幕下小脑上入路治疗松果体区肿瘤

目的探讨经幕下小脑上入路切除松果体区肿瘤的应用体会。方法回顾性分析11例松果体区肿瘤临床资料,均采用幕下小脑上入路切除。结果手术全切8例,近全切2例,大部切除1例。术中无1例发生空气栓塞。病理结果:松果体生殖细胞瘤5例,松果体细胞瘤3例,松果体区囊肿1例,星形细胞瘤2例。随访9例,时间24~70个月,平均38.6个月,复发1例,死亡1例,其余病人恢复良好,生活自理。结论手术切除是松果体区肿瘤的必要治疗手段,天幕下方或者超过天幕范围较少的松果体区肿瘤首选幕下小脑上入路。     

显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤(附34例报告)

目的 总结松果体区肿瘤显微手术切除的经验。方法 回顾34例松果体区肿瘤的临床资料和手术体会。结果 本组患者中生殖细胞瘤12例,畸胎瘤7例,胶质瘤5例,脑膜瘤4例,胆脂瘤、海绵状血管瘤各2例,松果体细胞瘤和异位垂体腺瘤各1例。所有患者均行手术切除肿瘤,采用枕部经小脑幕入路27例,幕下小脑上入路4例,侧脑室三角部入路2例,经胼胝体入路1例。肿瘤全切除28例,次全切除5例,部分切除1例。手术后无住院期内死亡者。结论 显微手术技术的提高显著降低了松果体区肿瘤直接手术切除的死亡率和并发症发生率,我们认为积极的显微外科手术治疗是松果体区肿瘤最佳的一线治疗手段。     

松果体区肿瘤的显微手术及内镜辅助作用

目的 探讨显微手术治疗松果体区肿瘤的手术入路和技术以及内镜的辅助作用.方法 采用显微手术技术通过幕下小脑上入路切除10例松果体区肿瘤,其中内镜辅助手术5例;病理结果：生殖细胞瘤5例、混合性生殖细胞肿瘤3例（生殖细胞瘤合并恶性畸胎瘤1例,合并胚胎癌2例）、脑膜瘤和成熟畸胎瘤各1例;1例术后脑积水行第三脑室底造瘘术,1例术前行第三脑室底造瘘.结果 所有病例全切肿瘤.术后早期结果全部良好,随访1个月～7年良好8例,死亡2例.结论 松果体区肿瘤手术难度较大,但选择适合的手术入路和熟练的显微手术技术加上内镜的辅助可以取得满意的疗效.     

一种改良的天幕下小脑上手术入路

目的介绍一种改进的天幕下小脑上入路的术式。方法改良的部分包括病人的体位和骨皮瓣的切口。结果采用此入路进行16例松果体区的肿瘤手术,其中松果体胶质瘤2例,胆脂瘤3例,小脑山坡血管母细胞瘤2例,生殖细胞瘤3例,皮样囊肿2例,小脑幕顶脑膜瘤1例,畸胎瘤1例,Galen静脉性动脉瘤1例,蛛网膜囊肿1例。手术进行顺利。结论与其他经典术式相比,此改良术式具有体位摆放简单,操作轻松,关颅时可做到解剖学复位等优点。     

幕下-小脑上入路切除松果体瘤的并发症

目的探讨经幕下-小脑上入路(Krause's approach)切除松果体瘤的有关并发症.方法总结2个医院近10年来采用经幕下-小脑上入路切除松果体肿瘤病例共24例,归纳其术后出现的并发症.结果与手术有关的主要并发症有:颅内积气5例,硬膜下积液3例,Parinaud综合征3例,大脑后动脉损伤1例,术后脑膜脑室炎3例.结论幕下-小脑上入路手术的并发症较多,手术过程中对大脑各重要结构的保护是预防并发症的关键.     

