immune-related renal disease or rejection after RTPL. Children with CRF generally produce protective serum antibodies to primary vaccinations with killed or component vaccines and live virus vaccines; some children on dialysis and after RTPL may not respond optimally, requiring repeated vaccination. Proof of vaccine efficacy is absence of disease, which can only be confirmed in large cohort studies. A few observational studies provide evidence that vaccination has contributed significantly, at least in the western hemisphere, to the low prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases among children with CRF. Close cooperation between the local pediatrician/practitioner and the pediatric nephrologist is essential for successful implementation of the vaccination schedule.     

Bilateral extrinsic endometriosis of the ureters with renal failure: A case report

Ureteral involvement in endometriosis is usually overlooked because it complicates less than 0.5% of cases and remains asymptomatic in the majority. Despite its rarity, ureteral endometriosis is important because the consequent irreversible renal damage may cause considerable morbidity. A case of chronic renal failure caused by bilateral extrinsic endometriosis is described. The patient presented with acute abdominal pain prior to the planned radical surgical procedure. She did not complain of menstrual dysfunction or urinary symptoms. Bilateral adnexal masses and the sensory loss of pelvic nerve compression were found on physical examination. Incidental routine investigations showed deranged renal function and obstructive uropathy. Ureterolysis, bilateral salpingooophorectomy and subtotal hysterectomy successfully relieved the obstruction. The potential existence of ureteral endometriosis should be realized. Vigilance in performing surgery offers the best chance of cure.     

Chronic renal failure in pediatrics 1996

 The Nephrology Branch of the Chilean Pediatric Society has greatly influenced the development of government health plans regarding the management and care of patients under 18 years with chronic renal failure (CRF). In order to assess the status of children with CRF in Chile up to 1996, a questionnaire was sent to all pediatric nephrologists in charge of those children. The total sample was of 227 patients under 18 years, giving a national prevalence of 42.5 and an incidence of 5.7 per million inhabitants; of these patients, 50.7% were male, 58.6% over 10 years and 15% younger than 5 years. The most frequent etiologies of CRF were: obstructive uropathy, 18.1%; hypo/dysplasia, 16.7%; reflux nephropathy, 16.7%; and glomerulopathies, 16.3%. Although 48% of patients were on conservative medical treatment, 42.2% of these were in end-stage renal disease, 22.9% were on dialysis, and 29.1% had undergone renal transplantation. Of the dialysis group, 75% were on peritoneal dialysis. Of the transplanted children, 78.8% had normal renal function, but 16.7% returned to dialysis. Three-year graft survival and patient survival were 68% and 94%, respectively. Received: 19 January 1998 / Revised: 6 July 1998 / Accepted: 16 July 1998     

肾结核的早期诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肾结核的早期诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析96例早期肾结核患者的临床资料.男58例,女38例.年龄17～52岁,平均34岁.病程2～22个月,平均10个月.右侧42例,左侧54例.合并附睾结核12例,肺结核28例.96例均行常规实验室及影像学检查.均行药物治疗,无效者行肾切除.结果本组血尿、尿频、尿急、尿痛和腰痛是肾结核最常见的症状,分别占67.7%(65/96)、54.2%(52/96)、43.7%(42/96)、37.5%(36/96)和22.9%(22/96).KUB+IVU、B超、CT、膀胱黏膜活检诊断符合率分别为67.7%、12.5%、37.5%、33.3%.96例采用抗结核药物[异烟肼(INH)+利福平(RFP)+乙胺丁醇(EMB)或吡嗪酰胺(PIA)]治疗6～8个月,临床治愈38例(39.1%),好转43例(44.8%).15例药物治疗无效者改行肾切除.结论尿液检查、IVU、膀胱镜检查及黏膜活检对肾结核早期诊断有十分重要的意义.INH+RFP+EMB或PIA三联治疗早期肾结核效果满意.     

A case of urinary and miliary tuberculosis detected during examination for renal failure

A case of urinary and miliary tuberculosis in a 51-year-old male is reported. The patient with the complaint of low grade fever at night and appetite loss had visited another clinic. Laboratory data showed renal failure (serum creatinine 3.9 mg/dl, BUN 35.1 mg/dl) and he was referred to our hospital. Ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) revealed bilateral hydronephrosis. Therefore we suspected postrenal renal failure. We performed cystoscopy in order to perform retrograde pyelography and to indwell double J stent. The bladder showed yellow-whitish nodules all over the bladder. Tuberculous bacilli were detected in the urine by smear, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture. Chest radiography and CT revealed multiple granular nodules and so diagnosed miliary tuberculosis. Immediately combination chemotherapy of with isonicotinic acid hydrozide, rifapicin, ethanbutal and pirazinamide was administered. Histopathology by bladder biopsy showed epithelioid cell granuloma. Chemotherapy was effective, but the vesical capacity was contracted to less than 50 ml, and we suspect that the patient will need vesical augmentation.     

Pump-assisted hemofiltration in infants with acute renal failure

Hemofiltration is accepted management for acute renal failure in critically ill patients. However, in infants, obtaining arterial access or adequate flow through the access is often difficult. We report our technique and experience with pump-assisted hemofiltration (PAHF) in ten infants with acute renal failure. In five patients, doublelumen venous catheters provided access, while two catheters at separate sites were used in the remaining patients. In all patients, hemofilters were used with standard intravenous tubing added to pre-filter tubing and placed through a standard volumetric infusion pump for regulation of blood flow. The infants, aged 5–575 days, weighed from 2.8 to 11.4 kg and had primary diagnoses of post-operative congenitial heart disease in five, sepsis in four, and renal dysplasia in one. The duration of PAHF averaged 158±115 h (range 20–332 h). Complications included bleeding at a catheter or surgical site in one patient each and asymptomatic hyponatremia in five patients. Thus, with adequate nurse training, PAHF using a volumetric infusion pump for blood regulation can be acceptable therapy in acute renal failure in infants.     

