二维应变超声评价心肌梗死患者节段性室壁运动减弱的临床研究

目的评价二维应变超声诊断心肌梗死患者节段性室壁运动减弱的价值。方法选择心肌梗死患者35例为心肌梗死组和健康体检者21例为对照组。采用超声心动图检查及超声二维斑点追踪技术,测定左心室各节段的峰值纵向应变(LS)、圆周应变(CS)和径向应变(RS),并按室壁运动评分将心肌梗死组患者左心室壁518个节段分为1分患者270个节段,2分患者116个节段,3分患者106个节段,≥4分患者26个节段;对照组为327个节段。对比各组LS、CS和RS的差异,并对各应变指标绘制ROC曲线。结果与对照组比较,心肌梗死组的2分、3分和≥4分患者各节段LS、CS、RS明显降低(P<0.01),1分患者节段LS和CS明显降低(P<0.01),且1、2、3、≥4分患者左心室各节段随室壁运动评分的增加,LS、CS及RS明显降低(P<0.01);ROC曲线诊断室壁运动减弱的敏感性分别为85.7%、76.5%、85.6%,特异性分别为74.5%、80.6%、64.3%。结论二维应变超声中LS、CS和RS能准确评价心肌梗死患者节段性室壁运动减弱,其中LS、CS的诊断价值较高。     

应用二维整体收缩期应变评价左室收缩功能

目的应用超声二维斑点追踪技术评价二维整体收缩期峰值应变在判断左室收缩功能中的价值。方法心功能不全患者52例和健康对照者30例,应用二维斑点追踪技术分别测量左室各节段收缩期纵向峰值应变、径向峰值应变和圆周峰值应变,并分别取其平均值做为左室收缩期整体纵向应变(GLS)、整体径向应变(GRS)和整体圆周应变(GCS),同时应用Simpson双面法计算左室射血分数(LVEF)。对各指标绘制受试者工作特性曲线(ROC)并获得界值。结果心功能不全患者GLS、GRS和GCS均显著低于正常对照组(P0.05);ROC评价显示GLS、GCS的曲线偏左上角,其曲线下面积分别为0.950、0.939,对应的界值分别为-13.12%、-13.86%,其诊断心功能不全的灵敏度和特异度分别为90.0%/94.4%,93.3%/83.3%,GRS的曲线下面积0.170.5,诊断左室收缩功能不全意义不显著。结论二维整体收缩期应变可较好地评价左室的收缩功能,其中GLS和GCS具有较高的诊断心功能不全的价值。     

二维应变成像结合腺苷负荷超声心动图评价犬存活心肌

目的 探讨二维应变成像结合腺苷负荷超声心动图评价存活心肌的新方法.方法 15只健康杂种犬,结扎其冠状动脉前降支90 min后,恢复血流灌注120 min,建立急性心肌梗死再灌注模型.分别于基础状态下(结扎前)和再灌注后采集心尖三腔、两腔和短轴二尖瓣、乳头肌、心尖水平的图像.随后泵入腺苷并重复采集图像.以氯化三苯基四氮唑溶液(2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride,TTC)染色结果测量梗死面积(SN)与该节段总面积(S)的百分比(SN/S),SN/S≤50%即为存活心肌.将前壁、前间壁各节段分为存活心肌和非存活心肌,运用二维应变成像技术定量评价犬不同状态下存活与非存活心肌径向、纵向及圆周的收缩期峰值应变(peak-systolic strain,Speak sys)并进行比较.结果 存活与非存活心肌分别为37和53个节段.(1)基础状态下:存活与非存活心肌的收缩期峰值径向应变(RSpeak sys)、纵向应变(LSpeak sys)及圆周应变(CSpeak sys)比较差异无统计学意义.(2)再灌注120 min后:存活与非存活心肌的RSpeak sys、LSpeak sys及CSpeak sys(绝对值)均低于基础状态,而存活心肌与非存活心肌组间差异无统计学意义.(3)腺肾负荷后:与再灌注120 min后相比,存活心肌的RSpeak sys、LSpeak sys显著升高(P<0.01或P<0.05),且存活心肌的RSpeak sys、LSpeak sys明显高于非存活心肌(P<0.01).(4)腺苷负荷后,RSpeak sys与SN/S呈负相关(r=-0.72,P<0.01),CSpeak sys及LSpeak sys与SN/S呈正相关(r值分别为0.40和0.67,P均<0.01).(5)将腺苷负荷前、后应变数值的变化率(△RSpeak sys和△LSpeak sys)作为研究对象,以△RSpeak sys≥13.5%作为判断心肌存活的最佳截断值,其识别存活心肌的敏感性和特异性分别为83.8%、83.0%;以△LSpeak sys≥11%作为最佳截断值,其敏感性和特异性分别为78.4%、88.7%;联合△RSpeak sys和△LSpeak sys两项指标,其敏感性和特异性分别为91.9%、79.2%.结论 二维应变成像技术结合腺苷负荷超声心动图能比较准确地区分存活心肌与非存活心肌.     

