ESH-ESC Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension

The following is a brief statement of the 2003 European Society of Hypertension (ESH)-European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension.The continuous relationship between the level of blood pressure and cardiovascular risk makes the definition of hypertension arbitrary. Since risk factors cluster in hypertensive individuals, risk stratification should be made and decision about the management should not be based on blood pressure alone, but also according to the presence or absence of other risk factors, target organ damage, diabetes, and cardiovascular or renal damage, as well as on other aspects of the patient's personal, medical and social situation. Blood pressure values measured in the doctor's office or the clinic should commonly be used as reference. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring may have clinical value, when considerable variability of office blood pressure is found over the same or different visits, high office blood pressure is measured in subjects otherwise at low global cardiovascular risk, there is marked discrepancy between blood pressure values measured in the office and at home, resistance to drug treatment is suspected, or research is involved. Secondary hypertension should always be investigated.The primary goal of treatment of patient with high blood pressure is to achieve the maximum reduction in long-term total risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This requires treatment of all the reversible factors identified, including smoking, dislipidemia, or diabetes, and the appropriate management of associated clinical conditions, as well as treatment of the raised blood pressure per se. On the basis of current evidence from trials, it can be recommended that blood pressure, both systolic and diastolic, be intensively lowered at least below 140/90 mmHg and to definitely lower values, if tolerated, in all hypertensive patients, and below 130/80 mmHg in diabetics.Lifestyle measures should be instituted whenever appropriate in all patients, including subjects with high normal blood pressure and patients who require drug treatment. The purpose is to lower blood pressure and to control other risk factors and clinical conditions present.In most, if not all, hypertensive patients, therapy should be started gradually, and target blood pressure achieved progressively through several weeks. To reach target blood pressure, it is likely that a large proportion of patients will require combination therapy with more than one agent. The main benefits of antihypertensive therapy are due to lowering of blood pressure per se. There is also evidence that specific drug classes may differ in some effect or in special groups of patients. The choice of drugs will be influenced by many factors, including previous experience of the patient with antihypertensive agents, cost of drugs, risk profile, presence or absence of target organ damage, clinical cardiovascular or renal disease or diabetes, patient's preference.     

国家基层高血压防治管理指南2020版

心血管疾病已成为我国首位死亡原因,管理好高血压患者是遏制我国心脑血管疾病流行的核心策略之一。基层医疗卫生机构通过国家基本公共卫生服务项目对高血压患者进行长期随访管理,本指南旨在为基层医务人员提供高血压防治管理的简单直接的操作指导。在2017版基础上,基于政府部门的管理要求和新近发布的相关领域研究证据,本指南主要在高血压的基层管理、血压测量、降压目标值以及降脂治疗目标值等内容上进行了更新。此外,首次增加了中医药在高血压领域的应用相关内容,为基层医务人员在高血压管理方面提供更全面的指导。     

Review of Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of LDL-Related Risk

Managing risk related to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is vital in therapy for patients at risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) events given its important etiologic role in atherogenesis. Despite decades of research showing reduction of ASCVD risk with multiple approaches to lowering of LDL cholesterol, there continue to be significant gaps in care with inadequate numbers of patients receiving standard of care lipid-lowering therapy. Confusion regarding implementation of the multiple published clinical practice guidelines has been identified as one contributor to suboptimal management of LDL-related risk. This review summarizes the current guidelines for reduction of LDL-related cardiovascular risk provided by a number of major professional societies, which have broad applicability to diverse populations worldwide. Statements have varied in the process and methodology of development of recommendations, the grading system for level and strength of evidence, the inclusion or exclusion of expert opinion, the suggested ASCVD risk assessment tool, the lipoproteins recommended for risk assessment, and the lipoprotein targets of therapy. The similarities and differences among important guidelines in the United States and internationally are discussed, with recommendations for future strategies to improve consistency in approaches to LDL-related ASCVD risk and to reduce gaps in implementation of evidence-based therapies.     

Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Endoscopic Management of Peripancreatic Fluid Collections

Endoscopic ultrasonography-guided intervention has gradually become a standard treatment for peripancreatic fluid collections (PFCs). However, it is difficult to popularize the procedure in Korea because of restrictions on insurance claims regarding the use of endoscopic accessories, as well as the lack of standardized Korean clinical practice guidelines. The Korean Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy appointed a Task Force to develop medical guidelines by referring to the manual for clinical practice guidelines development prepared by the National Evidence-Based Healthcare Collaborating Agency. Previous studies on PFCs were searched, and certain studies were selected with the help of experts. Then, a set of key questions was selected, and treatment guidelines were systematically reviewed. Answers to these questions and recommendations were selected via peer review. This guideline discusses endoscopic management of PFCs and makes recommendations on Indications for the procedure, pre-procedural preparations, optimal approach for drainage, procedural considerations (e.g., types of stent, advantages and disadvantages of plastic and metal stents, and accessories), adverse events of endoscopic intervention, and procedural quality issues. This guideline was reviewed by external experts and suggests best practices recommended based on the evidence available at the time of preparation. This will be revised as necessary to address advances and changes in technology and evidence obtained in clinical practice and future studies. (Gut Liver 2021;15:-693)     

