Levels of Selected Heavy Metals in Black Tea Varieties Consumed in Saudi Arabia

The metal contents (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co) of 17 black tea samples were analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). Among the investigated metals Mn was the highest (1,071.7 microg/g), whereas Pb showed minimum levels (0.30 microg/g). Iron was the second highest element found in black tea samples. Lowest Pb concentration (0.30 microg/g) was found in Abu Jabal tea; whereas maximum (2.2 microg/g) was found in Manasul tea. Lowest Cd concentration was found in Lipton whereas maximum level was observed for Al-Diafa tea. The concentrations of Co and Zn in the analyzed samples were in the range of 4.5-17.4 and 23.7-122.4 microg/g, respectively. Metal-to-metal correlation studies showed strong correlations between iron-chromium, iron-cadmium and lead-copper pairs. The data obtained in the present work compared well with the counterpart data reported internationally. Based upon the present safety standards, the tea versions selected in the present study were found to be safe for human consumption.     

Concentrations and Distribution of Mercury and Other Heavy Metals in Surface Sediments of the Yatsushiro Sea including Minamata Bay, Japan

The concentrations and distribution of heavy metals, such as mercury, zinc, copper, lead, and iron in surface sediments from 234 stations of the Yatsushiro Sea including Minamata bay were investigated. High concentrations of mercury were found in sediments from Minamata bay and its vicinity, but the levels decreased gradually with distance from the bay. The concentrations of mercury in sediments decreased gradually from south to north of the Yatsushiro Sea. These imply the lack of movement of mercury from Minamata bay to the northern Yatsushiro Sea. The geographical profiles of zinc and copper were contrary to that found for mercury, indicating the presence of natural and anthropogenic sources of copper and zinc in the northern Yatsushiro Sea.     

深圳某海鲜市场所售牡蛎体内重金属含量及评价

目的了解深圳某海鲜市场所售牡蛎中重金属含量,以便更好地开展卫生质量监控。方法采集深圳某海鲜市场中牡蛎,测定牡蛎中5种重金属（Pb、Cd、Cr、Hg及无机As）含量,根据无公害食品水产品有毒有害物质标准限量对牡蛎的食用安全性进行评估。结果所检牡蛎中Cd含量均高于无公害水产品质量安全标准,含量范围在1．04～2．24mg／kg之间,而Pb、Cr、无机As、Hg4种重金属的含量均低于安全标准。结论深圳某海鲜市场所售牡蛎重金属Cd含量均超标,卫生质量欠佳。     

马尾藻中几种金属元素含量及存在形态测定

以马尾藻为原料,采用不同的溶剂进行提取,分别得到脂溶性组分、水溶性组分、酸溶性组分、碱溶性组分和残渣组分;利用原子吸收分光光度法测定其中Ca、Zn、Mg、Pb、Cd等5种金属元素的含量。结果表明:所测定的5种元素中,Ca在马尾藻中含量最高,而Pb含量最低;上述金属元素在马尾藻中以多种形态共存。     

Heavy Metals in Fish from Lakes in Latvia: Concentrations and Trends of Changes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the level of heavy metal contamination of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from inland waters in Latvia. The level of metal (Cd, Cu, Co, Pb, Ni, Mn, Zn, Fe) accumulation in fish tissues (muscle, liver, and gills) relative to contamination level, gender, age, and tissue type were studied in fish samples from 14 bog (dystrophic) lakes and 23 lakes of different trophic status. Samples from some sites in the vicinity of the largest cities had significantly increased metal levels. In contrast, fish tissues from bog lakes had very low metal levels, possibly because of the high concentrations of natural organic matter in these waters.     

Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in Lanzhou Reach of Yellow River,China

The heavy metal pollution and their fractionations in the surface sediments of Yellow River in Lanzhou Reach was monitored for arsenic (As), lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) with Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). The mean sediment concentrations (in μg/g dry weight) ranged from 13.68–48.11 (As), 26.39–77.66 (Pb), 89.80–201.88 (Zn), 41.49–128.30 (Cr), 29.72–102.22 (Cu), and 773.23–1459.69 (Mn). Spatial distribution showed that each heavy metal concentration remained almost constant in this reach. Correlation coefficients indicated that metals were not strongly associated with sediment sand content or organic carbon content (f_oc). Labile fractions (exchangeable + carbonate + Fe–Mn oxide) had no significant correlations with sand content or f_oc, either. Results from the present study are useful for understanding heavy metal distributions in a torrential river sediment environment.     