小剂量腺苷负荷超声心动图试验与双核素心肌显像检测急性心肌梗死后患者存活心肌比较

目的:比较小剂量腺苷负荷超声心动图试验(LDASE)与99mTc-甲氧基异丁腈(MIBI)/18F-脱氧葡萄糖(FDG)双核素同时采集法(DISA)单光子发射断层显像(SPECT)对急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者早期存活心肌检出的准确性.方法:对36例AMI患者于发病后3～10 d内行LDASE与DISA-SPECT.所有患者在LDASE前后接受经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术.AMI后3个月随访二维超声心动图,以局部室壁运动改善作为心肌存活的金标准,比较2种方法检测存活心肌的敏感性和特异性.结果:LDASE检出存活心肌敏感性为90.3%,特异性为80.8%,阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为84.8%和87.5%,准确性为86.0%;DISA-SPECT检出存活心肌敏感性81.2%,特异性78.3%,阳性预测值81.1%,阴性预测值83.1%,准确性80.2%.2种方法对运动异常节段存活心肌检出一致性为72.6%,差异无统计学意义.结论:对AMI后患者,LDASE与DISA-SPECT均为检出存活心肌较敏感和特异的技术.     

负荷超声心动图与负荷单光子发射计算机断层显像评价冠脉介入术后再狭窄（英文）

目的：探讨运用多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图（DSE）和硝酸甘油负荷单光子发射计算机断层灌注显像（SPECT）来评价经皮冠状动脉介入（PCI）术后再狭窄的价值。方法：39例PCI术后的患者,在冠状动脉造影前1周内接受DSE和SPECT检查,多巴酚丁胺剂量递增方案为5μg.kg-1.min-1,10μg.kg-1.min-1,20μg.kg-1.min-1,30μg.kg-1.min-1,40μg.kg-1.min-1五个级别,每级负荷维持3min。按照冠脉造影的结果确定DSE,SPECT的敏感性、特异性和准确度,分析比较DSE,SPECT和冠脉造影检查的结果。结果：与冠脉造影相比,SPECT、DSE检查评价PCI术后再狭窄的敏感性（83.3%比75.0%）,准确性（71.8%比87.2%）无显著差异P〉0.05,但与SPECT相比,DSE检查的特异性较高（66.7%比92.6%）,P〈0.05。结论：多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图评价经皮冠状动脉介入术后再狭窄准确,且特异性好于SPECT。     

