原发性高血压患者血清IGFⅡ和ADM测定及其临床意义

目的 :探讨原发性高血压患者血清胰岛素样生长因子Ⅱ (IGFⅡ )和肾上腺髓质素 (ADM)变化及其临床意义。方法 :用放射免疫分析测定了 6 2例原发性高血压 (EH)患者和 4 0例非高血压患者的血清IGFⅡ和ADM水平 ,并进行对照统计分析。结果 :EH组血清IGFⅡ和ADM水平均显著高于对照组 (p <0 0 1) ,相互间呈显著正相关 (p <0 0 5 ) ,且均与平均动脉压成显著正相关 (p<0 0 5 ) ,与体重指数无相关性意义。在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期组间 ,血清ADM水平依次递增 (方差F检验 ,p <0 0 5 ) ,且Ⅲ期组显著高于Ⅰ期组 (p <0 0 1) ,伴心脑肾并发症组血清ADM水平也显著高于无并发症组 (p <0 0 5 ) ;血清IGFⅡ水平则无统计学意义。结论 :EH患者血清IGFⅡ和ADM水平显著升高 ,相互间成正相关 ,且均与平均动脉压成正相关 ,随着病情进展 ,ADM有进一步升高趋势 ,但IGFⅡ则否     

脑钠钛在原发性高血压患者中的变化及意义

目的 :探讨原发性高血压患者脑钠肽变化及其临床意义。方法 :用放射免疫分析 79例原发性高血压 (EH)患者和 4 9例非高血压患者的脑钠肽 (BNP)水平 ,并进行对照统计分析。结果 :EH组血清BNP水平显著高于对照组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,且与平均动脉压成显著正相关 (p <0 0 5 ) ,但与体重指数无相关性意义。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期组间平均血清BNP水平依次显著性递增 (p <0 0 1 ) ,伴心脑血管并发症组显著高于无并发症组 (p <0 0 1 ) ,男女组间无统计学差异。结论 :EH患者血清BNP水平显著增高 ,且与平均动脉压、高血压分期及是否伴有并发症相关 ,提示BNP变化与病情严重程度相关。     

980例原发性高血压患者血清胰岛素与年龄、性别间的关系探讨

目的 :探讨原发性高血压 (EH)患者血清胰岛素 (Ins)改变 ,及其与年龄、性别间的关系。方法 :放射免疫法分析了 980例EH患者和 12 0例正常对照组的血清Ins水平 ,并进行分组对照分析。结果 :EH组血清Ins水平显著高于对照组 (t=4 2 80 ,P <0 0 1) ,总体男女两性组间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ,同时各年龄段 (从2 0岁起 ,每 10年分成 1个年龄段 ,至 70岁以上段 )男女两性组间也无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 )。在女性组中 ,绝经前后组间血清Ins也无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期组间方差检验无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论 :EH患者平均空腹Ins水平显著高于对照组 ,且与平均动脉压 (MAP)呈正相关 ,但在男女两性组间却无显著差异 ,血清Ins可能是独立于性别、年龄之外的一个高血压危险因子。     

冠心病患者血清生长激素与胰岛素间的相关性研究

目的:探讨冠心病患者血清生长激素和胰岛素的变化及相关性意义。方法:采用放射免疫分析测定了120例冠心病患者和50例非冠心病患者的血清生长激素和胰岛素水平,进行对照统计分析。结果:冠心病组血清生长激素水平显著低于对照组(r=3.819,P<0. 01),胰岛素显著高于对照组(t=4.721,P<0. 01),两者间呈显著的正相关(r=0.411,P<0. 01)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ及Ⅳ级心功能组血清生长激素和胰岛素均呈依次递减趋势,方差检验前者具有非常显著的差异(P<0 05),而后者无显著差异(P>0 05)。出现心力衰竭组血清生长激素显著降低(t=4.411,P<0. 01),血清胰岛素变化无显著意义(P>0. 05)。合并心肌梗死组血清胰岛素水平显著高于无合并组(t=2.752,P<0. 05),生长激素无显著差异(P均>0. 05)。住院死亡组血清生长激素和胰岛素水平均显著低于好转出院组(t=2.191,t=2.227,P<0. 05)。结论:冠心病组血清生长激素显著降低,胰岛素显著升高,随心功能分级递增,生长激素显著递减,合并AMI时,胰岛素显著升高,死亡者则均降低。     

肺癌患者血清糖类抗原水平测定的临床评估

目的 :探讨肺癌患者血清 4项糖类抗原水平的变化及对预后评估的意义。方法 :4项糖类抗原均采用放射免疫分析。结果 :32例不同组织亚型肺癌患者血清 4项糖类抗原水平均显著高于正常对照组及肺良性病变组 (p <0 0 1 ,p <0 0 1 ) ;且腺癌组均显著高于鳞癌及小细胞肺癌组 ,其排序为腺癌 >鳞癌 >小细胞癌。TNM临床分期结果为Ⅰ Ⅱ期组测定值显著低于Ⅲa期组 (p <0 0 5 ) ;Ⅲa期组测定显著低于Ⅲb Ⅳ期组 (p <0 0 5 ) ,而Ⅲb Ⅳ期组更显著高于Ⅰ Ⅱ期组 (p <0 0 1 )。呈肺癌病程较晚 ,水平越高。结论 :肺癌患者血清 4项糖类抗原测定对诊断及预后的评估有一定临床价值。     