Analysis of Several Heavy Metals in Wild Edible Mushrooms from Regions of China

The metal (Cu, Ni, Cd, Hg, As, Pb) contents in wild edible mushrooms collected from three different sites in China were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry and atomic fluorescence spectrometry. All element concentrations were determined on a dry weight basis. A total of 11 species was studied, five being from the urban area and six from rural areas in China. The As content ranged from 0.44 to 1.48 mg/kg. The highest As content was seen in Macrolepiota crustosa from the urban area, and the lowest in Russula virescens from rural areas. A high Ni concentration (1.35 mg/kg) was found in Calvatia craniiformis from the urban area. The lowest Ni level was 0.11 mg/kg, for the species R. virescens and Cantharellus cibarius. The Cu content ranged from 39.0 to 181.5 mg/kg. The highest Cu content was seen in Agaricus silvaticus and the lowest in C. cibarius. The Pb content ranged from 1.9 to 10.8 mg/kg. The highest Pb value was found in C. craniiformis. The Cd content ranged from 0.4 to 91.8 mg/kg. The highest Cd value was found in M. crustosa. The Hg content ranged from 0.28 to 3.92 mg/kg. The highest Hg level was found in Agaricus species. The levels of the heavy metals Cd, Pb, and Hg in the studied mushroom species from urban area can be considered high. The metal-to-metal correlation analysis supported they were the same source of contamination. High automobile traffic was identified as the most likely source of the contamination. Based upon the present safety standards, consumption of those mushrooms that grow in the polluted urban area should be avoided.     

Levels of Heavy Metals Pollution in Different Types of Soil of Central Greece

This investigation was performed in order to clarify the degree of heavy metals pollution in forest, agricultural and industrial surface soil samples in relation to pre-anthropogenic soils of Almyros region, in Central Greece. In 2004 and 2005 soil samples were collected and analysed for available (DTPA method) and total (Aqua Regia method) Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ni concentrations. For each metal the enrichment factor with respect to the levels in pre-anthropogenic soils was calculated. All the types of soils appeared to be less polluted than in other investigations. In agricultural and industrial soils the available Cd concentration was higher than the other metals studied. The enrichment factor of Cu in relation to total concentration has the maximum value of the metals studied. Professor Mitsios is deceased.     

中国主要城市蔬菜重金属污染格局的初步分析

通过分析各主要城市蔬菜重金属污染监测数据 ,总结了全国蔬菜重金属污染的现状。按地理位置划分 ,南方地区蔬菜重金属污染较北方严重 ,而其中又以Cd的污染形势最为严峻 ;不同蔬菜种类的污染程度顺序为 :叶菜类 >茄果类 >豆类 >瓜果类。     

酸化污泥中重金属在电动力作用下的去除率研究

分析了长沙市某污水处理厂污泥中重金属分布.对污泥样品用HNO3进行酸化处理,酸化后pH值为3.2、1.9.分析了酸化处理后Cd、Zn、Cu在污泥中的形态分布.重点研究了酸化污泥中的Cd、Zn、Cu在电动力作用下的去除率.酸化污泥在电动力的作用下,经过5 d后,Cd、Zn的去除率明显提高,Cu的去除率提高相对较少.针对我国污泥中Zn含量较高的特点,提出在污泥厌氧消化处理时,同时用电动力处理污泥中的重金属,可大大提高重金属的去除率.     

电子废弃物拆解周边场地女性体内重金属浓度负荷及血红蛋白浓度的研究

目的研究电子废弃物拆解作业对女性体内重金属(铁、铜、锌)和血红蛋白(Hb)浓度的影响。方法对浙江省台州市某电子废弃物集中处理历史较长的村庄进行卫生学调查,随机抽样选择172名拆解地区女性作为暴露人群,对职业暴露(126名)与非职业暴露(46名)者进行血样采集,并测定血清中铜、铁、锌含量及Hb的浓度,分别与对照区人群(55名)相比较。结果暴露区职业拆解女性血清中铁和铜的水平分别为[(1.07±0.71)和(1.87±1.13)mg/L],明显高于对照区女性的[(0.81±0.42)和(1.86±0.05)mg/L],差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05);同时,暴露区职业拆解女性Hb为(131.20±13.99)g/L与非职业拆解女性Hb为(128.15±8.77)g/L,均低于对照组的(134.80±14.60)g/L;多元回归分析结果显示,红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHC)与血清中铁、铜、锌的水平均存在一定的相关性。结论电子废弃物拆解作业对职业女性及周边人群具有一定影响。     

Seroprevalence of rubella in the cord blood of pregnant women and congenital rubella incidence in Nha Trang,Vietnam