小剂量腺苷超声心动图试验检测急性心肌梗死后患者存活心肌

目的 评价小剂量腺苷超声心动图试验(LDAE)对急性心肌梗死早期存活心肌检出的准确性.方法 对36例急性心肌梗死患者于发病后3～10 d行剂量递增的LDAE(腺苷80、100和110μg·kg-1·min),所有患者在LDAE前后接受经皮冠状动脉介入术.采用17节段半定量分析法分析二维超声图像.心肌梗死后2～3个月随访二维超声,以局部室壁运动改善作为心肌存活标准,评价LDAE检测存活心肌的敏感性、特异性和小剂量腺苷对血液动力学的影响.结果 腺苷110μg·kg·min时与用药前比较,心率轻度增快[(78.1±10.9)次/min比(70.7±10.8)次/min,P<0.01],左室收缩末期容积减小[(20.1±9.3)ml比(30.4±1.9)ml,P<0.01]和射血分数升高(74.7%±9.8%比62.6%±10.4%,P<0.01).腺苷不良反应总发生率38.9%(14/36),但症状轻微.LDAE检出存活心肌的敏感性、特异性、诊断准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为90.3%、80.8%、86.0%、84.8%和87.5%.腺苷剂量100μg·kg·min时敏感性(88.5%)和特异性(86.0%)好而不良反应无明显增加.结论 LDAE是检测急性心肌梗死后患者存活心肌的较好而安全的新方法 ,有较高的敏感性和特异性,腺苷剂量100μg·kg·min可作为LDAE进一步研究的推荐剂量.     

斑点追踪成像定量评估老年心肌梗死患者左心室心肌纵向及圆周向应变的研究

目的:应用斑点追踪成像技术定量评估老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室心肌纵向及圆周向应变。方法:前瞻性病例对照研究,入选我院2017年8月至2020年6月确诊为ST段抬高型AMI并行冠状动脉造影和经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)的老年患者47例(AMI组),分别于术后1周及3个月时行超声检查,另选择同期年龄和性别相匹配的...     

门控心肌灌注显像相位分析评价陈旧性心肌梗死患者左心室收缩同步性

目的 应用单光子发射计算机断层成像(SPECT)/CT门控心肌灌注显像(GMPI)相位分析技术评价陈旧性心肌梗死(OMI)患者的左心室收缩同步性,并探讨影响收缩不同步的独立危险因素.方法 选择2010年10月至2013年9月在常州市第一人民医院确诊的OMI患者76例作为OMI组,同时选择健康者74例作为对照组,对其临床资料进行回顾性分析.所有研究对象均进行静息GMPI检查,应用Cedars Sinai QGS软件相位分析技术获得左心室收缩同步性参数[相位直方图带宽(BW)和相位标准差(SD)]以及心功能参数,应用QPS软件获得心肌灌注缺损范围.分别比较OMI组与对照组、左心室射血分数(LVEF)≤35％与LVEF＞ 35％ OMI患者之间的BW和SD值.以对照组BW值的x-±2s为异常临界阈值,大于该阈值定义为左心室收缩不同步,分析其独立危险因素.结果 (1)OMI组的BW[(91.3 ±58.6)°比(37.2±11.7)°,P＜0.001]和SD值[(27.3±20.8)°比(1 1.8±5.4)°,P＜0.001]均高于对照组,LVEF低于对照组(P＜0.001).LVEF≤35％的OMI患者BW[(136.0±52.9)°比(51.0±24.0)°,P＜0.001]和SD值[(38.7±21.3)°比(17.1±14.0)°,P ＜0.001]均高于LVEF＞ 35％的OMI患者.(2)在OMI患者中,左心室收缩不同步(BW ＞60.6°)的比例为57.9％ (44/76).与左心室收缩同步性正常OMI患者比较,不同步患者的LVEF较低(P＜0.0O1),左心室舒张末期容积、收缩末期容积、室壁运动异常总积分、室壁增厚异常总积分和心肌灌注缺损范围均较高(P均＜0.001).(3)LVEF≤35％的OMI患者合并左心室收缩不同步的比例高于LVEF＞35％的患者[91.7％ (33/36)比27.5％ (11/40),P＜0.001].(4)Pearson线性相关分析显示,LVEF与BW呈负相关(r=-0.807,P＜0.001).(5)多因素logistic回归分析显示,心肌灌注缺损范围是导致OMI患者发生左心室收缩不同步的独立危险因素(OR=1.076,95％ CI:1.015 ～1.141,P=0.015).结论 GMPI相位分析可客观反映左心室收缩同步性;OMI患者左心室收缩同步性减低,左心室收缩不同步与LVEF相关;心肌灌注缺损范围是OMI患者发生左心室收缩不同步的独立危险因素.     