2017年美国ACCAHA高血压指南更新解读

在2017 年美国心脏协会(AHA) 科学年会上,美国心脏病学会(ACC) 和AHA 联合其他9 个临床医学专业学会发布了最新制订的《成人高血压预防、检测、评估和处理指南》。这是自从2013 年美国政府机构NIH 宣布不再主持制订临床疾病预防和管理指南后,由美国民间权威学术团体制订的第一部美国临床高血压防治指南,全面涵盖成人高血压的预防、检测、评估和管理。本文对美国高血压指南更新的定义、诊断以及治疗等方面进行如下综述。     

Update on Clinical Guidelines for Treatment of Hypertension

The potential benefit of fish oil (omega-3 fatty acids) consumption to reduce cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk remains controversial. Some investigations report reduced CVD risk associated with fish or fish oil consumption while others report no benefit. This controversy is in part resolved when consideration is given to omega-3 blood levels in relation to CVD risk as well as blood levels achieved in clinical trials of omega-3 supplementation and CVD benefit. There is a wide variation in omega-3 blood levels achieved between individuals in response to a given dose of an omega-3 supplement. Many studies tested a daily dose of 1 gram omega-3 supplementation. The individual variation in blood omega-3 levels achieved in response to a fixed daily dose helps to explain why some individuals may obtain CVD protection benefit while others do not due to failure to achieve a therapeutic threshold. Recent development of a population range in a United States population helps to provide clinical guidance since population omega-3 blood level ranges may vary due to environmental and genetic reasons. Omega-3 supplementation may also be of benefit in reducing the adverse impact of air pollution on CVD risk.     

欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南：胆汁淤积性肝病的治疗（2）

三、原发性胆汁性肝硬化 （一）原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）的诊断PBC患者可能表现的症状有疲劳,皮肤瘙痒伴或不伴黄疸,但大部分患者在诊断时并无明显症状。早期很少有患者出现进展期肝病表现和门脉高压并发症（如腹水、肝性脑病或食管静脉曲张出血）。近来,一项结合异常血清肝脏试验（肝源性AP持续升高6个月以上）和血清中AMA（滴度大于1：40）存存可作为PBC可靠的诊断依据。     

欧洲肝病学会（EASL）临床实践指南：胆汁淤积性肝病的治疗（1）

一、简介 欧洲肝病学会（EASL）有关胆汁淤积性肝病治疗的临床实践指南（CPG）总结了诊断、治疗及预防措施（包括创伤性及非创伤性方法）在胆汁淤积性肝病患者治疗中的应用。该指南描述了一系列被普遍接受的可用于诊断、治疗及预防特定胆汁淤积性肝病的方法,     

从高血压治疗指南的比较中看治疗策略的进展

2003年5月14日,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)的国立心脏、肺和血液研究所(NHLBI)在华盛顿市召开的新闻发布会上公布了国家高血压预防、诊断、评价与治疗联合委员会的第七次报告(JNC-7)-高血压预防与治疗指南[1].5月15日在纽约召开的第18届美国高血压学会(ASH)年会上,JNC-7执行主席、波士顿医院Cobanian博士报告JNC-7.     

颈动脉粥样硬化疾病的处理:美国血管外科学会临床实践指南

美国血管外科学会(SVS)任命了一个专家委员会制定颈动脉狭窄处理的循证临床指南.在制定临床实践推荐意见过程中,该委员会使用系统评价对当前最佳的证据进行了总结,采用GRADE标准对推荐意见的强度(强烈推荇为GRADE Ⅰ级,一般推荐为GRADE Ⅱ级)和证据的质量(高、中、低和极低)进行了分级.对于轻度颈动脉狭窄患者(有症状患者狭窄程度<50%和无症状患者狭窄程度<60%),推荐进行最佳的内科治疗而非血管重建术(Ⅰ级推荐,高质量证据).对于有症状中到重度狭窄患荇(狭窄程度≥50%),推荐行颈动脉内膜切除术(CEA)+最佳的内科治疗(Ⅰ级推荐,高质量证据).对于围手术期风险高的有症状中到重度狭窄患者(狭窄程度≥50%),建议采用颈动脉支架置入术作为其替代治疗手段(Ⅱ级推荐,低质量证据).对于中到重度狭窄的无症状患者(狭窄程度≥60%),只要围手术期风险较低,就推荐行CEA+内科治疗(Ⅰ级推荐,高质量证据).对于中到重度狭窄的无症状患者(狭窄程度≥60%),小推荐行颈动脉支架置入术(Ⅰ级推荐,低质量证据).颈动脉狭窄≥80%但存在CEA高危解剖学风险的患者可能是一个例外.