颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤的诊断与治疗。方法17例鼻腔大出血患者，男11例，女6例；平均年龄39岁。其中10例为颅脑创伤后6d-3个月突发鼻腔大出血；余7例均为经鼻-蝶窦入路手术后鼻腔大出血，6例发生于经鼻-蝶窦入路垂体瘤切除手术后1周左右，1例出现于脑脊液鼻漏修补手术后3d。17例均经股动脉穿刺置管行双侧选择性颈内和颈外动脉血管造影诊断为颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤。其中14例经8F导引管置入Magic-BD导管，采用可脱式球囊闭塞颈内动脉破口及颈内动脉，或经5F造影导管送入金属弹簧圈闭塞同侧颈内动脉。1例脑脊液鼻漏患者，应用可脱性弹簧圈直接栓塞动脉瘤。余2例全脑血管造影检查显示健侧颈内动脉完全闭塞，大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉供血区由患侧颈内动脉供血代偿，而椎-基底动脉系供血不能代偿。全身麻醉经翼点入路于显微镜下行颈内动脉假性动脉瘤切除及颈内动脉破口修补手术。结果15例行血管内栓塞治疗者，均一次性闭塞颈内动脉破口及颈内动脉，全脑血管造影显示动脉瘤消失，双侧大脑半球供血代偿良好。2例经显微外科手术切除动脉瘤并修补颈内动脉者，手术后1周全脑血管造影可见颈内动脉假性动脉瘤消失，患侧颈内动脉通畅良好。6个月随访期间，均未再发生鼻腔大出血，无一例出现永久性并发症。结论全脑血管造影检查是诊断颈内动脉颅内段创伤性假性动脉瘤出血的首选方法。血管内治疗技术可直接栓塞动脉瘤或闭塞载瘤动脉，达到止血目的，是一种较为理想的治疗方法。对于对侧颈内动脉已经完全闭塞，椎-基底动脉代偿不完全者，应选择显微外科手术修补颈内动脉。     

Is Transradial Cerebral Angiography Feasible and Safe? A Single Center's Experience

Objective

Although a transradial angiography is accepted as the gold standard for cardiovascular procedures, cerebral angiography has been performed via transfemoral approach in most institutions. The purpose of this study is to present our experience concerning the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a transradial approach to cerebral angiography as an alternative to a transfemoral approach.

Methods

Between February 2007 and October 2009, a total of 1,240 cerebral angiographies were performed via a transradial approach in a single center. The right radial approach was used as an initial access route. The procedure continued only after the ulnar artery was proven to provide satisfactory collateral perfusion according to two tests (a modified Allen''s test and forearm angiography).

Results

The procedural success rate was 94.8% with a mean duration of 28 minutes. All supra-aortic vessels were successfully catheterized with a success rate of 100%. The success rates of selective catheterization to the right vertebral artery, right internal carotid artery, left internal carotid artery, and left vertebral artery were 96.1%, 98.6%, 82.6% and 52.2%, respectively. The procedure was performed more than twice in 73 patients (5.9%), including up to 4 times in 2 patients. The radial artery occlusion was found in 4 patients (5.4%) on follow-up cerebral angiography, but no ischemic symptoms were observed in any of the cases.

Conclusion

This study suggests that cerebral angiography using a transradial approach can be performed with minimal risk of morbidity. In particular, this procedure might be useful for follow-up angiographies and place less stress on patients.     

"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥术在巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤术中的应用

目的 探讨巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤治疗中,"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥术的适应证、手术技巧和疗效.方法 对5例巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤采用"双保险"颅内外血管搭桥(颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉;颈外动脉-桡动脉-大脑中动脉)、颈内动脉阻断术治疗,分析其治疗效果.结果 术后血管造影显示,4例吻合血管通畅,1例颞浅动脉-大脑中动脉吻合口狭窄.5例动脉瘤均不显影.随访3-24个月,临床症状均有好转,无动脉瘤复发或破裂.结论 "双保险"颅内外血管搭桥能有效防治术中、术后脑缺血,提高手术安全性,是治疗巨大颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤有效、安全的方法.     