To investigate susceptibility to and factors associated with rubella infection among pregnant mothers and to estimate the burden of congenital rubella infection (CRI) in Vietnam where rubella-containing vaccine (RCV) is not included in the routine immunization program, we conducted a prospective cohort study in Nha Trang, Vietnam between 2009 and 2010. Rubella-specific immunoglobulin-M and immunoglobulin-G were investigated in cord blood samples by enzyme immunoassay. Corresponding clinical–epidemiological data were analyzed and the national congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) incidence was estimated using modeling. We enrolled 1988 pairs of mothers aged 17–45 years and their newborn babies. No mothers had received RCV. Multivariate analysis revealed that mothers aged 17–24 (aOR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.7–3.8) or 25–34 (1.4, 1.0–2.1) years were more likely to be susceptible than those aged 35–45 years. Overall 28.9% (574/1988, 95% CI: 26.9–30.9%) of mothers were seronegative. The CRI rate was 151 (95% CI: 0–322) per 100,000 live births. Modeling estimated that 3788 babies (95% CI: 3283–4143) were born with CRS annually in Vietnam with an overall CRS incidence of 234 (95% CI: 207–262) cases per 100,000 live births. A substantial proportion of women of childbearing age (WCBA) are at risk of rubella infection during pregnancy and this can result in a high frequency of miscarriage or burden of CRS across Vietnam. Prompt introduction of RCV into national immunization program with catch-up vaccination to children and WCBA will reduce CRI in Vietnam.     

采暖期大气中不同粒径颗粒物污染及其重金属分布状况

目的了解采暖期不同粒径大气颗粒物污染状况及其重金属分布状态。方法于2003年12月-2004年1月在天津市某市中心区利用大气自动采样仪全天采集大气中颗粒物样品,连续采样32d。用原子吸收光谱法、原子荧光光谱法和等离子发射光谱法,定性检测颗粒物中载带的重金属,并对其中9种重金属进行定量测定。结果在采暖期内TSP、IP、PM25的日均值超标率分别为54．55％,57．58％,84．85％。颗粒中载带的部分重金属含量较高,如Cd、Pb和Ni都达到100mg／m^3以上。结论采暖期大气颗粒物污染严重;PM25细颗粒物对重金属的载带能力较TSP和IP更强,对人体健康的危害更大。     

入境船舶压舱水中重金属元素监测初报

〔目的〕了解入境船舶载自境外的压舱水中重金属元素污染情况。〔方法〕无菌采集入境船舶载自境外的压舱水样本,送实验室进行包括镉、铬、铅、汞、砷、铜、镍、锌等重金属元素检测。〔结果〕从河北三个港口入境船舶36艘次采集样本36份,进行重金属检测。其中检出铅1艘次,船舶压舱水阳性率为2.78%(1/36);检出锌36艘次,船舶压舱水阳性率为100.00%(36/36);检出镍16艘次,船舶压舱水阳性率为44.44%(16/36);检测铜8艘次,7艘次为阳性,船舶压舱水阳性率为87.50%(7/8)。铬、镉、汞、砷未检出。〔结论〕入境船舶载自境外的压舱水重金属污染非常严重,应引起相关部门的高度重视。     

Analysis of Heavy Metals in Water and Surface Sediment in Five Rift Valley Lakes in Kenya for Assessment of Recent Increase in Anthropogenic Activities

The concentrations of heavy metals Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sn and Zn were analysed in water and surface sediments of five Rift Valley lakes Nakuru, Elementaita, Naivasha, Bogoria and Baringo in Kenya. The dissolved mean concentration levels (μg/L) in water ranged within 13.0–185.0 (Ag), 2.0–43.0 (Cd), 5.0–316.0 (Co), 25.0–188.0 (Cr), 4.7–100.0 (Cu), 50.0–282.0 (Mn), 19.0–288.0 (Ni), 25.0–563.0 (Pb), 300.0–1050.0 (Sn) and 29.0–235.0 (Zn). The mean sediment concentrations (in μg/g (dry weight)) ranged within 0.1–0.35 (Ag), 0.05–1.18 (Cd), 0.17–1.38 (Co), 1.94–4.91 (Cr), 1.46–20.95 (Cu), 667.7–3946.8 (Mn), 11.69–39.72 (Ni), 10.92–38.98 (Pb), 17.21–56.52 (Sn) and 96.2–229.6 (Zn). The data indicate that some of the sites analysed, especially in Lake Nakuru, had relatively higher concentration levels of heavy metals Cd, Co, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn in the water which points to anthropogenic addition. However, potential influence of geochemical processes on the concentration levels in sediment is also shown in Co, Ni, and Cu which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Baringo sediment as well as in Pb and Mn which were more concentrated in the remote Lake Bogoria sediment. Data on some important limnological parameters including pH, salinity, electrical conductivity and temperature are also presented.     

基于中国居民疾病发病和死亡情况的环境重金属污染健康风险评估标准探讨

重金属污染日趋严峻,严重影响了人们的生活质量,而健康风险评估可有效地应用于环境管理决策.基于健康风险评估标准制定的原则,通过结合中国居民慢性病的患病率和死亡率现状,参照不同国家的健康风险评估标准,对适合中国人群的环境重金属污染健康风险评估标准进行探讨.     

