极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊治体会

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症是指腰椎间盘突出或脱出位于椎间孔或椎间孔外，临床发生率低。1996年8月至2003年5月，依据CT表现采取椎板间入路、椎板侧方入路等不同手术方式，治疗极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症13例，取得了满意疗效，现报告如下。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症手术入路

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的不同手术入路的适应证及优缺点。方法突出位于椎间孔内的3例采用椎管内入路，其中2例保留关节突，1例切除椎弓峡部及上下关节突。突出位于椎间孔外的8例采用椎旁肌间隙入路。结果11例均得到随访，其中优10例，良1例，效果满意。结论位于椎间孔内突出和合并后外侧突出或椎管狭窄的椎间孔内突出应选择椎管内手术入路。向上移位的椎间孔内突出和位于出口区及椎间孔外突出应选择椎旁椎板侧方入路或椎旁肌间隙入路。椎旁肌间隙入路避免了椎板侧方入路骶棘肌过多剥离的缺点，值得推荐。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症手术入路

Ｊａｃｋｓｏｎ[1] 将腰椎间盘突出分为 4型 :中央型、后外型、椎间孔型和椎间孔外型。目前绝大多数作者同意将椎间孔型和椎间孔外型统称为极外型腰椎间盘突出症。极外型腰椎间盘突出症发生率低 ,近10年作者遇到 7例 ,其中 6例手术治疗。突出位于椎间孔内的 3例采用椎管内入路 ,突出位于椎间孔外的 3例采用椎旁肌间隙入路 ,手术效果优良。作者就极外型腰椎间盘突出症的手术入路作一介绍。1　手术入路的选择术前应反复查体确定哪一节段的神经根受累。仔细阅读腰椎Ｘ线片、ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ图片 ,精确确定椎间盘突出是位于椎间孔内还是椎间孔外 ,…     

椎管内外联合入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

目前绝大多数同行将椎间孔型和椎间孔外型椎间盘突出称极外侧型腰椎间盘突出,极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症发生率低,近五年来,我院手术9例均为向上移位的椎间孔内突出并出口区、椎间孔外突出者。手术方法：采用关节突外侧入路联合椎管内开窗髓核摘除术。     

不同手术入路治疗极外型腰椎间盘突出症

目的：探讨极外型腰椎间盘突出症的不同手术入路的适应证及优缺点。方法：突出位于椎间孔内的３例采用椎管内入路,其中２例保留关节突,１例切除椎弓峡部及上下关节突。突出位于椎间孔外的３例采用椎旁肌间隙入路。结果：６例均得到随访,其中优５例,良１例,效果满意。结论：位于椎间孔内突出和合并后外侧突出或椎管狭窄的椎间孔内突出应选择椎管内手术入路。向上移位的椎间孔内突出和位于出口区及椎间孔外突出应选择椎旁椎板侧方入路或椎旁肌间隙入路。椎旁肌间隙入路避免了椎板侧方入路骶棘肌过多剥离的缺点,值得推荐。     

极外型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗

[目的]研究极外型腰椎间盘突出症的治疗，尤其是L5／S1间隙孔外突出的治疗。[方法]单纯椎间孔外突出经后正中旁切口椎板外侧入路，伴有椎管内病变者经后正中切口加行椎板间入路。L5／S1间隙均行骶骨翼，L5横突，椎板外缘部分切除。[结果]经2～5年随访，优19例；良3例；可3例；差0例，优良率88．9％。[结论]极外型腰椎间盘突出症，手术治疗效果可靠，L5／S1间隙必须切除部分骶骨翼，L5横突，椎板外缘（骶上关节突外缘）才能良好显露。     

极外侧腰椎间盘突出症35例手术治疗临床分析

目的探讨极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的手术治疗方法及疗效。方法对35例极外侧腰椎间盘突出症患者分别采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术及经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。结果疗效参考中华骨科学会脊柱组腰背痛手术评定标准,35例中优29例,良3例,可3例,优良率88.6%。术后VAS评分较术前有明显改变。结论极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症应根据突出的位置和突出的程度选择不同的手术方式,对椎间孔内型者采用后路椎板减压、切除椎间盘、椎间植骨融合内固定术。对椎间孔外型者经横突间入路单纯椎间盘切除术。     