松果体实质肿瘤的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨松果体实质肿瘤的诊断和治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析35例松果体实质肿瘤患者(松果体细胞瘤10例,中分化松果体实质肿瘤13例,松果体母细胞瘤12例).CT及MRI示松果体区团块样肿物,松果体细胞瘤边界规则、清楚,增强均匀.恶性松果体实质肿瘤边界不清、分叶状,不均匀增强.手术选择Poppen入路16例,经胼胝体-穹窿间入路16例,幕下小脑上入路1例和三角区入路2例.结果 肿瘤全切除13例,近全切除16例,部分切除6例.术中多数肿瘤与周围组织有粘连.术后23例患者进行了放射治疗.随访7例患者因肿瘤复发死亡.中分化松果体实质肿瘤和松果体母细胞瘤的中位生存期分别为28.2个月和47.6个月.结论 术前影像学检查有助于判断良恶性肿瘤.松果体细胞瘤手术治疗效果良好.中分化松果体实质肿瘤和松果体母细胞瘤治疗首选手术联合放射治疗,但预后较差.     

松果体区肿瘤的显微外科治疗(附31例报告)

目的研究松果体区肿瘤外科治疗的方法、入路和注意事项。方法回顾分析31例松果体区肿瘤直接手术患者的临床特点、手术及预后情况。31例患者中，枕下经小脑幕入路（Poppen入路）22例，幕下小脑上入路（Krause入路）6例，经胼胝体后部入路（Dandy入路）2例。颞部侧脑室三角部入路1例。结果肿瘤全切除24例，次全切除4例，大部分切除3例。术后死于并发症2例；随访4个月至4年，19例恢复良好，5例生活基本自理，4例术后复发，1例术后1年死亡。结论松果体区肿瘤的手术治疗效果较好，合理的手术入路及体位，娴熟的显微外科手术技巧是手术成功的关键。     

乳突后枕下锁孔入路手术治疗桥小脑角区病变

目的介绍应用经乳突后枕下锁孔入路手术治疗桥小脑角区病变的微创手术技术。方法采用乳突后发际内皮肤切口4～5cm,在枕部作骨窗开颅2.5cm×2cm,内镜辅助的显微手术治疗桥小脑角病变15例。结果15例桥小脑角病变中,听神经瘤8例(6例为巨大听神经瘤),桥小脑角脑膜瘤5例,均获全切除,神经功能保存完好;2例小脑前下动脉瘤准确夹闭瘤颈。结论乳突后枕下锁孔入路适合切除各种桥小脑角区肿瘤及血管性病变。     

枕部经小脑幕入路松果体区肿瘤切除术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术

目的 探讨枕部经小脑幕(Poppen)入路显微手术切除松果体区肿瘤术中直视下第三脑室底造瘘术的技巧及疗效.方法 回顾性分析5例松果体区肿瘤的临床资料,均合并非交通性脑积水.病人均采用Poppen入路切除肿瘤,在显微镜直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术.结果 肿瘤均达显微镜下全切除,复查MRI未见肿瘤残余,矢状位可见造瘘口有脑脊液流动信号,脑积水均缓解.病理检查显示:成熟畸胎瘤1例,非成熟畸胎瘤2例,混合性生殖细胞瘤2例;4例恶性肿瘤术后均行放、化疗.术后并发眼球运动障碍1例,短暂性尿崩症1例.随访3～8个月,未出现肿瘤和脑积水复发.结论 Poppen入路切除松果体区肿瘤术后仍有一定比例的脑积水发生,术中直视下行第三脑室底造瘘术可避免术后脑积水的发生,值得临床推广.     

神经内镜下经幕下小脑上入路切除松果体混合性生殖细胞瘤1例并文献复习

目的 总结神经内镜下经幕下小脑上入路切除松果体混合性生殖细胞瘤的经验。方法 回顾性分析2018年4月神经内镜下经幕下小脑上入路切除的1例松果体混合性生殖细胞瘤的临床资料,并复习相关文献。结果 术后视物模糊、重影好转,眼球活动正常;术后6 h复查头颅CT未见术区出血;肿瘤切除满意,脑脊液循环通畅。术后2周后接受全脑全脊髓加肿瘤局部推量放疗,术后3个月头颅MRI未见肿瘤复发。结论 松果体混合性生殖细胞瘤影像学缺乏特征性表现,术前定性诊断困难,确诊主要依靠取病变组织活检,但对后续放化疗支持有限,手术切除病变组织既是治疗手段,同时可以减轻放化疗剂量;神经内镜良好照明,成角优势,通过幕下小脑上入路,在固定臂支撑下的双手操作、精细分离、可以安全、高效切除该区域肿瘤。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.