蒙特利尔认知评估量表用于血管源性轻度认知功能障碍评估的初步研究

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表（MoCA）中文北京版用于血管源性轻度认知功能障碍评估的可行性。方法应用MoCA和简易智能状态检查量表（MMSE）分别对50例血管源性轻度认知功能障碍（vMCI）患者和50例健康体检者进行认知功能评估,分析评估结果。结果对照组和vMCI组MoCA和MMSE总分有较好相关性（P〈0.05）,MoCA评分明显低于MMSE（P〈0.05）;与对照组比较v,MCI组MoCA各条目得分及总分均明显降低（P〈0.05）;MoCA筛查vMCI灵敏度为84.0%、特异度为76.0%,MMSE分别为46.0%和98.0%。结论 MoCA用作血管源性轻度认知功能障碍认知功能筛查时敏感性优于MMSE。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在糖尿病认知功能障碍检测中的应用

在老年疾病中,认知功能障碍患病率较高.糖尿病对中枢神经系统的影响越来越引起人们的关注,对糖尿病认知功能障碍的研究日益增多,专家们认为糖尿病认知功能障碍最终多发展为阿尔茨海默病(AD),严重影响患者生活质量,给家庭和社会带来严重生活负担.因此早期发现糖尿病认知功能障碍并及早予以干预显得尤为重要,因此本研究应用MoCA量表对糖尿病患者进行检测,并探讨其应用价值.     

"蒙特利尔认知评估量表"在轻度认知损伤患者筛查中的应用

老年性痴呆（Alzheimer＇s disease，AD）的发病率随着世界人口老龄化的加剧而迅速攀升。由于中晚期AD的治疗效果不佳，有关研究的注意力已经转向如何识别其智能减退的早期症状，以期预防、减缓甚至逆转痴呆的脑功能损害。轻度认知损伤（mild cognitive impairment，MCI）是发生在老年人群的认知功能减退综合征。据美国神经病学研究所（ANN）报道，每年MCI患者进展为AD的发生率达6％～25％，因而MCI患者是AD的高危人群。如能找到检测MCI的特异和敏感的筛查指标，建立客观、准确、便捷的早期诊断方法，及时干预防止其演化为AD，则可极大地减少AD的危害，减轻患者家庭的巨大精神压力和经济负担。因此，对于MCI患者的有效筛查是当前国内外认知领域研究的重点。     

社区老年轻度认知功能障碍患者的认知损害特点

目的 探讨社区老年轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者的认知损害特点.方法 采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、日常生活能力量表(ADL)、简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)、临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)等对1 578例社区老年人进行MCI的筛查和医学诊断,利用MoCA分析确诊的229例MCI患者的认知损害特点.结果 社区老年MCI患者MoCA各认知域障碍发生率按从高到低的顺序依次是:延迟回忆97.82％、视空间与执行功能95.63％、抽象83.84％、注意63.76％、命名43.67％、语言40.61％、定向19.65％.MoCA各认知域得分与总分均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),按照相关系数r从高到低排序,依次是延迟回忆0.528、视空间与执行功能0.489、注意0.454、语言0.401、抽象0.333、命名0.228、定向0.221.多元线性逐步回归分析显示,文化程度、年龄和经济状况与MoCA总分有线性回归关系(F=17.091,P=0.000).结论 社区老年MCI患者存在多认知域的损害,但各认知域受损并非均等程度,其中以延迟回忆、视空间与执行功能、注意能力等认知域损害较普遍和突出.文化程度、年龄和经济状况可能是预测MCI患者转归及预后的重要因素.     

轻度认知功能障碍与认知干预研究进展

世界卫生组织预测到2020年为止,全世界将有2 900万痴呆患者,其中2/3为阿尔茨海默病(AD)〔1〕。由于目前对于AD的治疗策略还只是改善症状,故迫切要求在疾病的早期即能确诊,从而进行早期预防和治疗,以期减缓或逆转痴呆的脑功能损害。因此,轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)作为介于正常老化与痴     

轻度认知功能障碍的研究进展

轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)是常见的认知功能障碍,是介于正常老化和老年痴呆之间的临床状态。MCI作为阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)的前驱阶段,积极研究MCI对延缓认知功能的进一步减退及发展成AD具有重要意义。该文就MCI的概念、诊断、分类、发病机制、危险因素和干预措施等研究进展作一综述。     