二维斑点追踪成像技术评价舒张期应变率对冠心病的诊断价值

目的应用二维斑点追踪成像技术对常规方法显示室壁运动正常的冠心病患者进行定量分析,探讨其临床应用价值。方法采集经冠状动脉造影或CT证实的38例冠心病组和40例对照组患者的心尖长轴、四腔和两腔观的二维灰阶动态图像,测量舒张早期峰值应变率(SrE)和舒张晚期峰值应变率(SrA),应用ROC曲线评价左心室壁各节段SrE/SrA<1对冠心病筛选的特异性和敏感性。结果冠心病组室壁各节段SrE/SrA<1比例明显高于对照组(P<0.01)。以30.6%作为筛选冠心病的临界值,其敏感性为76.7%,特异性为80.0%;以38.5%作为筛选冠心病多支病变的临界值,其敏感性为88.7%,特异性为80.4%。结论二维斑点追踪成像技术中应变率检查,特别是SrE/SrA<1的比例,有助于临床筛选冠心病。     

急性心肌梗死后早期左室功能变化的研究

为探讨急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）发病后３ 周内不同时间左室功能的动态变化,应用彩色多普勒二维超声心动图对３２ 例ＡＭＩ患者分别于发病后１ 周、２ 周和３ 周连续测量并计算左室收缩功能和舒张功能的各项指标,并对其结果作对比分析。结果发现３２ 例ＡＭＩ患者中,１８例（５６％ ）有左室功能的降低,其主要变化为:左室舒张末期和收缩末期容积显著增加,而射血分数、短轴缩短率、平均周边纤维缩短速率明显降低（Ｐ＜ ０．０１）,二尖瓣舒张早期峰值血流速度减慢,晚期峰值血流速度增加。从ＡＭＩ后１ 周到３ 周,左室功能进行性发展,以左室容积的增加最为突出。可见ＡＭＩ后左室功能严重受损,其中左室容积的改变可作为早期评价左室功能的一个良好指标     

Digital echocardiography in myocardial infarction

Probably the most under-utilised application of echocardiography is in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This under-utilisation is striking since echocardiography can be very valuable in evaluating the natural history and therapy of CAD. One reason why echocardiography is not being utilised to its fullest is because of the reliance on videotape to record and display echocardiograms. This medium is time consuming and inconvenient for clinicians to review studies, it is not ideal for detecting subtle wall motion abnormalities, and videotape is impractical for comparing serial studies. Recording and storing echocardiograms on a digital medium overcomes these difficulties. Digital cine loops of single cardiac cycles provide great versatility. Multiple views or studies can be displayed simultaneously, subtle changes in wall motion are more easily detected and different views, or serial studies, can be readily compared. Such images can be displayed on computers on the ward or in the coronary care unit (CCU) and be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week at the convenience of the clinician. One does not need to find a recording on a two hour videotape, which may be in the ultrasound instrument, and one can view the exam in 30 sec instead of 5 to 10 min. Regional and global left ventricular function is one of the most important manifestations of CAD. With new therapeutic efforts at restoring myocardial function and limiting infant expansion, assessing LV function is more important than ever. Digital echocardiography is an extremely practical and convenient way for clinicians to obtain this information.     

Simultaneous assessment of segmental and global left ventricular function by two-dimensional echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction

Both segmental and global left ventricular performance were assessed simultaneously in 29 patients with acute myocardial infarction using two-dimensional echocardiography. Comparisons were made between left ventricular wall motion versus peak CK-MB, site of infarction, and occurrence of heart failure. Two-dimensional echocardiography identified areas of dyssynergy which corresponded to electrocardiographic areas of infarction in 89% of all cases. Patients with heart failure had more dyssynergic segments, and these segments manifested more severe dyssynergy than patients without heart failure. Patients with severe global dysfunction manifested higher peak CK-MB values, and those with anterior infarction had more global dyssynergy than did those patients with inferior infarction. These observations suggest that two-dimensional echocardiography is a useful technique for localization and assessment of segmental and global dyssynergy in acute myocardial infarction. Information so derived correlates with the clinical status of patients with acute myocardial infarction, and may offer important insights into both prognosis and treatment.     

