2006—2008年鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁分析

目的：通过分析鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性的变化,为临床治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染提供帮助。方法：收集2006年1月—2008年12月我院所分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌,采用K-B琼脂扩散法进行药敏试验。结果：2006—2008年,呼吸道分离的鲍曼不动杆菌占分离的81.4%;鲍曼不动杆菌头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药性较低,亚胺培南和美诺培南的耐药性上升很快,ICU和非ICU病房对抗生素的耐药率有较大的差异。结论：鲍曼不动杆菌耐药现象呈明显上升趋势,特别是亚胺培南和美诺培南。非ICU病房鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率低于ICU病房。     

348株下呼吸道鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及变迁分析

目的了解鲍曼不动杆菌及对碳青酶烯类抗生素耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性及变迁情况。方法采用纸片扩散法对2008～2010年从下呼吸道分离出的348株鲍曼不动杆菌进行药敏试验。结果鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(14.4%)耐药性最低,其次是碳青酶烯类药物亚胺培南(16.1%)和美罗培南(18.4%);对常用抗菌药物的耐药性均呈上升趋势。56株亚胺培南耐药鲍曼不动杆菌中,耐药率最高的是哌拉西林(100%),其次是替卡西林/克拉维酸、氨曲南和庆大霉素;耐药率最低的是米诺环素,其次为头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和环丙沙星。结论鲍曼不动杆菌耐药严重,加强耐药性监测,应根据药敏结果合理使用抗生素,以保护有限的抗生素资源。     

老年患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁

目的了解2011～2015年老年患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁。方法按《全国临床检验操作规程》(第3版)细菌分离鉴定,采用VITEK-2全自动微生物鉴定系统进行菌种鉴定。药敏试验采用纸片扩散(K-B)法,结果判断参照美国临床和实验室标准化协会(CLSI)标准。WHONET5.6和SPSS20.0软件对药敏实验结果进行统计学分析。结果 2011～2015年老年患者感染鲍曼不动杆菌分离率分别为7.41%、9.76%、8.05%、10.70%、12.60%,检出率居前3位的科室是重症监护病房(ICU)、呼吸内科、老年病科;标本分布以痰液为主,占81.60%;鲍曼不动杆菌对21种抗菌药物的耐药性进行监测,头孢噻肟、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、阿米卡星、亚胺培南、左氧氟沙星、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、妥布霉素、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南、头孢吡肟等19种抗菌药物的耐药率呈上升趋势(P0.01)。对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、美罗培南、亚胺培南的耐药率也已从2011年的17.02%、4.26%、7.45%,快速上升到2015年的30.86%、41.77%、54.43%。结论监测老年患者鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性变迁,减少耐药菌株产生危险因素,控制其耐药性快速上升。     

ICU肺炎患者中泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的感染危险因素及耐药性分析

目的：调查ICU肺炎患者中泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的感染危险因素,分析其耐药性情况。方法：2013年1月到2016年2月选择入住我院ICU病房后诊断为泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌肺炎患者98例作为观察组,同期按照2:1的比例选择在我院ICU病房诊治的非泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌肺炎患者49例作为对照组,两组都采集痰液标本进行耐药性分析,同时调查了泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素与预后情况。结果：观察组对于头孢噻肟、哌拉西林、亚胺培南、庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、四环素、头孢他啶都高度耐药,仅对多粘菌素敏感。除哌拉西林、多粘菌素外,对照组对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均明显低于观察组(P<0.05)。单因素分析显示糖尿病、感染前住院时间、入院24h内APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分、深静脉置管、机械通气等因素与 ICU 内泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌性肺炎显著相关(P<0.05)。非条件 Logistic回归分析,结果显示糖尿病、感染前住院时间、入院24h内APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分导致泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论：ICU肺炎患者中泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌感染比较常见,糖尿病、感染前住院时间、入院24h内APACHEⅡ评分、GCS评分为主要的危险因素,其对于绝大多数抗菌药物有耐药性,可导致患者预后变差与随访死亡率增加。     

耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶及耐药性变迁研究

目的研究临床分离的耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶以及菌株耐药性变迁情况。方法改良的Hodge试验检测耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶情况;K-B纸片扩散法对临床分离的耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌菌株进行药敏分析,了解耐药性变迁情况。结果临床分离的62株耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌改良Hodge试验阳性15株,阳性率为24.19%,且耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶率逐年上升。临床分离菌株主要来源于痰液及分泌物,病区以ICU最多(占20.97%),其次为急诊科和神经外科。耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对常用17种抗菌药物的耐药性逐年升高,且以头孢哌酮/舒巴坦最低,其次为多粘菌素E。结论耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性升高主要是由于产生了碳青霉烯酶;头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对碳青霉烯类耐药鲍曼不动杆菌有较好的抗菌活性,可作为此类细菌感染的治疗药物。     