北京版蒙特利尔认知评估量表在白银市地区筛查轻度认知功能障碍的分界值

目的北京版蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)量表在白银市地区筛查轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的应用。方法以在白银市居住3年以上既往无器质性脑病史的患者为研究对象,以简易精神状态检查(MMSE)的评分作为标准分为认知功能正常组(A组),MCI组(B组),用北京版MoCA量表进行验证。结果 MoCA评分A组与B组比较差异有显著统计学意义;B组中MMSE总分和MoCA总分及视空间执行功能、延迟记忆、定向力、命名、抽象思维呈显著正相关(P0.05,P0.001);注意力和语言流畅性与MMSE总分无相关性;年龄和受教育年限为MoCA初分的影响因素;MoCA量表在白银市地区以24分为MCI筛查的最佳分界值。结论北京版MoCA量表能有效应用于白银市地区MCI的筛查。     

老年轻度认知功能障碍的相关因素研究

老年痴呆因其智力致残,会给家庭和社会造成沉重负担,而且中晚期治疗效果不佳,因此,对老年痴呆的早期防治已经成为社会发展的需要.老年人轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)是介于正常衰老和痴呆之间的一种认知损伤状态,是一种不稳定的过渡状态,具有转化为痴呆的高风险.此外,MCI也可以使老年人进入医疗机构的风险增高,严重干扰老年人的正常生活并增加家庭和照料者的压力,降低了老年人及其家庭成员和照料者的生活质量.因此积极研究MCI的相关因素以及MCI进展为痴呆的危险因素,寻找可干预的治疗因素,不仅可能为老年期痴呆的防治提供切实可行的有效途径,且有助于改善老年人的生活质量,减轻家庭及社会的巨大压力.本文综述MCI的危险因素如下.     

蒙特利尔认知量表对脑白质疏松患者认知功能障碍的诊断价值

目的研究蒙特利尔认知(MoCA)量表在筛查脑白质疏松(LA)患者轻度认知功能障碍中的应用价值。方法 LA患者113例为LA组,同期健康体检者107例为对照组,分别采用MoCA量表及简易精神状态量表(MMSE)进行认知功能评估。结果除命名和视空间执行功能外,LA组MoCA各分项得分与对照组均有统计学差异(P<0.01,P<0.05);LA组与对照组MoCA评分差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MMSE评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组MoCA和MMSE评分对比,MoCA灵敏度80.53%,特异度76.63%;MMSE灵敏度22.12%,特异度88.78%。MoCA灵敏度显著高于MMSE(P<0.01)。结论 MoCA量表在诊断LA患者轻度认知功能损害中具有更高的灵敏度,可及早发现LA患者的认知功能损害。     

社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍患病调查

目的了解社区老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的患病率及危险因素。方法采用整群随机抽样的方法对上海市黄浦区年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况问卷调查及临床医师评定。调查问卷包括一般人口学资料、简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、蒙特利尔认知评估表（MoCA）;临床医师评定包括照料者询问、现病史、既往史、体检、日常生活量表（ADL）、总体退化量表（GDS）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）、Hachinski缺血指数量表测评,并由精神科医师进行最后诊断。结果调查300人,确诊为MCI者67例,患病率为22．3％;不同性别、年龄段、文化程度、职业及运动与否、有无业余爱好、饮茶与否的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论女性、高龄、低文化水平、不运动等患MCI的危险性增加。     

Montreal Cognitive Assessment Arabic version: Reliability and validity prevalence of mild cognitive impairment among elderly attending geriatric clubs in Cairo

Aim:   Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a clinical label which includes elderly subjects with memory impairment and with no significant daily functional disability. MCI is an important target for Alzheimer's dementia prevention studies. Data on the prevalence and incidence of MCI varies greatly according to cultural difference. The first aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Arabic version in MCI detection. The second was to determine the prevalence of MCI among apparently healthy elderly people attending geriatric clubs in Cairo.
Methods:   In stage I reliability & validity of MoCA Arabic version were assessed in reference to Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG). In stage II prevalence of MCI was estimated using Arabic MoCA among apparently healthy elderly attending geriatric clubs. These geriatric clubs were randomly selected from different regions in Cairo governorate.
Results:   Test–retest reliability data of the Arabic MoCA were collected approximately 35.0 ± 17.6 days apart. The mean change in Arabic MoCA scores from the first to second evaluation was 0.9 ± 2.5 points, and correlation between the two evaluations was high (correlation coefficient = 0.92, P  < 0.001). The internal consistency of the Arabic MoCA was good, yielding a Cronbach's α on the standardized items of 0.83. In diagnosing mild cognitive impairment, the Arabic MoCA showed 92.3% sensitivity and 85.7% specificity. The prevalence of MCI among elderly subjects attending geriatric clubs in Cairo is 34.2% and 44.3% of healthy men and women, respectively.
Conclusion:   Older age, female sex and less education are the independent risk factors for MCI among apparently healthy elderly subjects attending geriatric clubs in Cairo.     

Brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment in older Japanese: Validation of the Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Aim: The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), developed by Dr Nasreddine (Nasreddine et al. 2005), is a brief cognitive screening tool for detecting older people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). We examined the reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the MoCA (MoCA‐J) in older Japanese subjects. Methods: Subjects were recruited from the outpatient memory clinic of Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital or community‐based medical health check‐ups in 2008. The MoCA‐J, the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), the revised version of Hasegawa's Dementia Scale (HDS‐R), Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale, and routine neuropsychological batteries were conducted on 96 older subjects. Mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) was found in 30 subjects and MCI in 30, with 36 normal controls. Results: The Cronbach's alpha of MoCA‐J as an index of internal consistency was 0.74. The test–retest reliability of MoCA, using intraclass correlation coefficient between the scores at baseline survey and follow‐up survey 8 weeks later was 0.88 (P < 0.001). MoCA‐J score was highly correlated with MMSE (r = 0.83, P < 0.001), HDS‐R (r = 0.79, P < 0.001) and CDR (r = ?0.79, P < 0.001) scores. The areas under receiver–operator curves (AUC) for predicting MCI and AD groups by the MoCA‐J were 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.90–1.00) and 0.99 (95% CI = 0.00–1.00), respectively. The corresponding values for MMSE and HDS‐R were 0.85 (95% CI = 0.75–0.95) and 0.97 (95% CI = 0.00–1.00), and 0.86 (95% CI = 0.76–0.95) and 0.97 (95% CI = 0.00–1.00), respectively. Using a cut‐off point of 25/26, the MoCA‐J demonstrated a sensitivity of 93.0% and a specificity of 87.0% in screening MCI. Conclusion: The MoCA‐J could be a useful cognitive test for screening MCI, and could be recommended in a primary clinical setting and for geriatric health screening in the community. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10: 225–232.     

The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment

OBJECTIVES: To develop a 10-minute cognitive screening tool (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA) to assist first-line physicians in detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a clinical state that often progresses to dementia. DESIGN: Validation study. SETTING: A community clinic and an academic center. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-four patients meeting MCI clinical criteria supported by psychometric measures, 93 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD) (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score > or =17), and 90 healthy elderly controls (NC). MEASUREMENTS: The MoCA and MMSE were administered to all participants, and sensitivity and specificity of both measures were assessed for detection of MCI and mild AD. RESULTS: Using a cutoff score 26, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 18% to detect MCI, whereas the MoCA detected 90% of MCI subjects. In the mild AD group, the MMSE had a sensitivity of 78%, whereas the MoCA detected 100%. Specificity was excellent for both MMSE and MoCA (100% and 87%, respectively). CONCLUSION: MCI as an entity is evolving and somewhat controversial. The MoCA is a brief cognitive screening tool with high sensitivity and specificity for detecting MCI as currently conceptualized in patients performing in the normal range on the MMSE.     

机关背景80岁以上轻度认知障碍患者MoCA量表特征研究

目的研究机关背景≥80岁轻度认知障碍（MCI）患者蒙特利尔认知评估（Montreal cognitive assessment，MocA）量表结果的特点。方法选择83例南京地区机关背景的≥65岁人群为研究对象，通过MoCA量表检查结合临床表现诊断是否为MCI患者。研究对象共分3组：〈80岁MCI患者（A组，n=33），≥80岁MCI患者（B组，n=26），≥80岁非MCI患者（c组，n=24）。分析3组MoCA量表得分差异。结果B组患者的视空间能力和语言流畅性得分明显低于A组和c组，而A组患者血清胆固醇水平、血小板聚集率明显高于B组和c组。结论由于脑动脉硬化等原因，≥80岁MCI患者的执行能力较相对年轻的MCI患者和同年龄非MCI人群明显减退。     

Development and validation of the Montreal cognitive assessment for people with hearing impairment (MoCA-H)

Background

Hearing impairment is common among older adults and affects cognitive assessments for identification of dementia which rely on good hearing function. We developed and validated a version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) for people with hearing impairment.