A reappraisal of the common carotid artery as an access site in interventional procedures for acute stroke therapies

The cervical approach was the first to be used by neuroangiography pioneers, but due to limited access, drawbacks, and significant complications it was surpassed long ago in favor of the femoral approach. However, common carotid access can be a valuable alternative to femoral access in selected neuroendovascular cases, particularly in emergency procedures involving one of the carotid arteries when the femoral approach is impossible or contraindicated. We describe the successful use of carotid artery access for the treatment of acute stroke in a patient in whom common carotid artery and internal carotid artery tortuosity prevented the delivery of endovascular therapy to the middle cerebral artery via femoral artery access. Endovascular neurosurgeons should be familiar with percutaneous carotid artery access to provide comprehensive endovascular care to the growing subset of patients with complex vascular anatomy.     

颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死与高同型半胱氨酸血症关系的临床研究

目的 探讨血同型半胱氨酸水平与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack,TIA)及颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA型)脑梗死的关系.方法 对颈内动脉系统TIA及颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死的患者血同型半胱氨酸水平进行分析.结果 颈内动脉系统TIA型脑梗死患者血同型半胱氨酸水平高于颈内动脉系统TIA患者,且两组患者的血同型半胱氨酸水平水平均高于对照组.结论 高同型半胱氨酸血症与颈内动脉系统短暂性脑缺血发作相关,且其升高水平与是否进展为脑梗死有关.     

颈内动脉解剖与海绵窦瘘临床治疗研究

目的 对颈内动脉解剖的分布特点进行观察和测量分析,为海绵窦瘘显微手术治疗提供解剖学指导.方法 用12例福尔马林浸泡固定的尸头标本在显微镜下（共24侧）观察,红色乳胶灌注的双侧颈内动脉及椎动脉尸头标本,对海绵窦段分支与及其相邻近组织结构进行解剖、观察及和测量.收集50例海绵窦瘘患者,采用Seldinger技术并介入拴塞治疗.结果 海绵窦段在水平面上可观察到呈S形向前和向后形弯曲,脑膜垂体干、海绵窦下动脉及McConnell背囊动脉是海面窦段主要的3个分支.最常见的2个分支是脑膜垂体干和海绵窦下动脉.50例颈内海绵窦瘘患者均为外伤后,经介入栓塞治疗后痊愈出院,随访1年半未见复发.结论 颈内动脉解剖复杂,颈内海绵窦瘘多见于外伤.经颈内动脉入路治疗颅内动脉瘤及海绵窦瘘,是近年来一种比较热门,发展较快,疗效较好的显微尖端技术.它和常规手术相比明显优势在于手术创伤小,效果明显,疗效可靠,恢复快等优点.     

国人岩骨段颈动脉解剖学特点的三维可视化研究

目的评估三维可视化技术在岩骨段颈内动脉解剖特点研究中的应用价值。方法将16例无颅底相关疾病病人的增强CT扫描数据以DICOM格式导入三维影像工作站．在Amira软件的虚拟环境下，分析岩骨段颈内动脉与邻近的骨及血管解剖标志的构筑特点。结果岩骨段颈内动脉起始于颈动脉孔颅外端，先上行为垂直部，然后转向前内构成膝部，自膝部直行至颈动脉管内口为水平部．远端折向前上接续于颈内动脉海绵窦段。组合多种三维可视化模型能够显示岩骨段颈内动脉与邻近的骨迷路、内听道等结构的空间位置关系。结论采用基于CT数据的三维可视化技术，可精确识别岩骨段颈内动脉与一些重要颅底解剖标志的毗邻关系．同时也是术前评估手术入路的有效途径。     

