肾上腺脑白质营养不良MRI诊断

目的 分析肾上腺脑白质营养不良(ALD)的影像图像特点,提高MRI对ALD诊断的准确性.方法 收集本院1993-2008年间经生化和临床证实的ALD共9例,所有病例均行MRI检查.结果 9例病人均表现为双侧对称性侧脑室三角区白质病变,呈T_1 WI低信号,T_2 WI高信号,经胼胝体压部相连,呈蝶翼状分布;其中1例仅累及枕叶, 6例累及顶枕叶,2例累及顶枕颞叶.8例累及胼胝体压部,5例累及丘脑后外部.2例增强扫描表现为病灶周边环状强化,脑干病灶亦强化.结论 MRI能准确反映ALD病变和病程.     

足月新生儿低血糖脑病的MRI表现

目的 探讨足月新生儿低血糖脑病的MRI表现.方法 回顾性分析16例低血糖脑病的MR资料,其中男10例,女6例,所有病例均在患者出生后6 d内进行,包括常规T1WI,T2WI和Flair,DWI扫描.其中4例1~3月后再次复查MR.结果 16例首次检查T1异常8例,表现为皮层下白质呈低信号,4例皮层呈高信号.T2异常6例,表现为高信号区.DWI异常12例,表现为对称性高信号区.分布部位:双侧顶枕叶10例,胼胝体压部4例,双额叶1例,双屏状核1例,侧脑室旁白质4例,小脑上脚、脑干腹侧1例.1~3月后复查4例,有2例表现为局限性脑皮层萎缩,胼胝体变细.结论 足月新生儿低血糖脑损伤最易发生顶枕叶后部脑组织,其次胼胝体,小脑亦可受累.DWI上对称性高信号具有一定的特征性.     

急性间歇性血卟啉病并发神经系统损害的MRI表现

目的 探讨急性间歇性血卟啉病并发神经系统损害的MRI表现及鉴别诊断.方法 对临床确诊的10例急性间歇性血卟啉病并发神经系统损害的患者进行MRI检查,观察和分析病变的发生部位、分布及信号特点.结果 10例患者MR平扫所有病变的发生部位及MR信号表现一致,病变的具体部位为:双侧顶枕叶6例,双侧枕叶2例,双侧额顶叶1例,双侧额顶枕叶1例;累及皮质3例,皮层下白质10例,不累及神经核团.病变呈对称性分布7例,不完全对称3例.病变平扫T1WI呈边界略模糊的低或稍低信号,T2WI呈较高信号,FLAIR呈高信号.DWI病变呈低信号9例,呈等信号1例,表观扩散系数(ADC)图呈高信号10例.增强扫描病变无强化.4周后患者临床症状全部消失,复查颅脑MRI,病变完全消失8例,范围明显缩小2例.结论 MR扫描,尤其是弥散加权序列(DWI),对急性间歇性血卟啉病并发神经系统损害具有重要的诊断价值,结合患者临床资料,可作出明确诊断.     

新生儿低血糖脑损伤的MRI表现

目的 初步探讨新生儿低血糖脑损伤的MRI表现特征及扩散加权成像(DWI)存早期发现低血糖脑损伤中的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析12例低血糖新生儿(其中10例诊断为新生儿低血糖脑病)MRI资料,12例患儿于出生后3至10 d内进行了头部MR扫描,包括常规T1 WI、T2、WI 和DWI扫描.其中4例在第一次检杏后7至10 d后再次行MR扫描.结果 12例首次DWI检查中11例出现异常高信号,受累脑区包括双侧枕叶皮层2例、右侧枕叶皮层1例、左侧枕叶皮层及皮层下1例,双侧枕叶皮层及皮层下2例、双侧顶枕叶皮层2例、舣侧顶枕叶皮层及皮层下2例、胼胝体压部4例、双侧放射冠2例、左侧尾状核及苍白球1例、舣侧背侧丘脑1例、双侧内囊后肢1例.12例首次常规T1 WI、T2 WI中,4例T1 WI呈现异常信号,表现为受累部位皮层T1信号减低3例、受累的双枕叶皮层稍短T1信号1例;5例T2 WI见异常信号,均表现为受累部位皮层及皮层下T2信号稍增高且灰白质分界不清.4例复查中,受累枕叶局部白质软化4例,残存枕叶皮层见条状稍高T1信号2例,双侧大脑半球白质呈弥漫性脱髓鞘改变1例,胼胝体压部T2高信号消失1例,胼胝体压部仍见稍高T2信号1例.结论 在新生儿期,可能和低血糖相关的腑拟伤多发生在双侧顶、枕叶后部脑组织.早期的DWI扫描有助于低血糖脑损伤的早期发现和评估.     

可逆性后部脑病综合征影像学分布模式的初步探讨

目的 探讨可逆性后部脑病综合征(PRES)的影像学病灶分布模式.资料与方法 回顾性分析32例PRES患者的临床和影像学资料,32例均行MRI检查和复查,包括常规T1WI、T2WI、FLAIR序列,其中21例行扩散加权成像(DWI)检查.对病灶部位分布的关系采用四格表x2检验,以P<0.05作为差异有统计学意义.结果 在病灶累及部位上,顶枕叶与其他各部位如深部白质、脑干、基底节区及胼胝体相比差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);在病灶分布模式上,除16例(50%)以顶枕叶分布为主的经典型以外,还有3种变异影像学分布模式:全脑型(8例)、不对称型(5例)和脑干型(3例).结论 双侧大脑半球后部尤其是顶枕叶白质内血管源性脑水肿是PRES最特征性影像学表现,准确识别其不典型影像学表现对PRES的正确诊断具有重要意义.     

