大榭港区突发公共卫生事件应急处置技术报告

为有效应对大榭港区突发公共卫生事件,降低和控制事件对人体、环境的危害,依据《国际卫生条例(2005)》、《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》及其实施细则、《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《国境口岸突发公共卫生事件出入境检验检疫应急处理规     

国境口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设初探

阐述张家港口岸应对突发公共卫生事件的能力,介绍在张家港口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设情况,并针对目前国内外新形势,结合卫生检疫工作特点,探讨口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设。口岸公共卫生安全不仅关系到国家对外贸易的发展,更关系到国家的安全与稳定,国境口岸亟须建立相对稳定可靠的应对突发公共卫生事件应急体系。《国际卫生条例(2005)》的出台为中国口岸应对突发公共卫生体系建设指明了方向。     

福州空港口岸卫生监督能力建设探讨

1951年制定的《国际卫生条例》于2005年5月在第五十八届世界卫生大会上通过修订。我国是世界卫生组织（WHO）的成员国，实施新修订的《国际卫生条例（International Health Regulations，IHR）》（2005），有利于我国应对国际间突发公共卫生事件，依法维护我国的卫生主权；有利于进一步完善我国卫生应急体制、机制和法制建设；有利于发挥我国在国际公共卫生领域的积极作用。笔者就《国际卫生条例》（2005）中所述的有关机场核心能力建设中卫生监督能力要求方面进行认真学习对照，寻找目前福州机场卫生监督实际工作方面存在的不足，为今后加强卫生监督能力建设，进一步保障口岸卫生安全提出自身意见。     

广州白云国际机场突发公共卫生事件应对技术报告

近年来，多种新出现传染病、死灰复燃的老传染病和各类生物恐怖事件严重威胁着人类的健康、经济的发展和社会的稳定。为了有效预防和应对广州白云国际机场可能发生的各类突发公共卫生事件，依据《国际卫生条例》、《中华人民共和国国境卫生检疫法》及其实施细则、《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》和《国境口岸突发公共卫生事件出入境检验检疫应急处理规定》等法律法规，[第一段]     

国境口岸突发公共卫生事件应急管理探析-以天津口岸为例

目的以提高处置和预防我国国境口岸突发公共卫生事件的能力为研究目的,使其能更加有序、规范、高效的进行。方法以比较为基本研究方法,借鉴美国、日本国境口岸突发公共卫生事件应急管理策略;以天津口岸为例进行实证研究。结果结合《国际卫生条例(2005)》的实施,针对国境口岸突发公共卫生事件应急管理新的变化,客观的对我国国境口岸突发公共卫生事件应急管理预案提出了若干补充建议。结论以期建立建全应急管理系统,有效控制、及时消除和预防国境口岸突发公共卫生事件的危害,保护国境口岸的正常运行。     

口岸卫生检疫监管体系研究

〔目的〕在人们对健康、疾病的认识发生了巨大变化的今天,探讨我国口岸卫生检疫监管机制、模式的转变,探索建立和完善适应WHO《国际卫生条例(2005年)》要求的口岸卫生检疫监管体系。〔方法〕通过对《国际卫生条例(2005年)》对口岸卫生控制核心能力的要求、对出入境人员、交通工具、物品等卫生控制的规定,以及我国口岸卫生检疫监管工作现状的研究、分析,提出完善口岸卫生检疫监管新机制、新模式的建议。〔结果〕①口岸卫生检疫工作由口岸卫生安全维持系统和口岸突发公共卫生事件应急系统2部分组成,口岸突发公共卫生事件应急系统有赖于口岸卫生检疫监测预警应对机制的建立;②口岸卫生检疫监测预警应对机制包括科学决策的组织指挥体系、快速获悉疫情的监测网络与预警系统、根据事件性质和严重程度做出不同应对的响应系统、强有力的后勤保障系统。〔结论〕适应《国际卫生条例(2005)》的要求,承担国际条约的义务,提高口岸应对国际关注公共卫生突发事件核心能力,防止传染病传入传出,促进和保障社会经济快速健康增长,成为我们的当务之急。     

2007年卫生应急工作要点

2007年卫生应急工作以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想和科学发展观为指导，认真贯彻《中共中央关于构建社会主义和谐社会若干重大问题的决定》和全国应急管理工作会议精神，深入落实《国务院关于全面加强应急管理工作的意见》（以下简称《意见》），全面实施《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》、《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》、《国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援应急预案》和《卫生部关于加强领导完善机制全面推进卫生应急工作的通知》，进一步加强和规范我国卫生应急管理工作，完善卫生应急机制、体制、法制和卫生应急管理体系、预案体系建设，不断提高应对突发公共卫生事件的能力。     