Methods

We adapted existing MoCA 8.1 items for people with hearing impairment by presenting instructions and stimuli in written rather than spoken format. One Attention domain and two Language domain items required substitution by alternative items. Three and four candidate items respectively were constructed and field-tested along with the items adapted to written form. We used a combination of individual item analysis and item substitution to select the set of alternative items to be included in the final form of the MoCA-H in place of the excluded original items. We then evaluated the performance and reliability of the final tool, including making any required adjustments for demographic factors.

Results

One hundred and fifty-nine hearing-impaired participants, including 76 with normal cognition and 83 with dementia, completed the adapted version of the MoCA. A further 97 participants with normal hearing completed the standard MoCA as well as the novel items developed for the MoCA-H to assess score equivalence between the existing and alternative MoCA items and for independence from hearing impairment. Twenty-eight participants were retested between 2–4 weeks after initial testing. After the selection of optimal item set, the final MoCA-H had an area under the curve of 0.973 (95% CI 0.952–0.994). At a cut-point of 24 points or less sensitivity and specificity for dementia was 92.8% and 90.8%, respectively. The intraclass correlation for test–retest reliability was 0.92 (95%CI 0.78–0.97).

Conclusion

The MoCA-H is a sensitive and reliable means of identifying dementia among adults with acquired hearing impairment.     

Central auditory processing in elderly with mild cognitive impairment

Aim: The aim of the present study was to assess if central auditory processing affected patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or not and to assess sensitivity and specificity of central auditory processing tests in detection of MCI. Methods: This was a case–control study conducted at the Geriatrics Department and Audiology Unit, Ain Shams University Hospital. Participants were 150 elderly diagnosed as MCI compared with 150 normal subjects, based on a neuropsychological diagnostic test battery, the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), and who were matched for age, sex and average threshold of hearing. Both cases and control groups were subjected to otological examination, immittancemetry, pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry and central auditory processing assessment by the use of a selective auditory attention test, dichotic digits test, auditory fusion test, pitch pattern sequences test and auditory memory battery of Goldman–Fristoe–Woodcock. Results: The MCI group scored significantly lower than the control group in central auditory processing tests (P < 0.05). Sensitivity of dichotic digit test, pitch pattern sequence test and recognition memory test were 76.6%, 71.7% and 70.4%, respectively, while specificity were 56.2%, 81.2% and 92.2%, respectively. When the previous three tests were used together the sensitivity and specificity were 82.8% and 93.2%, respectively. Conclusion: Central auditory processing was affected in MCI patients. The dichotic digit test, pitch pattern sequence test and recognition memory test can be used in detection of MCI with high sensitivity and specificity. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 304–308 .     

农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍流行病学调查

目的了解湖南省慈利县农村老年人轻度认知功能障碍（MCI）的流行病学特征。方法采用随机整群分层分阶段抽样的方法对2011年6月至12月湖南省慈利县6个乡镇、年龄≥60岁的老年人进行现况调查及筛查,完成调查问卷及简易精神状况量表（MMSE）;临床诊断,对有明显记忆障碍者及MMSE分数低于界值者进一步进行临床检查,并由2名神经科医师进行最后诊断;同时进行总体衰退量表、Hachinski缺血指数量表、临床痴呆评定量表等评定。结果调查1367名,男性678名,女689名,MMSE阳性者178例,占13．02％,确诊为MCI者139例,患病率为10．17％;不同年龄段、文化程度、职业、居住及文化生活情况的老年人,其MCI患病率差异均有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论高龄、低文化水平、嗜烟、不喝酒或嗜酒、单独居住等因素会增加患MCI的危险。     

Prospects of genetic research of mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a common problem in the elderly. Genetic research may yield valuable clues to improve the diagnostic and prognostic tools for MCI. As the majority of patients progress into Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia, the genetics of MCI cannot be separated from the genetics of AD and dementia in general. Follow-up studies of carriers of mutations underlying AD may yield valuable clues for the development of new diagnostic tools for MCI. In particular, large-scale studies of carriers of the apolipoprotein E 4 allele may still be of interest. Our knowledge of the genes involved in MCI is still very limited. In addition, we need powerful and carefully designed candidate gene studies aiming to discover new genes involved in the risk and progression of MCI. Although the genetics of MCI will be difficult to disentangle, there is ample opportunity to improve research of the genes involved.