硅胶假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的防治体会

应用乳房假体置入法隆乳和修复乳房缺损能帮助女性展现其形体美和第二性征的魅力，恢复女性的自信。可是假体置入术后包膜挛缩等并发症的出现，又成为整形外科医师面临的一大难题。笔者就硅胶假体隆乳术后包膜挛缩的防治体会报道如下。     

乳房假体隆乳术后并发症12例分析

目的 减少隆乳术并发症的发生，提高隆乳术的远期效果。方法 对１２例乳房假体隆乳术后１～１３年间出现并发症患者的临床表现及包膜病理变化进行分析讨论。结果 １２例１５侧乳房中，单侧９例并发１种并发症者４例，并发２种者４例，并发３种者１例；双侧３例，并发同一种并发症者２例，并发３种并发症者１例。各种并发症有其特有的包膜病理及临床特点。结论 严格执行无菌操作、熟练掌握该术技能、造反优质假体、首选胸大肌下置     

硅胶假体隆乳术并发症分析

随着硅胶假体隆乳术的广泛开展，其手术并发症也日趋增多。现就１９８９年以来，所诊治的各种并发症共２４例，包括血肿１例，感染１例，乳头感觉神经损伤２例，乳房位置不对称２例，大小不对称２例，外观畸形３例，纤维包膜挛缩８例，假体破裂１例，窦道形成１例，异常泌乳３例。对发病原因及防治方法进行了讨论。     

硅胶假体隆乳术临床应用观察

拥有丰满、匀称的乳房是众多爱美女性的梦想,但因为种族、遗传、年龄、疾病、营养等各种原因可能发生乳房发育不良或萎缩松弛,从而使患者缺乏自信,甚至产生心灵自卑的阴影。随着整形外科的迅速进步和发展,隆乳术由于拥有立竿见影的疗效,帮助患者恢复乳房的曲线美。硅胶假体隆乳术自1963年为Cerow和Cronin首次实施以来,随着术式的成熟,已成为现在隆乳术中的第一选择。笔     

植物油假体置入隆乳术后包膜挛缩三例

2004年1～8月我院乳房整形美容中心先后收治了3例植物油假体置入术后包膜挛缩的隆乳患者，现报告如下。     

国产硅胶乳房假体隆乳术486例

探讨采用国产硅胶囊乳房假体隆乳的手术方法和术后并发症的预防及处理。方法：对486例女性采用腋下、乳晕、乳房下皱襞等不同切口进行置入国产硅胶囊乳房假体，术后1～6年随访，总结出现并发症的情况。结果：常见的并发症是血肿、假体破裂、纤维挛缩变硬、外形欠佳。结论：硅胶假体隆乳术中预防并发症的主要措施是术中彻底止血，置放时注意保护假体，操作勿粗暴，手术分离范围应充分，术后坚持按摩等。     

经乳晕切口治疗假体置入隆乳后包膜挛缩的经验

我科自１９９０年以来共收治１９例假体置入隆乳术后Ｂａｋｅｒ Ⅲ、Ⅳ级纤维包膜挛缩者，采用局麻下乳晕切口部分切除挛缩包膜及重新置入假体法，术后乳房外观及手感良好，１２例经６个月至两年半随访、纤维包膜收缩均限于ＢａｋｅｒⅠ级。我们就如何选择手术切口、切除挛缩包膜及预防包膜挛缩的发生进行了探讨。     

硅胶囊假体隆乳术并发症

应用硅胶假体的隆乳术在我国普遍开展，各种并发症也屡有报道，手术医生应掌握该方面的相关知识及并发症的防治方法，以使受术者的痛苦减少到最低程度。过去的十年里在我科共施行１１５例硅胶假体隆乳术，发生并发症９例，主要包括血肿、积液，假体破裂，位置不正。     