解析《国际卫生条例(2005)》在应对全球突发公共卫生事件中的首次运用

2009年的甲型流感作为《国际卫生条例(2005)》经修订实施以来世界卫生组织首次宣布的能引起国际关注的突发公共卫生事件,其全球应对措施在《国际卫生条例(2005)》的框架下操作实施。本文主要从预案、通报、事件宣布、联络沟通、口岸监测及控制等方面对《国际卫生条例(2005)》在应对全球突发公共卫生事件中的首次运用进行了探讨。     

张家港口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设

阐述张家港口岸应对突发公共卫生事件的能力,介绍在张家港口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设情况,并针对日前国内外新形势,结合卫生检疫工作特点,探讨口岸应对突发公共卫生事件体系建设.口岸公共卫生安全不仅关系到国家对外贸易的发展,更关系到国家的安全与稳定,国境口岸亟须建立相对稳定可靠的应对突发公共卫生事件应急体系.<国际卫生条例(2005)>的出台为我国口岸应对突发公共卫生体系建设指明了方向.     

2008年卫生应急工作要点

2008年卫生应急工作总的指导思想是：认真学习贯彻党的十七大精神，以邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想为指导，深入贯彻落实科学发展观，全面实施《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》（以下简称《突发事件应对法》）、《突发公共卫生事件应急条例》、《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》、《国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案》、《国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援应急预案》，贯彻落实《国务院关于全面加强应急管理工作的意见》、《卫生部关于加强领导完善机制全面推进卫生应急工作的通知》和《全国卫生部门卫生应急管理工作规范》，进一步完善卫生应急机制、体制和法制，加强卫生应急管理体系、预案体系建设，切实落实卫生应急工作总体部署和各项措施，积极推进卫生应急工作全面展开，不断提高应对突发公共卫生事件的能力。     

Global public health surveillance under new international health regulations

The new International Health Regulations adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2005 (IHR 2005) represents a major development in the use of international law for public health purposes. One of the most important aspects of IHR 2005 is the establishment of a global surveillance system for public health emergencies of international concern. This article assesses the surveillance system in IHR 2005 by applying well-established frameworks for evaluating public health surveillance. The assessment shows that IHR 2005 constitutes a major advance in global surveillance from what has prevailed in the past. Effectively implementing the IHR 2005 surveillance objectives requires surmounting technical, resource, governance, legal, and political obstacles. Although IHR 2005 contains some provisions that directly address these obstacles, active support by the World Health Organization and its member states is required to strengthen national and global surveillance capabilities.     

国际关注的突发公共卫生事件治理经验及启示

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市出现新型冠状病毒感染的肺炎,世界卫生组织在2020年1月30日召集突发事件委员会议,随后宣布新型冠状病毒疫情构成国际关注的突发公共卫生事件。文章通过梳理自2007年6月《国际卫生条例(2005)》生效以来,前5次国际关注的突发公共卫生事件,尝试总结其治理经验,分析主要影响国家的应急管理体系,为新型冠状病毒疫情提供防控参考。     

Comparative analysis of national legislation in support of the revised international health regulations: potential models for implementation in the United States

In 2005, the World Health Organization adopted the revised International Health Regulations, or IHR (2005), to establish obligations for detecting and responding to public health emergencies of international concern. The success of the IHR (2005) rests on the ability of states to implement the objectives and to execute the regulations in a legal and politically acceptable manner. Implementation of the IHR (2005) may be challenging for federalist nations, where most public health regulatory power lies in local rather than in national governments. We examine the implementation strategies of 4 nations: Australia, Canada, Germany, and India. The methods currently being considered by these nations for executing the IHR (2005) are potentially applicable models for the United States to consider.     

Costing framework for International Health Regulations (2005)

The revised International Health Regulations (IHR [2005]) conferred new responsibilities on member states of the World Health Organization, requiring them to develop core capacities to detect, assess, report, and respond to public health emergencies. Many countries have not yet developed these capacities, and poor understanding of the associated costs have created a barrier to effectively marshaling assistance. To help national and international decision makers understand the inputs and associated costs of implementing the IHR (2005), we developed an IHR implementation strategy to serve as a framework for making preliminary estimates of fixed and operating costs associated with developing and sustaining IHR core capacities across an entire public health system. This tool lays the groundwork for modeling the costs of strengthening public health systems from the central to the peripheral level of an integrated health system, a key step in helping national health authorities define necessary actions and investments required for IHR compliance.     