Differentiation of pseudodyskinesis of inferior left ventricular wall from inferior myocardial infarction by assessment of regional myocardial strain using two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography

Purpose

To differentiate pseudodyskinesis (PD) of the inferior left ventricular (LV) wall from inferior myocardial infarction (IMI) noninvasively, we performed focal site evaluation using two-dimensional speckle tracking transthoracic echocardiography (TTE).

Materials and methods

Speckle tracking TTE was carried out in 57 patients, with 19 subjects in each of three groups (Group A, suspected PD; Group B, LV IMI; and Group C, controls). Inferior wall PD was defined as follows: compression of the inferior LV wall by the diaphragm in the LV short axis view with a normal electrocardiogram and no evidence of previous ischemic events.

Results

Respective values in Groups A-C for LV ejection fraction (EF) were 63.6 ± 4.2%, 52.3 ± 7.6%, and 61.5 ± 3.8%, for inferior wall speckle tracking focal site evaluation peak radial strain of 30.0 ± 14.3%, 7.5 ± 7.1%, and 42.1 ± 22.9%, for peak circumferential strain of 23.1 ± 6.0%, 16.8 ± 8.4%, and 22.7 ± 7.1%, and for longitudinal strain in the mid-inferior wall of 18.4 ± 3.4%, 11.4 ± 4.0% and 15.8 ± 5.9%. LVEF values were significantly lower in Group B than Groups A and C (P < 0.001), as were those of radial, circumferential, and longitudinal strains (P < 0.05). In receiver-operating characteristic analysis the optimal cut-off values with corresponding sensitivities and specificities for differentiation of PD from IMI were > 19% with 84.2% and 94.7% for radial, > 15% with 89.4% and 52.6% for circumferential, and > 15% with 73.6% and 100% for longitudinal strain, respectively.

Conclusions

Determination of regional strain from speckle tracking TTE, especially radial and longitudinal strains, can provide focal and quantitative noninvasive evaluation for distinguishing PD of the inferior wall from IMI.     

Comparability of echocardiography and chest X-ray following myocardial infarction

In a group of 23 patients with first-time myocardial infarction (MI) we compared the results of echocardiography and chest X-ray as measured 1 week, 2 months, and 6 months following acute MI. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDd) and left atrial (LA) dimension were measured from the echocardiogram, and the cardiac volume in ml/m2 body surface area (BSA) was calculated from the chest X-ray. A progressive increase in LA dimension was noticed during the 6-month period: a significant increase after 2 months (P less than 0.001) with a further increase at 6 months compared with after 2 months (P less than 0.001). The changes in LA dimension were more pronounced in anterior and Q-wave infarction (P less than 0.001) than in inferior and non-Q-wave infarction (P less than 0.01). On the other hand, LVEDd showed a less conspicuous change: a moderate increase (P less than 0.05) at 2 and 6 months, also with a more pronounced change in anterior wall and Q-wave infarction (P less than 0.01). There was no significant concurrent change in the calculated heart volume in ml/m2 BSA, as measured from the chest X-ray. It is suggested that the observed changes in LA dimension reflect reduced left ventricular compliance after MI.     

Global and regional myocardial function quantification in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in comparison to acute anterior myocardial infarction using two-dimensional (2D) strain echocardiography