假体隆乳术后并发症的防治

目的探讨乳房假体隆乳术后并发症产生的相关因素及预防方法。方法对198例患者乳房假体隆乳术后1~17年出现的并发症进行分析,阐述防治措施,针对不同情况进行相应的处理。结果本组198例患者,其中92例患者随访半年至1年,除Ⅲ°包膜挛缩患者术后仍出现Ⅱ~Ⅲ°包膜挛缩外(包膜松解术后3例,包膜切除术后4例),余患者对治疗效果满意。结论乳房假体隆乳术后出现的并发症,多数是可以预防和治疗的,只要术中操作规范,对并发症及早准确的处理,是提高手术效果,减少并发症发生的有效方法。     

假体隆乳术后并发症的防治

目的探讨乳房假体隆乳术后并发症产生的相关因素及预防方法.方法对198例患者乳房假体隆乳术后1～17年出现的并发症进行分析,阐述防治措施,针对不同情况进行相应的处理.结果本组198例患者,其中92例患者随访半年至1年,除Ⅲ°包膜挛缩患者术后仍出现Ⅱ～Ⅲ°包膜挛缩外(包膜松解术后3例,包膜切除术后4例),余患者对治疗效果满意.结论乳房假体隆乳术后出现的并发症,多数是可以预防和治疗的,只要术中操作规范,对并发症及早准确的处理,是提高手术效果,减少并发症发生的有效方法.     

硅胶囊假体隆乳术并发症

应用硅胶假体的隆乳术在我国普遍开展，各种并发症也屡有报道，手术医生应掌握该方面的相关知识及并发症的防治方法，以使受术者的痛苦减少到最低程度。过去的十年里在我科共施行１１５例硅胶假体隆乳术，发生并发症９例，主要包括血肿、积液、假体破裂、位置不正。血肿和积液早期都会引起局部疼痛且有并发感染的可能，应尽早引流血肿和积液。假体破裂的诊断很重要，最常用的方法是Ｂ超，但以ＭＲＩ最为准确。位置不正可通过准确的分离腔隙和有效的包扎固定得以预防。与硅胶假体隆乳术相关的自身免疫性疾病越来越引起关注，１５例硅凝胶乳房假体的受术者的免疫功能检查，ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ及Ｃ３增高提示硅胶做为一种异物长期存在体内引起非特异性免疫活动增强，但这方面尚需做进一步的临床与实验研究证实。     

Breast cancer after breast augmentation with silicone implants

Background: Although epidemiological studies have failed to demonstrate an increased incidence of breast cancer in women who had undergone prior prosthetic augmentation mammoplasty (PAM), it has been reported that when breast cancer arises in this group it presents mostly in a palpable form and at a more advanced stage. This is thought to be secondary to suboptimal mammographic evaluation caused by the masking effect of the implant. This study was undertaken to determine, in our experience, whether breast cancer arising in women who had undergone PAM could be detected in a prepalpable form by mammography and whether it presented at a more advanced stage as compared with nonaugmented women with breast cancer. Methods: The charts of 22 patients, treated by at least one of the authors, in whom 23 breast cancers developed after PAM (group A) were retrospectively reviewed. The comparison groups consisted of 611 nonaugmented patients who underwent 636 procedure for the treatment of primary breast cancer at our institution (group B) and the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) data (group C). Parameters studied were mode of detection, tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement, and histopathology. Results: No significant differences between the groups were found in mean tumor size (group A vs. group B), the incidence of preinvasive cancer (group A vs. group B), or axillary lymph node involvement (group A vs. group B and group A vs. group C). Breast-preserving surgery was performed significantly less in augmented patients (group A vs. group B). Conclusion: We conclude that prepalpable and preinvasive breast cancer can be detected in the PAM patient by mammography and that the stage of presentation in this group is not significantly different than in nonaugmented patients. Total mastectomy is preferred over breast-preserving procedures for the treatment of breast cancer in the PAM patient. Presented at the 46th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Los Angeles, March 18–21, 1993.     

Nasal dorsal augmentation with silicone implants

Silicone rubber has been used safely and effectively for facial augmentation for nearly 5 decades in eastern Asia. We have used silicone rubber nasal implants in primary ethnic rhinoplasty and have found consistent and long-lasting results with low complication rates. Silicone dorsal nasal augmentation in primary rhinoplasty avoids donor site morbidity and implant resorption as seen with autogenous implants. Silicone nasal implants have a low extrusion and infection rate. In the appropriate patient with proper placement, silicone nasal implant is nearly the ideal implant material.     