比例原则及其在《国际卫生条例(2005)》中的体现

比例原则是许多国家行政法上一项重要的基本原则,其本质是行政机关采取的措施不得超越宪法和法律容许的范围或目的。本文在对比例原则概念、基本特性介绍的基础上,详细阐述了比例原则在我国公共卫生突发事件应对及《国际卫生条例(2005)》中的体现,其中所体现出的最优化原则值得专业技术人员和决策者们认真思考和深入研究。     

Lessons from SARS and H1N1/A: employing a WHO-WTO forum to promote optimal economic-public health pandemic response

No formal system exists to review trade restrictions imposed during international public health emergencies rapidly. Failure to put one in place creates disincentives for surveillance and reporting, thereby undermining protection efforts. The 2003 SARS outbreak exposed weaknesses in global governance that caused uncoordinated public health and economic responses. New International Health Regulations (IHR), applied first during the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak, demonstrated improvement. Yet they failed to allow for management of public health emergencies in a way that balanced threats to health and those to economies and trade. Establishment of a joint WHO-WTO committee to adjudicate these conflicts might better achieve that balance.     

Global public health security

The framework of the newly revised International Health Regulations is a key driver in the effort to strengthen global public health security. Unanimously agreed upon by the World Health Assembly on May 23, 2005, the regulations are the result of experience gained and lessons learned during the past 30 years. This global legal framework includes a commitment from the World Health Organization (WHO) and from each WHO member state to improve capacity for disease prevention, detection, and response. It provides standards for addressing national public health threats that have the potential to become global emergencies. Its success will rely on the capacity and performance of national public health systems, anchored by strong national public health institutes (NPHIs). The new International Association of National Public Health Institutes aims to strengthen and invigorate existing NPHIs, to create new NPHIs where none exist, and to provide funded grants to support NPHI development priorities.     

Earlier detection of public health risks – Health policy lessons for better compliance with the International Health Regulations (IHR 2005): Insights from low-, mid- and high-income countries

The International Health Regulations (IHR 2005) require all Member States to build and maintain the capacities to prevent, detect and respond to public health emergencies. Early detection of public health risks is one of the core functions. In order to improve surveillance and detection, a better understanding of the health system conditions and their influencing factors are needed. The Israeli Ministry of Health/IHR National Focal Point held a workshop to elucidate health system conditions and their influencing factors that enable earlier detection. The workshop methodology employed a stepwise, small working group analysis approach to elucidate the conditions and their influencing factors affecting each stage of recognition, assessment, and reporting of infectious disease outbreaks, at the local, regional and national levels. In order to detect public health risks earlier, the detection process needs to be moved closer to the local communities and start with building capacity within communities. Building capacity and engaging with local and diverse communities requires significant changes in the governance approach and include information sharing, multi-sectoral communication and coordination across various levels before, during and after public health emergencies. Across the regions, low-, mid- and high-income countries seem to struggle more with governance and information sharing rather than with technical capacities and capabilities.     

Strategies for implementing the new International Health Regulations in federal countries

The International Health Regulations (IHR), the principal legal instrument guiding the international management of public health emergencies, have recently undergone an extensive revision process. The revised regulations, referred to as the IHR (2005), were unanimously approved in May 2005 by all Member States of the World Health Assembly (WHA) and came into effect on 15 June 2007. The IHR (2005) reflect a modernization of the international community's approach to public health and an acknowledgement of the importance of establishing an effective international strategy to manage emergencies that threaten global health security. The success of the IHR as a new approach to combating such threats will ultimately be determined by the ability of countries to live up to the obligations they assumed in approving the new international strategy. However, doing so may be particularly challenging for decentralized countries, specifically those with federal systems of government. Although the IHR (2005) are the product of an agreement among national governments, they cover a wide range of matters, some of which may not fall fully under the constitutional jurisdiction of the national government within many federations. This tension between the separation of powers within federal systems of government and the requirements of an evolving global public health governance regime may undermine national efforts towards compliance and could ultimately jeopardize the regime's success. We hosted a workshop to examine how federal countries could address some of the challenges they may face in implementing the IHR (2005). We present here a series of recommendations, synthesized from the workshop proceedings, on strategies that these countries might pursue to improve their ability to comply with the revised IHR.