Aims: This study sought to compare global and regional myocardial function in Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) to that in acute anterior myocardial infarction (AMI) using 2D strain imaging. Methods: Twelve consecutive patients with TC (ten women, two men) and 12 patients with AMI (four women, eight men) underwent 2D echocardiography at initial presentation. 2D strain images were analyzed to measure longitudinal and radial strain. Global strain was calculated as the average longitudinal strain of the segments of two‐, three‐, and four‐chamber views. Biplane ejection fraction was assessed using Simpson's biplane method. Results: Significant differences in radial strain (TC vs. AMI) were found in lateral (13.5 ± 10.1% vs. 25.1 ± 11.2%, P = 0.035), posterior (15.2 ± 14.5% vs. 51.4 ± 14.2%, P < 0.001), and inferior (17.9 ± 15.5% vs. 49.4 ± 16.9%, P = 0.002) segments. Longitudinal strain was significantly lower in TC in basal‐inferior (?15.8 ± 9.2% vs. ?22.7 ± 3.8%, P = 0.037), midinferior (?8.3 ± 9.2% vs. ?16.8 ± 3.0%, P = 0.004), basal‐posterior (?12.2 ± 9.4% vs. ?21.6 ± 4.4%, P = 0.016), midposterior (?4.4 ± 8.0% vs. ?15.4 ± 3.5%, P = 0.002), apical‐posterior (2.3 ± 6.7% vs. ?6.4 ± 10.1%, P = 0.023), and midlateral (?3.4 ± 6.9% vs. ?9.5 ± 5.8%, P = 0.028) segments. Global strain and ejection fraction were significantly higher in patients with AMI (?3.5 ± 8.2% vs. ?10.3 ± 8.4%, P < 0.001 and 37 ± 11% vs. 46 ± 11%, P = 0.045). Conclusion: In TC, strain was reduced around the entire mid left‐ventricular circumference, whereas in AMI it was predominantly reduced in the anterior and anteroseptal wall. These observed differences confirm the notion that TC affects myocardium beyond the territory of a single coronary artery. They may allow noninvasive distinction between both entities. (Echocardiography 2011;28:715‐719)     

Detection of functional recovery using low-dose dobutamine and myocardial contrast echocardiography after acute myocardial infarction treated with successful thrombolytic therapy

OBJECTIVE: We studied the value of low-dose dobutamine stress echocardiography (LDDE) and myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) in early prediction of left ventricular functional recovery (LVFR) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with successful thrombolysis. DESIGN: LDDE and MCE using second-harmonic intermittent imaging were performed in first week after AMI. LVFR was defined as an absolute > or =5% increase in ejection fraction, from early to 6 months of follow-up by Technetium-99m-Sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography. PATIENTS: Out of 50 patients studied, 19 evolved with LVFR (group 1) and 31 without LVFR (group 2). Regional dysfunction was detected in 103 (37%) infarcted-related segments in group 1 and in 173 (63%) segments in group 2. RESULTS: Sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values and accuracy for detecting LVFR by LDDE were 94.7% (18/19), 87.1% (27/31), 81.8% (18/22), 96.4% (27/28), and 90% (45/50), respectively, and by MCE were 94.7% (18/19), 51.6% (16/31), 54.5% (18/33), 94.1% (16/17), and 68% (34/50). In group 1, functional improvement was observed in 86.9% (53/61) of segments with contractile reserve by LDDE and in 65.8% (52/79) of segments with microvascular perfusion by MCE. In group 2, functional improvement was observed in 78.3% (18/23) of segments with contractile reserve by LDDE and in 25.5% (25/98) of segments with microvascular perfusion by MCE. All segments without perfusion by MCE evolved without functional recovery. CONCLUSION: LDDE was an accurate predictor of late left ventricular function recovery after AMI, while MCE was sensitive and has a high negative predictive value demonstrating that microvascular perfusion is essential for LVFR.     

Diagnosis of papillary muscle rupture after acute myocardial infarction by transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography

The sensitivity of transthoracic echocardiography to visualize the structural abnormality of papillary muscle rupture (PMR) after acute myocardial infarction can be anticipated to average about 50%; therefore, we evaluated five patients exhibiting the condition with both transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography. The use of the two imaging techniques resulted in the fact that no instance of PMR was missed. Using transthoracic echocardiography in two patients and transesophageal echocardiography in four, the ruptured papillary muscle was visualized directly. Mitral insufficiency as an indirect sign was observed in all patients. In one patient the papillary muscle rupture developed in a mitral valve previously affected by endocarditis. All patients underwent mitral valve replacement and coronary artery bypass grafting. The diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in all patients. Four patients died in hospital, the fifth 5 months later. We recommend that transesophageal echocardiography be performed in patients with suspected PMR if transthoracic echocardiography does not provide an unequivocal diagnosis.