颅内外旁路移植术治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤

目的探讨颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤的手术方法和影响疗效因素。方法 2008年7月至2010年10月共收治颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤12例,其中多发3例,均行颅内外高流量旁路移植术及动脉瘤孤立术。移植血管为大隐静脉6例,桡动脉6例。供血动脉为颈外动脉主干10例,颌内动脉2例。受血动脉为大脑中动脉颞干11例,颈内动脉眼动脉段1例。结果术后随访0.5～2.7年,按GOS评分,11例恢复良好,1例重残。影像学复查示移植血管通畅10例,闭塞2例(其中1例为二次手术后闭塞)。结论颅内外高流量血管旁路移植术+动脉瘤孤立术是治疗颈内动脉海绵窦段巨大动脉瘤的理想方法,尤其是对于较年轻的患者;合理选择供血动脉、移植血管和受血动脉,加强围手术期的监护和处理,保证移植血管的通畅,是手术成功的关键。     

Efficacy of Transradial Cerebral Angiography in the Elderly

Objective

Transradial angiography has become popular among many cardiologists as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. However, transradial cerebral angiography is not utilized to the same extent. The purpose of this study is to present our experience regarding the usefulness of transradial cerebral angiography, especially in elderly patients.

Methods

Between May 2011 and February 2012, a total of 126 cerebral angiographies were performed via a transradial approach in a single center. Of them, only 47 patients were over 60 years old. In our institution, we shifted the initial access from the right femoral artery to the right radial artery in all patients requiring cerebral angiography in 2011. We did not attempt radial access in 40 cases for variable reasons.

Results

The procedural success rate was 92.2%. We have four failures of transradial angiography; two because of loop formations of the radial and brachial artery and two due to multiple puncture failures. All supra-aortic vessels were successfully catheterized. However, the selective catheterization rates of the left side distal vessels were lower, as success rates were 89.7% for the right internal carotid artery and 75% for the left internal carotid artery. Procedure-related vascular complications, such as puncture site hematoma, hand ischemia, pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula and arterial dissection were not observed in our series. However, intraprocedural thrombosis developed in one patient, which was resolved completely by intraarterial thrombolytic agents.

Conclusion

With advancing patient''s age, we believe that transradial cerebral angiography is a useful tool to decrease patient''s discomfort and more effectively manage the vessel tortuosity.     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例(13个动脉瘤),包裹2例(2个动脉瘤),术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月(平均5个月),均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

Ultrasonic blood flow volume assessment in the extracranial internal carotid artery in arteriovenous malformations

Angle-independent ultrasound assessment of the volume flow in the extracranial internal carotid artery (ICA) is a new approach to evaluate the perfusion status of the human brain. Normal values using a new technical device (Quantix ND, Cardiosonix Ltd, Israel) and correlation analysis to quantitative CBF measurements were recently published. Aim of this study was to evaluate this device in arteriovenous malformations where cerebral blood flow is known to be increased. Five patients suffering from large supratentorial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) could be examined. All patients showed pre-operatively elevated flow volumes in the internal carotid artery on the side harbouring the pathological lesion compared with normal values evaluated in 50 volunteers. The contralateral internal carotid artery showed volume flow values within the normal limit. After surgical resection of the malformation normal values could be measured in all patients. Pathological elevated increases in cerebral blood flow can be evaluated by ultrasonic blood flow volume assessment in the extracranial internal carotid artery. Therefore, the Quantix ND seems a valuable tool in diagnosing cerebral hyperemia.     

Aberrant Ascending Pharyngeal Artery Mimicking a Partially Occluded Internal Carotid Artery

Doppler sonography has become a primary imaging modality for the diagnosis of carotid arterial stenosis. Carotid stenting for a severely stenotic but not completely occluded carotid artery is becoming an alternative to carotid endarterectomy in selected groups of patients. The authors discuss a case of complete occlusion of the internal carotid artery associated with an ipsilateral aberrant ascending pharyngeal artery originating from the proximal internal carotid artery, which mimicked a stenotic internal carotid artery on sonography. Meticulous Doppler sonographic examination may provide clues for this extraordinary condition, yet angiography is indicated for a definite diagnosis.     