假体置入与聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶注射隆乳术并发症临床观察

目的:观察经腋路胸大肌后间隙假体置入隆乳术后与医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶(PAHG)乳腺后间隙一点注射法注射隆乳术后并发症的发生情况,以分析两种手术的优缺点。方法:对2001年-2002年间在本院行隆乳手术的183例患者(经腋路胸大肌后间隙假体置入隆乳术者130例、医用聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶乳腺后间隙注射隆乳术者53例)进行随访观察,了解并发症的发生情况。结果:假体置入组130例,平均年龄31.25岁±6.13岁,发生各种并发症5例,发生率3.85％;水凝胶注射隆乳组53例,平均年龄33.66岁±5.27岁,发生各种并发症12例,发生率22.64％。结论:两组术后并发症发生率差异显著(P<0.01),注射组并发症发生率明显高于假体置入组,假体置入法隆乳术仍应作为目前隆乳术的主流选择。     

Calf augmentation with new solid silicone implants

Calf augmentation has been standardized by the use of banana-shaped silicone gel implants for almost 20 years. Capsule formation and resulting distignement, dislocation, gel bleeding, and implant rupture are rare but unpleasant complications. A new implant of solid silicone (McGhan, Santa Barbara, CA, USA) in the anatomical shape of one belly of theM. gastrocnemius placed subfascially appears to overcome these problems.Presented at the 16th Alpine Workshop on Plastic Surgery, Madonna di Campiglio, Italy, 1989     

硅凝胶假体隆乳术后的随访观察

目的：随访硅凝胶假体隆乳术后病例,观察和总结术后效果及并发症发生情况,以指导临床工作的正确开展。方法：对228例硅凝胶假体隆乳者进行随访,通过术后留观、来院拆线、定期检查、电话随访、发生不适时前来就诊、再次接受其它美容治疗时的咨询和观察,判断隆乳术后效果,统计并发症情况,探讨并发症的正确处理。结果：228例中发生术后并发症的25例,其中术后血肿3例,感染3例,假体移位5例,假体破裂1例,纤维包膜挛缩10例,感觉异常1例,心理障碍2例。并发症经及时、正确处理后,效果满意。结论：硅凝胶假体隆乳整体而言效果良好,有一定并发症发生,经及时正确处理,可获得满意效果。     

Analysis of local complications following explantation of silicone breast implants

A study was undertaken to analyse local complications in patients with breast implants and the total number of implant-related interventions when silicone breast implants were explanted. We studied 53 patients who had received breast implants for cosmetic augmentation or breast reconstruction following surgery for breast cancer at the time of explantation. The clinical records of all these patients were analysed, and clinical information on reason for implantation, implant properties, number and kind of implant-related interventions and reason for explantation was elicited. A complication was defined as a surgical procedure performed for any of the following reasons: capsular contracture, loss of implant integrity, haematoma or seroma, infection of the implant site, extrusion or wound dehiscence, and dissatisfaction with the result. The mean numbers of implant-related operations were 3.1 in patients who had undergone breast reconstruction and 2.3 in patients who had cosmetic augmentation (P < 0.03). We found a total of 35 complications in 28 patients, 21 patients (75%) each had one complication, five patients (18%) had two and two patients (7%) had three complications. A significantly higher incidence of early complications in patients who had undergone breast reconstruction (P < 0.03) marks the difference from complications in the cosmetic group, most of which arose after a longer time (P < 0.02). A complication analysis is presented. At the time of explantation, 78% of the patients decided to have a new implant, while 12% requested permanent removal of the implant without replacement. In the present study we saw no patients with connective tissue or other autoimmune disorders. When breast reconstruction or augmentation with silicone devices is considered, patients must be informed of the possible complications and of the potential choices in later implant-related revision surgery.