椎板侧方入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的解剖及临床应用

[目的]通过对后正中经椎板侧方手术入路局部解剖结构的观测,探讨该入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症的临床疗效及注意事项。[方法]20具经防腐固定的成人尸体标本,观测横突间韧带厚度、前后方血管分布规律、腰神经前支与矢状面夹角、椎弓峡部侧缘及横突基底部副突处距腰神经前支距离。自2004年1月~2006年1月,收治极外侧腰椎间盘突出症12例,其中7例采用后正中经椎板侧方手术入路治疗,5例采用后正中经椎板侧方联合经椎管内手术入路治疗。[结果]L3~S1横突间韧带厚度为0.6~1.3 mm;腰节段动脉前支及其伴行静脉90%以上位于横突间韧带腹侧上1/2处,横突间韧带背侧中1/3内侧缘处有一恒定腰节段动脉分支穿出;腰神经前支出椎间孔后与矢状面夹角为18.9°~39.2°;副突及峡部侧缘距腰神经前支距离分别为5.6~8.0 mm、1.7~3.6 mm。12例病人均取得随访,随访时间3~20个月,平均10个月。根据Nakal分级:优8例,良3例,总优良率91.67%。[结论]横突间韧带为后正中经椎板侧方手术入路中重要的解剖学标志,熟悉其应用解剖对于手术治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症具有重要指导意义。应用后正中经椎板侧方手术入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症创伤小,术后效果好,是一种安全有效的手术方法。     

经椎板侧方手术入路治疗极外侧腰椎间盘突出症

自2000年1月～2003年12月共手术治疗腰椎间盘突出症938例,其中极外侧腰椎间盘突出症27例,行单纯经椎板侧方入路手术治疗12例,联合经椎板间入路手术治疗8例。现报告如下。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的诊断与手术治疗

作者报告20例极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,占同期480例腰间盘突出症手术病例的4.5％,其中椎间孔内突出者17例,椎间孔外突出者3例。该类腰间盘突出症与椎管内间盘突出症有所不同,它累及同节段神经根,并引起剧烈的根性疼症状。CT和CT椎间盘造影术(CTD)是极外侧型腰间盘突出症最佳影像学诊断手段。所有病人均接受了经椎管椎间孔开放腰间盘髓核摘除术。术后随访2月～4年,平均2.8年,优14例,良5例,可1例,优良率为95％。作者强调在腰间盘髓核摘除的同时,要注重神经根管的探查和减压,并认为单侧小关节切除,对腰椎节段稳定性影响不大。     

Diagnosis and microsurgical approach to far-lateral disc herniation in the lumbar spine

Lumbar-disc herniations that occur beneath or far lateral to the intervertebral facet joint are increasingly recognized as a cause of spinal nerve root compression syndromes at the upper lumbar levels. Failure to diagnose and precisely localize these herniations can lead to unsuccessful surgical exploration or exploration of the incorrect interspace. If these herniations are diagnosed, they often cannot be adequately exposed through the typical midline hemilaminectomy approach. Many authors have advocated a partial or complete unilateral facetectomy to expose these herniations, which can lead to vertebral instability or contribute to continued postoperative back pain. The authors present a series of 25 patients who were diagnosed as having far lateral lumbar disc herniations and underwent paramedian microsurgical lumbar-disc excision. Twelve of these were at the L4-5 level, six at the L5-S1 level, and seven at the L3-4 level. In these cases, myelography is uniformly normal and high-quality magnetic resonance images may not be helpful. High-resolution computerized tomography (CT) appears to be the best study, but even this may be negative unless enhanced by performing CT-discography. Discography with enhanced CT is ideally suited to precisely diagnose and localize these far-lateral herniations. The paramedian muscle splitting microsurgical approach was found to be the most direct and favorable anatomical route to herniations lateral to the neural foramen. With this approach, there is no facet destruction and postoperative pain is minimal. Patients were typically discharged on the 3rd or 4th postoperative day. The clinical and radiographic characteristics of far-lateral lumbar-disc herniations are reviewed and the paramedian microsurgical approach is discussed.     

Extreme lateral lumbar disk herniation. Apropos of a series of 25 cases

Twenty-five cases of extreme lateral disc herniation (ELDH) were identified amongst 680 operated lumbar discs (3.7%). Their anatomical, radiological and clinical features are presented. They were found at all levels between L3 and S1. At the L5-S1 level 12 ELDH occurred amongst 253 disc herniations (5%), at the L4-L5 level, 8 ELDH amongst 400 herniations (2%), and at the L3-L4 level, 5 ELDH amongst 21 herniations (24%). No clinical features were encountered which could allow to differentiate between an ELDH and a classical disc herniation of the above level. Twenty-three patients underwent lumbar myelogram. This was normal in 6. In 12 it showed a slight shortening and widening of the above situated nerve root sleeve. The same abnormality can be found with downward migration of a classical herniation of the above situated disc or with a lateral recess stenosis. Twenty-five patients underwent computed tomography (CT.). In 24, the ELDH could be unequivocally identified. Disc material occupied the intervertebral foramen or the extravertebral space just beyond it, replacing the normal fat. In order to identify an ELDH, CT has to be done whenever myelogram is normal or equivocal. If the patient is to be investigated by CT only, slices through the intervertebral foramen and the disc below the clinically suspicious level have to be included. Operation in all cases consisted in total or partial unilateral laminectomy with facetectomy.     