症状性和无症状性颈内动脉狭窄的大脑中动脉微栓子信号监测

目的观察症状性和无症状性颈内动脉狭窄的患者大脑中动脉微栓子信号（microembolicsig-nals,MES）阳性率及MES计数的变化,研究微栓子与临床症状和颈内动脉狭窄程度的关系。方法选取症状性颈内动脉狭窄患者26例,无症状性颈内动脉狭窄患者20例及正常对照组30例;症状性颈内动脉狭窄组又分为短暂性脑缺血发作（transient ischemic attack,TIA）组（12例）和脑梗死组（14例）;症状性和无症状性颈内动脉狭窄的患者均行DSA或CTA检查,并对颈内动脉狭窄程度进行分级;所有颈内动脉狭窄的患者均对颈内动脉狭窄同侧的大脑中动脉进行MES监测,正常对照组则对双侧大脑中动脉进行MES监测。结果有症状和无症状颈内动脉狭窄组的MES阳性率高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）;有症状颈内动脉狭窄组MES阳性率较无症状组高（P〈0．05）;TIA组和脑梗死组比较,MEs阳性率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;症状性和无症状性颈内动脉狭窄患者,轻、中、重度狭窄三组的MES阳性率比较均有显著性差异（P〈0．05）;MES阳性患者MES计数与颈内动脉狭窄程度呈正相关（r=0．9155,P〈0．01）。结论MES多见在颈内动脉狭窄患者,特别是症状性颈内动脉狭窄的患者,是缺血性脑血管疾病发生的高危因素。     

颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的血管内治疗

目的探讨血管内栓塞方法治疗颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的效果和安全性。方法回顾性分析3例应用弹簧圈进行瘤腔内栓塞和27例应用载瘤动脉闭塞方法治疗的颈内动脉巨大动脉瘤的结果和随访资料。结果2例瘤腔内栓塞动脉瘤的患者症状完全消失;1例患者出现缺血性并发症,半年后随访动脉瘤再通。球囊闭塞载瘤动脉的患者1例出现迟发缺血性症状;1例吻合支开放,3个月后患者出血死亡;其余患者症状均有不同程度改善。结论颅内巨大动脉瘤是否进行瘤囊内弹簧圈栓塞需要综合考虑各种条件,采用个体化的治疗方案。球囊闭塞载瘤动脉是比较安全有效的方法。     

颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的探讨颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤和床突间隙的解剖学特点及夹闭术技巧和预后。方法经翼点入路手术治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤患者共13例（13个动脉瘤）,包裹2例（2个动脉瘤）,术中采用颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断方法。结果手术后经DSA或CTA检查显示,13例患者动脉瘤夹闭满意,载瘤动脉和远端动脉血流通畅;2例视力障碍患者手术后视力改善。手术后仅1例出现对侧肢体轻度偏瘫,无一例发生手术相关严重并发症。随访3～10个月（平均5个月）,均恢复良好。结论经翼点入路辅助颅内外颈内动脉临时阻断是治疗颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤安全有效的手术方法。术中荧光造影可即时发现动脉瘤是否残留及载瘤动脉有无狭窄,从而指导手术医师调整动脉瘤夹位置而达到夹闭满意。     

Ultrasonic Doppler assessment of hemodynamics in gradual carotid ligation

Hemodynamic changes were examined with an ultrasonic Doppler flowmeter and with a sound-spectrograph in 5 patients with internal carotid giant aneurysms or with recurrent laryngeal cancer undergoing gradual carotid occlusion. The ultrasonic Doppler technique was useful for preoperative assessment of intracranial cross-filling and as a practical guide for the graded reduction of blood flow in the carotid artery. The degree of flow increase in the contralateral carotid artery when the ipsilateral carotid artery was totally occluded was greater in postoperative gradual occlusion than in intraoperative rapid occlusion. In one patient with bilateral internal carotid artery giant aneurysms, whose left internal carotid artery had already been ligated at its origin, gradual occlusion of the right internal carotid artery was performed after the bilateral superficial temporal artery-middle cerebral artery (STA-MCA) anastomoses. Flow in the donor artery of the right STA-MCA anastomosis developed with increasing occlusion of the right internal carotid artery.     