儿童异染性脑白质营养不良的MRI表现

目的 观察异染性脑白质营养不良（MLD）的特征性表现。方法 回顾分析我院经生化检查证实的MLD共11例,观察MRI上脑内白质病变的部位和特殊结构（白质纤维束、丘脑、胼胝体）受累的情况。结果 11例均表现为双侧脑室周围白质T2WI对称高信号,10例双侧半卵圆中心T2WI对称高信号;4例累及皮层下白质。8例累及胼胝体膝部,9例累及压部,两者同时受累为8例;7例累及内囊后肢,4例累及外囊,4例累及脑干皮质脊髓束（3例中脑,1例桥脑）。1例累及小脑白质,8例半卵圆中心T2WI有虎纹征,8例T2WI丘脑呈低信号;5例侧脑室扩大,1例全脑萎缩。结论 MLD的典型表现为双侧半卵圆中心和侧脑室周围白质T2WI对称高信号,早期皮层下白质不受累,胼胝体膝部和压部受累为重要征象;另外征象包括脑干皮质脊髓束和内、外囊受累及虎纹征。     

新生儿低血糖脑损伤MRI表现

目的 :探讨新生儿低血糖脑损伤的MRI特征,为低血糖性脑损伤患儿的诊断及治疗提供依据。方法 :回顾性分析我院收治的11例临床诊断为低血糖脑损伤患儿的MRI表现。结果:本组中,累及双侧顶枕叶11例,胼胝体压部7例,侧脑室旁白质2例,1例伴脑室旁点状出血。首次MRI检查表现为病变部位长T1长T2信号,DWI高信号11例,2例内囊后肢T1WI高信号消失,1例伴脑室旁点状出血呈短T1短T2信号。1个月后MRI复查3例,2例显示双侧顶枕叶软化灶,1例胼胝体仍显示稍长T1长T2信号,DWI稍高信号。结论:新生儿低血糖脑损伤主要部位为大脑半球顶枕叶皮层及皮层下白质,其次为胼胝体;急性期MRI表现主要为损伤部位的水肿,慢性期则表现为受累脑组织出现软化、萎缩等。颅脑MRI是目前诊断低血糖脑损伤影像学检查最佳的选择。     

小儿流行性乙型脑炎的MRI特征分析

目的 探讨小儿流行性乙型脑炎的MRI特征.方法 回顾性分析40例乙型脑炎患儿的MRI表现,分析病灶的好发部位及其信号特征,数据采用构成比表示.40例(男24例,女16例)均在发病3～30 d期间行头颅常规T1WI、T2WI扫描,其中32例行轴位FLAIR扫描,31例行DWI扫描,7例行钆喷酸葡胺(Gd-DTPA)增强检查.结果 颅内病变主要在T1WI呈稍低信号,在T2WI呈稍高或高信号,在FLAIR序列以稍高信号多见,在DWI上多数呈高信号,部分呈稍高信号.40例中,37例病灶累及丘脑(92.5%),15例累及基底节(37.5%),12例累及大脑脚(30%),8例累及大脑皮层(20%),5例累及脑干(12.5%),2例累及胼胝体(5%).病灶常呈双侧对称性分布,增强扫描病灶均未见明显强化.结论小儿乙型脑炎的MRI的特征以双侧丘脑受累最多见,其次是基底节及大脑脚受累,而大脑皮层、脑干及胼胝体受累较少见.     

磁共振成像对孕产妇可逆性后部脑病综合征预后的诊断价值

目的 评价磁共振成像(MRI)对孕产妇可逆性后部脑病综合征(reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome,RPLS)预后的诊断价值.方法 收集临床确定为RPLS孕产妇7 例的MR资料.总结临床预后与患者早期病灶在T1WI、T2WI、DWI上的特征、分布、演变的关系.结果 7 例患者中仅1 例预后较差,问话不答、意识不清仍存在,其早期MRI示双侧额、顶、颞、枕叶皮层及白质、小脑、脑干、基底节大片状稍长T1稍长T2信号影,DWI仅示右侧基底节斑片状高信号,余大部分病灶未见显示,MRA、MRV均未见脑血管异常,复查MRI示病变仍存在.其余6 例预后较佳,视物不清、头痛、抽搐症状明显好转,其中5 例早期MRI示双侧顶叶、枕叶斑点片状稍长T1稍长T2信号影,DWI均未见病灶显示.5 例MRA、MRV均未见脑血管异常.1 例早期MRI仅示胼胝体压部斑片状稍长T1稍长T2信号影,DWI呈高信号,MRA示双侧大脑前动脉共干,MRV未见异常.结论 RPLS多累及顶、枕叶,一般预后较佳.大部分病灶DWI上呈低信号,提示RPLS是血管源性水肿.     

可逆性后部脑白质病综合征MRI诊断分析

目的探讨可逆性后部脑白质病综合征(PRES)MRI及临床特点。方法回顾性分析9例PRES患者的MRI表现及临床资料,所有患者均接受MRI平扫,包括常规T2WI、T1WI、FLAIR序列扫描、DWI,5例行MRV检查,3例行MR增强扫描,5例经治疗后复查MRI。结果 9例患者均有突发性血压升高病史,其中6例为先兆子痫或子痫,高血压病2例,肾功能不全1例。病变主要累及顶枕叶白质区,其次为额叶、基底节区,MRI呈对称性长T1长T2信号,FLAIR为高信号,DWI为等信号,ADC图呈高信号7例,2例为等信号。5例复查MRI脑白质病灶完全恢复。结论 MRI对PRES可作出明确诊断,其典型征象为双侧顶枕叶白质区多发对称性血管源性水肿,FLAIR、T2W序列显示病灶最佳,DWI、MRV在鉴别诊断中具有重要意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.