2006-2008年韶关市流脑监测

目的了解韶关市2006-2008年健康人群中流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)的带菌状况和血清保护性抗体水平,为制定防控对策提供依据。方法收集韶关市2006-2008年流脑监测资料,采集8个年龄组健康人群咽拭子并进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌分离培养,采集健康人群血清进行抗体水平检测,计算健康人群流脑带菌率、血清保护性抗体阳性率。结果 2006-2008年韶关市健康人群脑膜炎球菌的带菌率仅为0.14%,为C群脑膜炎奈瑟双球菌。A群IgG抗体的阳性率为67.69%(473/705),C群IgG抗体的阳性率为44.54%(314/705),3岁以下儿童C群流脑血清保护性抗体阳性率低于3岁以上年龄组(χ2=10.572,P0.01)。2006-2008年无流脑病例报告。结论韶关市健康人群脑膜炎球菌的带菌率很低,3岁以下儿童的C群IgG抗体水平较低,应加强免疫接种工作。     

2008年祁东县健康人群流脑免疫水平和带菌状况调查

目的 了解祁东县健康人群流脑带菌状况和免疫水平,预测流脑发病的趋势,为流脑的防控提供依据. 方法 按照<全国流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测方案>要求开展流脑监测工作,采集<1岁、1～2岁、3～4岁、5～6岁、7～14岁、15～19岁、≥20岁7个年龄组人群的咽拭子及静脉血,分别进行健康人群带菌调查及人群抗体水平检测. 结果 祁东县健康人群检测出C群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌(简称Nm)1株,总带菌率为0.42%(1/240).健康人群A群流脑IgG抗体阳性率93.64%(206/220),C群流脑IgG抗体阳性率82.73%(182/220). 结论 祁东县健康人群Nm带菌率较低,A群和C群流脑IgG抗体的阳性率维持在较高水平,出现A群或C群流脑暴发流行的可能性不大.小于3岁年龄组健康人群C群抗体阳性率低,提示今后祁东县应提高A+C群流脑结合疫苗的接种率,以达到保护小于3岁年龄组人群的目的 .     

江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎血清学监测

目的了解江苏省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎A群、C群抗体水平及脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)带菌分布情况,评价江苏省流脑多糖菌苗的接种状况、工作质量,为制定控制措施提供依据。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA法)检测流脑A群、C群血清抗体水平和流脑免疫成功率,咽拭子用于脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)的分离。结果检测流脑A群抗体1964人,抗体阳性率为86.56%,GMT为1∶5.84;检测流脑C群抗体932人,抗体阳性率为57.51%,GMT为1∶2.68;流脑A群抗体阳性率(χ2=222.51,P<0.05),GMT(F=39.44,P<0.05)均有显著性差异;流脑C群抗体阳性率(χ2=194.12,P<0.05)、GMT(F=42.86,P<0.05)均有显著性差异。健康人群A群、C群流脑带菌率<1%。A群流脑多糖菌苗基础免疫成功率为88.98%,GMT为1∶5.58,抗体4倍增长率为71.65%。结论近期内江苏省不会发生流脑A群流行,存在暴发或散发流脑C群的可能。应加强流脑监测,大力推广A C群流脑疫苗的接种,逐渐将其纳入计划免疫。     

2006年宁夏中卫市流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测结果分析

目的：了解我市流脑带菌状况、菌群分布和免疫抗体水平。方法：按流脑监测方案选择海原县（2005年有病例发生）作为监测点，收集流脑发病疫情资料，采集各年龄组健康人群的咽拭子进行脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌（Nm）分离培养、鉴定；同时采集静脉血分离血清检测流脑A群和C群IgG抗体水平。结果：检出A群流脑病人2例，发病率为0．5／10万；健康人群Nm的带菌率为1．9％（4／214），其中29E群Nm2株、X群Nm2株；健康人群A群IgG抗体的总阳性率83．5％，GMT为6．81，各年龄组人群阳性率无显著性差异；健康人群C群IgG抗体的总阳性率37．3％，GMT为2．61，各年龄组人群阳性率有显著性差异。两种抗体GMT比较也非常显著（t=7．9，P〈0．01）。结论：流脑的发病率和健康人群带菌率较低，健康人群中流脑A群IgG抗体阳性率维持在较高水平，C群IgG抗体阳性率处于低水平。     

2005年广东省健康人群流脑免疫水平和带菌状况调查

目的：了解我省健康人群流脑带菌状况和免疫水平，预测流脑发病的趋势，为流脑的防控提供依据。方法：按照中国疾病预防控制中心的要求并结合广东省的实际情况开展流脑监测工作。选择广州市番禺区、茂名化州市、韶关乐昌市、东莞市及汕头市潮阳区作为流脑监测点。各监测点按广东省流脑监测方案要求采集市内0-、5-、10-、15-、25～、35-及45岁以上共7个年龄组人群的咽拭子及静脉血，分别进行健康人群带菌调查及人群抗体水平检测。结果：广东省健康人群A群流脑IgG抗体的总阳性率为78．9％（675／856），C群流脑IgG抗体的总阳性率为23．7％（203／856）；健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟氏菌（简称Nm）的带菌率为0．65％（7／1077）。健康人带菌以B群Nm为主。结论：广东省不同年龄组健康人群A群流脑IgG抗体的阳性率维持在较高水平，而Nm的带菌率也很低，提示大部分人对A群流脑有免疫作用。但我省健康人群C群IgG抗体水平较低，一旦有传染源传人，易引起局部暴发流行。     