心力衰竭患者血清脑钠素测定及其意义

目的 :探讨心力衰竭 (HF)患者血清脑钠素改变及其意义。方法 :放射免疫分析测定 88例HF(NYHAⅡ -Ⅳ级 )患者、2 0例心功能代偿期对照组 (NYHAⅠ级 )和 30例健康对照组的血清脑钠素水平 ,并进行对照分析。结果 :HF组总体血清脑钠素水平显著高于心功能处代偿期 (NYHAⅠ级 )组 (t=2 1 33,p <0 0 5 )和对照组 (t=2 335 ,p<0 0 5 ) ,NYHAⅡ级心功能时血BNP即显著高于对照组 (p <0 0 5 ) ,Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间血清BNP依次递增 (F =2 5 95 ,p<0 0 5 )。急性左心衰组血清BNP显著高于慢性心衰组 (t =2 2 6 8,p <0 0 5 ) ,而且缓解时血清BNP即显著下降 (p <0 0 5 )。结论 :测定血清脑钠素水平有助于HF患者发病机理、病情严重程度和预后的判断。     

老年冠心病患者血清GH、T和E2的变化探讨

目的:探讨老年冠心病患者血清生长激素(GH)、睾酮(T)和雌二醇(E2)水平的变化及其临床意义。方法:采用放射免疫分析测定了112例老年冠心病患者和40例健康对照组的血清GH、T和E2水平。结果:老年冠心病组血清GH和E2水平显著低于对照组(P<0.01,P<0.05),T与对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。GH与E2水平呈显著的正相关(P<0.05),但两者与T均无相关性(P均>0.05)。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级心功能组患者血清GH、T、E2均依次显著递减(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。伴急性心肌梗死组血清GH和E2水平显著低于无心肌梗死组(P均<0.01),但T却无显著差异(P>0.05)。住院死亡组血清GH、T、E2均显著低于好转出院组(P<0.05,P<0.01,P<0.01)。结论:EH组血清GH和E2水平显著降低,GH、T和E2均随心功能降低而依次显著递减,伴急性心肌梗死组GH和E2水平显著降低,死亡组血清GH、T、E2均显著降低。     

原发性高血压患者血清利钠肽水平的变化

目的:研究原发性高血压(EH)患者血清利钠肽(ANP,BNP,CNP)水平的变化,及其与高血压分期和靶 器官损害间的关系。方法:放射免疫分析测定112例EH患者和47例非高血压患者的血清利钠肽(ANP,BNP, CNP)水平,并进行对照统计分析。结果:EH组血清ANP,BNP,CNP水平均较对照组显著增高(P均<0.01),而 且与平均动脉压成显著正相关(P均<0.01),但与体重指数无相关性意义,男女组间无统计学差异。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期组 间平均血清ANP,BNP,CNP水平依次显著性递增(P均<0.05),不同分期的EH患者之间血清ANP,BNP,CNP水 平均有明显差异(P均<0.05)。EH患者中伴心脑肾并发症组血清ANP,BNP,CNP水平显著高于无并发症组(P 均<0.01)。结论:EH患者血清ANP,BNP,CNP水平显著增高,且与平均动脉压、高血压分期及是否伴有并发症 相关,提示ANP,BNP,CNP变化与病情严重程度及高血压的靶器官损害相关并有助于预后判断。     

血清性激素与原发性高血压病的关系探讨

目的：探讨原发性高血压（EH）发病与性激素之间可能存在的关系。方法：用放射免疫分析了87例男性EH患者及81例女性绝经后EH患者和相应正常对照组的血清性激素（LH、FSH、E2、P、T）水平,并进行高血压分期对照分析。结果：男、女EH患者血清E2、P、T水平均显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）;血清LH、FSH水平均低于对照组,其中男性EH组FSH水平和对照组相比下降不明显（P〉0．05）。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期EH患者性激素水平经F检验无显著差异（P〉0．05）。相关分析显示,男性EH组E2水平和女性EH组P水平与FSH、LH水平变化无明显相关关系（P〉0．05）。结论：EH患者血清E2、P、T水平显著高于对照组,且E2、P与FSH、LH之间又无相关关系,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ期之间性激素水平又无显著差异。血清性激素水平的变化可能是一个高血压独立的危险因子,可作为EH病部分病因的推测和提示。     

慢性心力衰竭患者血清IGF-Ⅱ测定及其临床意义

目的 :探讨慢性心力衰竭患者血清胰岛素样生长因子 -Ⅱ (IGF -Ⅱ )变化及其临床意义。方法 :用放射免疫分析测定了 132例慢性心力衰竭 (CHF)患者和 4 5例非慢性心力衰竭患者的血清IGF -Ⅱ水平 ,并进行对照统计分析。结果 :CHF组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 0 1)。在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级组间 ,血清IGF -Ⅱ水平依次递增 (方差F检验 ,P <0 0 1) ,且Ⅳ级组显著高于Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ级组 (P <0 0 1)。住院期间死亡组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著高于好转出院组 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :CHF患者血清IGF -Ⅱ水平显著升高 ,Ⅳ级组血清IGF -Ⅱ显著高于Ⅱ级组和Ⅲ级组 ,住院期间死亡组血清IGF -Ⅱ水平也显著高。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.