重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性分析

目的对近年重症监护病房（ICU）中的鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性进行分析,指导经验应用抗生素。方法回顾2000年1月至2004年12月自ICU患者分离的鲍曼不动杆菌,分析其药敏结果。结果5年共分离的鲍曼不动杆菌156株,以痰标本为主,占91％。常用抗生素中亚胺培南对鲍曼不动杆菌保持较高的抗菌活性（87％～90％）,对阿米卡星、氨苄西林／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、哌拉西林、环丙沙星等多种抗生素的耐药性较高,且有逐年增高的趋势。结论ICU中鲍曼不动杆菌表现为多重耐药。应重视医院致病菌的耐药性监测,根据其结果应用抗生素。     

综合性医院重症监护室鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解重症监护室病人鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药情况,指导临床医师选择有效抗生素进行抗感染治疗,控制院内感染的发生。方法 2008年1月～2010年1月期间,自重症监护室病人痰液等标本分离鲍曼不动杆菌,分析细菌的标本分布和科室分布,并检测细菌对常用抗生素的耐药性。细菌鉴定用VITEK-GNI+,药敏试验采用K-B法。结果分离出172株鲍曼不动杆菌,主要来自呼吸道感染病人的痰液,占87.21%;综合性重症监护室鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率较高,为43.60%(ICU-1)和29.65%(ICU-2)。药敏试验显示鲍曼不动杆菌对米诺环素、亚胺培南、含酶抑制剂的复合制剂如头孢哌酮/舒巴坦和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦以及左氧氟沙星的耐药率低,分别是1.32%、5.88%、4.71%、17.65%和23.53%,对其他抗生素有较强的耐药性。结论鲍曼不动杆菌是ICU病人呼吸道感染的常见菌,且耐药性高,建议首选米诺环素、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦,哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和左氧氟沙星进行鲍曼不动杆菌的感染治疗。     

耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性分析

目的了解64株临床分离的耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对18种常用抗生素的耐药性。方法采用Micro Scanwalk Away-40微生物分析仪进行菌株鉴定和药敏试验,头孢哌酮/舒巴坦及米诺环素药敏试验采用K-B法。结果亚胺培南耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率最低为37.5%,其次为米诺环素54.7%,对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、哌拉西林、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率最高为100.0%,其余抗菌药物的耐药率均大于81.1%。结论亚胺培南耐药的鲍曼不动杆菌多重耐药严重,部分为泛耐药菌株,仅对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较为敏感。     

2007～2009年我院临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌分布特征及耐药性分析

目的观察2007～2009年我院鲍曼不动杆菌感染情况及耐药特点,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2007年1月～2010年6月在我院住院患者所分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的科室分布、标本来源和耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果共分离获得256株鲍曼不动杆菌,主要分布于ICU和呼吸内科、最常见于痰标本中;其对多种抗菌药物严重耐药,对亚胺培南和美洛培南耐药率低于国内相关报道。结论 2007～2009年我院鲍曼不动杆菌感染及耐药性均呈逐渐增加趋势,临床应注意加强监测、及时应用敏感抗生素。     

鲍曼不动杆菌临床分离株生物被膜形成能力与耐药性的研究

目的研究鲍曼不动杆菌生物被膜形成能力与耐药性之间的相关性,为生物膜耐药机制的研究提供依据。方法平板结合结晶紫染色法建立鲍曼不动杆菌生物被膜模型,定量分析66株临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌生物被膜形成能力,采用K-B纸片法测定菌株的耐药性,概率法检验生物被膜形成能力与耐药性的相关性。结果所测66株鲍曼不动杆菌中,60株(90.9%)具有生物被膜形成能力,其中形成试验弱阳性19株(28.8%),阳性19株(28.8%),强阳性22株(33.3%),阴性6株(9.1%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢吡肟、头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林、复方新诺明等的耐药性随着生物被膜的形成能力增强而降低(P0.05)。结论绝大多数临床分离株鲍曼不动杆菌具有较强的生物被膜形成能力;鲍曼不动杆菌的生物被膜形成能力与耐药存在负相关性。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

治疗高血压药物的经济学评价

重视高血压治疗中的经济学评价,对利用我国有限的卫生资源来遏制高血压对人民群众的危害有着重要的现实意义。药物经济学对于药物治疗的成本和治疗的结果给予同样的关注。因为治疗高血压的费用,不仅涉及药物价格,还包括患者的危险水平,降压疗效和对临床终点事件的影响,以及治疗的依从性和安全性。因此药物经济学更强调整体成本和价-效比。低危病人,若非药价低廉,治疗的价-效比不够理想。而在高危的患者,价-效比越小越经济而不是药费越便宜越好。