Bioaccumulation of Some Heavy Metals in the Liver Flukes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica

Background

Heavy metals tend to bioaccumulate in living organisms, and their accumulation has been a major concern. As mammals are known to excrete heavy metals via their bile, it seems to be very promising to analyse metal burdens of parasites that infect the biliary tree such as liver flukes of the genus Fasciola. The present study was carried out to evaluate F. hepatica and F. gigantica as bioaccumulators of heavy metals, and to estimate their use as sensitive markers of environmental pollution with heavy metals.

Methods

A total of 36 slaughtered buffaloes (26 infected and 10 controls) collected from the slaughter-house of Tanta City, Egypt were used. Samples of muscle and liver tissues were taken from each buffalo. A total of 44 adult Fasciola flukes were collected from the 26 infected buffaloes. Quantification of some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) in samples was carried out using electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry.

Results

Results revealed different concentrations of heavy metals in different host tissues. The adult flukes were classified into F. hepatica (n = 25) and F. gigantica (n = 19). The bio-concentration factor (BCF) of Cr was significantly higher in F. hepatica (P = 0.0465) while BCF of Zn was significantly higher in F. gigantica (P = 0.0189). A comparative study between the two species as regards the BCF was never done before.

Conclusion

The obtained results indicate the possibility of use of Fasciola flukes as markers of environmental pollution with some heavy metals.     

Evaluation for Agricultural Usage with Speciation of Heavy Metals in a Municipal Sewage Sludge

This study was carried out to evaluate the agricultural usage of an anaerobically digested sludge in the contents and fractions of heavy metals. Therefore, a sequential extraction scheme according to the BCR's (Community Bureau of Reference) guidelines and total acid digestion were applied to sewage sludge samples. The results of total heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge showed that the highest total concentrations were Fe, Zn and Mn. When Turkish, Europe and US EPA directives were compared with each other by depending on the use of sludge for agricultural purposes, all the heavy metals determined for this sludge were below the maximum permitted levels, except for Cd. This sludge should not be applied to land due to its high Cd content. The results of heavy metal fractions indicated that some metals (Cd, Mn, Pb, and Fe) distributed mainly in the residual fraction. All fractions of Zn showed no variation. Cu and Cr were most abundant in the oxidizable phase while Ni was in exchangeable phase. Although total content of Ni in the sludge is lower than the maximum levels allowed by all the directives, it tends to be easily moved and dispersed in the environment. Due to its high mobility, the examined sewage sludge may cause phyto-toxicity after its agricultural application.     

垃圾各组分中重金属对环境二次污染的贡献值

通过对生活垃圾不同组分的重金属含量进行测定。以及它们在渗滤液和焚烧残渣中的残留情况，考查了垃圾不同组分中的重金属元素在生活垃圾推肥，填埋或焚烧处理中对环境二次污染的贡献值。     

Multivariate Analyses to Determine the Origin of Potentially Harmful Heavy Metals in Beach and Dune Sediments from Kizkalesi Coast (Mersin), Turkey

The aim of this study was to investigate variations in heavy metal concentrations and natural and artificial sources of heavy minerals in beach and dune sediments along Kizkalesi (Mersin) coast in Turkey. To this aim, sand sediment samples were collected from 20 locations throughout Kizkalesi coast and concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cu, Co, V, Mo, Ag, Sb, Sn, Cd, W, Hg, Pb, As, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, S, K, Na, Cl, Ti, Mn and Cr were determined. Simple analyses (frequency histogram), multivariate analyses (Coefficient correlation, Cluster Analysis), Principal Component Analysis, Model Summary and ANOVA were used to analyze the concentration values. Al, Fe, Mg, Cl, Ti, Mn, Cr and Ni were dominant heavy metals. Principal Component Analysis revealed six principal components. It was confirmed by Cluster Analysis. Based on the Hierarchical Cluster analyses, three different general groups were formed at a 50% arbitrary similarity of Q-type level. The frequency histogram indicated that W, Ag, Co, V, Cu, As, Sn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cl and Mg concentrations originated from the nearby area, while Mn, Ti, Al and Fe Mg concentrations came from either the nearby area or moderately remote sources. Data from the study area showed that the Model Summary (based on R(2)=100%) was sufficient for the statistical data and that the Model ANOVA (variations of Pb) had a high explanatory power. The region lying on Miocene carbonate rocks of the Tauride belt were affected by the contaminants of anthropogenic origin that included coastal deposits, coastal erosion, the Kizkalesi settlement area, urban wastes, Mersin-Antalya road extending parallel to the shoreline and disposal sites of hotels.