Noninvasive study of arterial hypertension and carotid atherosclerosis

We noninvasively evaluated the prevalence and severity of atherosclerotic lesions of the internal carotid artery in 146 nonobese, nondiabetic hypertensive patients who were free of cardiovascular symptoms. We found internal carotid artery disease in 63 patients (43%), 26 (18%) with unilateral disease and the other 37 (25%) with bilateral disease. Disease severity was correlated with age but not duration of hypertension, cholesterol level, or current smoking habit. We also followed disease progression and clinical outcome with respect to cardiovascular events for 3 years in a subgroup of 95 unselected patients. In 20 of the 93 survivors (21.5%) we noted progression of the atherosclerotic lesions that was predicted by neither risk factors nor initial status of the internal carotid artery. New neurologic symptoms developed in four survivors (4%) and symptoms of cardiac ischemia in six (6%). No survivor who developed new cerebrovascular symptoms showed progression of carotid disease. These data provide useful elements for a rational approach to prevention of the atherosclerotic complications of hypertension.     

复合手术开通慢性症状性颈内动脉长节段闭塞的初步应用(附24例报道)

目的 总结复合手术开通长节段慢性症状性颈内动脉闭塞的初步经验。方法 回顾性总结分析本院2013年8月～2017年4月行颈内动脉复合手术开通24例慢性症状性颈内动脉长节段闭塞患者的临床资料。结果 24例患者均成功开通,出院后3个月复查头颈CTA示开通的颈内动脉皆通畅,1例术中出现医源性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘,1周后成功闭塞瘘口,颈内动脉通畅,20例术后3个月复查DSA示颈内动脉通畅,4例电话随访诉说无异常表现。结论 对慢性症状性颈内动脉长节段闭塞行复合手术开通是一项安全有效的治疗手段,但需谨慎开展。     

坚持“三个首选”与“治疗原则”在创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘诊治中的科学性与临床价值

目的 探讨治疗创伤性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘（TCCF）坚持“三个首选”（首选血管内介入治疗、首选经颈内动脉入路、首选可脱球囊为栓塞材料）和“治疗原则”（闭塞瘘口、保留颈内动脉通畅、改善颅内循环、消除眼部症状）的科学性及实用性。方法 回顾性分析2011年7月至2020年4月收治的41例TCCF的临床资料。通过动脉入路40例,联合动静脉通路1例;采用可脱球囊33例,应用覆膜支架10例,使用两种或以上材料8例;辅助弹簧圈填充残余瘘6例,辅助使用Onyx胶闭塞残余瘘2例;球囊闭塞试验证实后闭塞颈内动脉与瘘口5例。结果 所有病人均治愈,无死亡,未因治疗增加残疾;一次介入治愈29例,二次介入治愈10例,三次介入治愈2例;瘘口完全闭塞36例,瘘口残留少量血流5例,经辅助间断性压迫颈动脉后治愈。结论 本文结果进一步验证了“三首选”与“治疗原则”在TCCF诊治中的科学性与临床价值     

Brain-specific protein C activation during carotid artery occlusion in humans

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Activation of plasma protein C (PC) zymogen by thrombin-thrombomodulin at the endothelial surface is an important endogenous antithrombotic mechanism. It is unknown whether activated protein C (APC) is generated in vivo in the cerebrovasculature, because there is only limited thrombomodulin expression in human brain vascular endothelium. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that carotid occlusion produces brain-specific PC activation. METHODS: Blood samples were simultaneously collected from the ipsilateral internal jugular vein and radial artery before and during carotid cross-clamping and on "de-occlusion" in 8 awake patients undergoing routine carotid endarterectomy. Plasma PC zymogen and circulating APC levels were measured using enzyme immunocapture assay and expressed as percent of pooled plasma controls. RESULTS: Internal jugular vein APC levels increased 28% exclusively during carotid occlusion and then decreased 32% with de-occlusion (F=8.1, P<0.005). PC zymogen increased only 5.9% with occlusion (F=6.3, P<0.02), consistent with hemoconcentration. There were no changes in radial artery PC or APC levels. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate brain-specific protein C activation in humans during carotid occlusion and suggest a protective role for endogenous APC generation during cerebrovascular occlusion.