2005年龙岩市部分健康人群流脑带菌状况和免疫水平调查

[目的]了解龙岩市健康人群流脑带菌状况与免疫水平，以确定高危人群，预测、预报流脑疫情。[方法]2005年3月，对龙岩市部分健康人群进行了流脑的带菌状况与血清抗体水平调查。[结果]调查168人，检出3株A群脑膜炎奈瑟菌，带菌率为1．49%；血清A群与C群流脑抗体阳性率分别为54．76％、29．76％，GMT分别为1：0．49、1：0．19，各年龄组均〈1：1．00。[结论]龙岩市健康人群有低水平的脑膜炎奈瑟菌携带率和流脑免疫水平，尚未发现C群菌的带菌者。     

2005-2008年四川省流脑监测结果分析

目的了解四川省2005-2008年健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)带菌状况、抗体水平及其动态变化趋势,为制定流脑防控对策提供依据。方法采集健康人群咽拭子并进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌分离培养,采集健康人群血清进行抗体水平检测,计算健康人群流脑带菌率、血清保护性抗体阳性率。结果健康人群Nm带菌率为1.40%,B群所占比例为91.80%,健康人群A群流脑的血清保护性抗体阳性率为70.73%,C群为31.39%,3岁以下幼儿A群和C群流脑血清保护性抗体阳性率分别为47.10%和21.24%,均低于3～14岁儿童(71.55%和31.84%),差异有统计学意义(χ2值分别为106.69和21.69,P0.01)。结论四川省Nm带菌以B群带菌为主,3岁以下儿童流脑血清保护性抗体阳性率较低。     

连云港市2014－2016年健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎免疫水平和带菌率监测分析

目的 分析连云港市健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎免疫水平和带菌监测数据,为预防控制流行性脑脊髓膜炎提供参考依据。 方法 2014－2016年采集不同年龄组健康人群血标本和咽拭子标本,用流脑杀菌力实验检测血清流脑抗体,咽拭子进行流脑病原分离、玻片凝集实验。 结果 2014－2016年共采集不同年龄健康人群咽拭子标本1 265份,脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性150份,带菌率11.86%。分群鉴定分离出B群2株,带菌率0.16%;C群3株,带菌率0.24%;其余群别未检出。带菌率最高的年龄组为3~岁,带菌率为18.95%,其次为15~岁(16.15%)。共采集1 239名健康人群血清标本,A群抗体阳性率76.84%,C群抗体阳性率82.97%。A群、C群3~岁及以上年龄人群抗体阳性率均高于80%。地区间、不同年龄组间A群、C群抗体阳性率和带菌率差异有统计学意义(P<或=0.001)。不同性别A群、C群抗体阳性率和带菌率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。地区间A群、C群抗体滴度差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。 结论 连云港地区健康人群流脑A群、C群抗体阳性率较高。今后应加强B群流脑病例监测与防控,加强适龄儿童流脑A群、A+C群疫苗预防接种。     

2005年三明市流行性脑脊髓膜炎监测结果分析

目的：为了解我市流脑带菌状况、菌群分布、耐药特性和免疫抗体水平等情况，从而为合理制定有效的预防措施提供依据。方法：按流脑监测方案选择梅列区作为监测点．收集流脑发病疫情资料，采集各年龄组健康人群咽拭子接种含双抗的巧克力色血琼脂进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌（Nm）分离培养、鉴定和药敏试验，同时采集血液分离血清用间接ELISA法检测流脑A群和C群抗体。结果：发现C群流脑病人1例（男，13岁），发病率为0．61／10万；健康人群Nm的带菌率为0．55％（2／360），均为c群Nm；健康人群流脑A群抗体的总阳性率60．00％，GMT为1：5．90，各年龄组人群阳性率的差异非常显著（X^2=65．57，P〈0．01），健康人群流脑C群抗体的总阳性率25．00％，GMT为1：1．60，两种抗体GMT比较差异也非常显著（t=9．48．P〈0．01）。其中有3名15岁以上检测对象的C群抗体滴度≥1：32，提示可能存在C群Nm的自然感染。结论：流脑的发病率和健康人群Nm的带菌率很低，大部分人对A群流脑有免疫力，而对C群流脑的免疫力低，有必要加强A＋C群流脑疫苗的接种．同时应密切注视流脑菌群的变迁。     

2005年山西省健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎免疫水平和带菌状况调查

[目的]了解健康人群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)带菌状况和免疫水平,为流脑的防控提供依据.[方法]2005年3月,在山西省选择方山县、襄汾县、寿阳县、晋城市城区、大同市南郊区,采集7个年龄组健康人群咽拭子及静脉血,分别进行培养及血清抗体检测.[结果]检测919人,咽拭子脑膜炎奈瑟菌阳性的11份,带菌率为1.20%.其中,A群菌阳性带菌率为0.65%,B群菌带菌率为0.54%;血清抗体阳性率,A群为23.39%,C群为10.34%.[结论]山西省健康人群流脑带菌率不高,A群、C群流脑抗体阳性率较低.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.