Non-convulsive status epilepticus following antibiotic therapy as a cause of unexplained loss of consciousness in patients with renal failure

Background  Non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE): a condition that may be associated with different levels of altered consciousness without any apparent motor signs. There are published reports that it may be associated with antibiotic use patients with renal failure. Method  This is a retrospective analysis of our 12 NCSE (2 men, 10 women, a mean age: 58.4 ± 17.5 range of 29–85 years) patients with renal failure who have used antibiotics. Results  Twelve patients were receiving a total of 19 antibiotics including mainly beta-lactams. The mean duration of time between start of antibiotic treatment and NCSE was 8.0 (3–21) days. In all of the patients, neurological symptoms were slowly progressive and consisted of depression of consciousness and/or disorientation. Diazepam administration resulted in marked reduction or completely disappears of epileptic activity. Four of 12 patients (33%) died, but none of were associated with NCSE but primarily associated with infection developed secondary to the preexisting disease and with congestive heart failure which patients already had. Conclusion  Antibiotics, especially beta-lactams could be neurotoxic and may cause of NCSE. NCSE should be considered in patients with unexplained loss of consciousness; EEG must be a part of investigations in patients with uraemia receiving antibiotics.     

Growth in children with chronic renal failure and after renal transplantation

Growth retardation is a major problem for many children with chronic renal failure (CRF) and transplantation. The aim of this study is to assess the relation between height, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), hormonal alterations in children with CRF on regular haemodialysis (HD), and the impact of functioning graft after kidney transplantation. Thirty-six hemodialysed children were included in the study beside 32 pediatric transplants. Mean duration on HD was 14.72 ± 7.73 months for the CRF group, while the mean interval after transplantation was 1.97 ± 0.9 years for the second group. Moreover, twenty healthy children of matched age and sex served as controls. Assessment of growth parameters included height, expressed as standard deviation scores (Ht SDS) for chronological age, serum levels of growth hormone (hGH), and parathormone (PTH). Growth performance was evaluated twice: at the start of the study and one year later. Children with CRF and transplantation had significantly higher levels of both serum hGH and PTH compared to their controls, while CRF children experienced significantly higher serum levels of both hGH and PTH compared to those with functioning graft. Furthermore, analysis of our results by non-parametric Kendall’s correlation at the start and one year later revealed negative correlation concerning dialysis duration, serum creatinine, and PTH. On the other hand, positive correlation was achieved for serum calcium and GFR.     

中晚期肾结核36例的临床特征

目的:探讨中晚期肾结核的临床特征.方法:报告36例中晚期肾结核患者的临床资料.均无典型临床表现;尿抗酸杆菌阳性率为19.4%;B超、IVU、和CT诊断符合率分别为30.6%、36.7%、81.2%.26例肾脏已无功能行手术切除(开放性手术20例,腹腔镜手术6例);10例行抗结核保守治疗,其中5例置双J管引流.结果:31例痊愈,5例失访.结论:肾结核的临床表现不典型、治疗不及时是导致中晚期肾结核发生的主要原因;CT对中晚期肾结核的诊断最有价值;治疗以肾切除术为主,术中应尽可能切除患侧输尿管;腹腔镜手术可以列为首选的治疗方法.     

肾结核磁共振尿路成像特点及与病理变化的关系

目的 探讨磁共振尿路成像(MRU)在肾结核诊断中的价值。方法 18例IVU不显影或IVU显影不良的肾结核患者行MRU，术后结合病理标本分析形成这些影像持点的病理基础。结果 MRU主要影像表现为肾乳头破坏(14例)、肾盏颈部狭窄(14例)、肾盏扩张而肾盂不扩张(10例)、输尿管僵直或狭窄(13例)，可反映出肾结核时尿路不同部位破坏、溃疡、形成空洞与纤维化修复的病理特点。结论 MRU可作为IVU的辅助手段用于肾结核诊断，可提供诊断依据并帮助选择治疗方案。     

连续性血液净化治疗心力衰竭Ⅳ级合并肾衰竭患者56例疗效观察

目的 观察和分析连续性血液净化在治疗重症心力衰竭合并肾衰竭中的作用和疗效.方法 应用连续性血液净化技术治疗2010年1月至2013年12月间我院收治的56例药物治疗效果不佳的重症心力衰竭合并肾衰竭的患者,并于治疗前后对患者心率、心脏指数、左室射血分数、心输出量、血肌酐（SCr）、尿素氮（BUN）、Na＋、K＋、Cl进行统计、分析和比较,观察患者心功能、血生化指标改善情况.结果 与治疗前相比,患者治疗后[心率（79.7±9.0）次/min、心脏指数（3.35±0.91）L/（min·m2）、左室射血分数（53.55±10.32）％、心输出量（4.47±0.35） L/min、SCr （392.00±86.32）μmol/L、BUN（11.2±4.5）mmol/L、K＋（4.4±0.5）mmol/L]均优于治疗前[心率（128.2±14.2）次/min,心脏指数（1.96±0.57） L/（min·m2）、左室射血分数（39.25±8.55）％、心输出量（3.08±0.54） L/min、SCr（903.00±106.10） μmol/L、BUN（20.5±9.4）mmol/L、K＋ （5.60±0.97） mmol/L差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;而Na＋、Cl变化不大,无统计学差异（P＞0.05）.结论 连续性血液净化疗效确切,安全性高,是治疗重症心力衰竭合并肾衰竭的有效手段.