Far-lateral lumbar disc herniation: the microsurgical transmuscular approach

Intra- and extraforaminal disc herniations can be treated via a lateral approach. The far-lateral approach is a muscle-splitting approach that allows surgeons to reach the disc herniation without any facet bone removal. The target of the surgical exposure is the isthmus. Good knowledge of the anatomic features of the intervertebral foramen and intertransverse space is mandatory. The transmuscular approach is discussed. We provide illustrations and a video to emphasize some operative aspects.     

Frequency and specific surgical management of far lateral lumbar disc herniations

Summary Frequency of Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniation The analysis of pre-operative computer-assisted tomograms and myelograms in a series of 694 operated lumbar disc herniations showed that a far lateral disc prolapse occured in 7% of the cases. Within the group of those far laterally herniated discs 3% of the herniations were predominantly located in the intervertebral foramen, whereas 4% of the protruded discs were mainly situated extraforaminally compressing the spinal nerve in its paravertebral course.Surgical Management of Extraforaminal Far Lateral Lumbar Disc Herniation By March 1988 40 patients had been operated on for an extraforaminal disc protrusion making use of an external microsurgical exposure (in two cases by a transmuscular approach and in 38 cases via an enlarged midline approach). A medium-term follow-up of these 40 patients revealed a substantial clinical relief of pain in 34 cases (85%). Based on these gratifying results we regard the external exposure of the extraforaminally protruded disc as the treatment of choice.     

Combined intra-extracanal approach to lumbosacral disc herniations with bi-radicular involvement. Technical considerations from a surgical series of 15 cases

Large lumbosacral disc herniations effacing both the paramedian and the foraminal area often cause double radicular compression. Surgical management of these lesions may be difficult. A traditional interlaminar approach usually brings into view only the paramedian portion of the intervertebral disc, unless the lateral bone removal is considerably increased. Conversely, the numerous far-lateral approaches proposed for removing foraminal or extraforaminal disc herniations would decompress the exiting nerve root only. Overall, these approaches share the drawback of controlling the neuroforamen on one side alone. A combined intra-extraforaminal exposure is a useful yet rarely reported approach. Over a 3-year period, 15 patients with bi-radicular symptoms due to large disc herniations of the lumbar spine underwent surgery through a combined intra-extracanal approach. A standard medial exposure with an almost complete hemilaminectomy of the upper vertebra was combined with an extraforaminal exposure, achieved by minimal drilling of the inferior facet joint, the lateral border of the pars interarticularis and the inferior margin of the superior transverse process. The herniated discs were removed using key maneuvers made feasible by working simultaneously on both operative windows. In all cases the disc herniation could be completely removed, thus decompressing both nerve roots. Radicular pain was fully relieved without procedure-related morbidity. The intra-extraforaminal exposure was particularly useful in identifying the extraforaminal nerve root early. Early identification was especially advantageous when periradicular scar tissue hid the nerve root from view, as it did in patients who had undergone previous surgery at the same site or had long-standing radicular symptoms. Controlling the foramen on both sides also reduced the risk of leaving residual disc fragments. A curved probe was used to push the disc material outside the foramen. In conclusion, specific surgical maneuvers made feasible by a simultaneous extraspinal and intraspinal exposure allow quick, safe and complete removal of lumbosacral disc herniations with paramedian and foraminal extension.     

Far-lateral disc herniations: the results of conservative management

The far-lateral herniated lumbar disc has become increasingly recognized as a cause for low back pain and lumbar radiculopathy as well as for "failed back syndrome" in certain improperly diagnosed cases. Several authors have reported that the majority of patients show poor response to conservative measures. To better understand the natural history, we performed a retrospective review of all lumbar herniated discs during a 3-year period, collecting 16 patients with 17 far-lateral disc herniations. All displayed radicular pain in the distribution of the root exiting at the same level as the herniated disc, with or without associated back pain. Twelve of the 17 disc herniations responded to conservative measures and had complete resolution of their radicular pain at follow-up. Also, at long-term follow-up, essentially all patients had experienced satisfactory subjective resolution of their weakness or sensory complaints. Five patients required surgery because of intractable pain despite conservative measures. Although our series for far-lateral disc herniations is small, we found that conservative measures do afford a relatively high nonoperative success rate of approximately 71%. This is in contrast to earlier implied or stated opinions indicating a low rate of successful nonoperative management as low as 10% in one series.     

Extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation

Extreme lateral lumbar disc herniation (ELLDH) occurring into and/or outside the intervertebral foramen was encountered in 95 cases amongst 1600 operations for herniated lumbar disc (6%): 43% occurred at L5-S1, 38% at L4-5, 18% at L3-4, and 1% at L2-3. The incidence amongst all herniations at one particular level was 6% at L5-S1, 4% at L4-5, and 18% at L3-4. The clinical presentation varied according to the level of extreme lateral disc herniation, but was not different from the presentation of a classical paramedian herniation occurring one level above. Forty-three patients were investigated with computed tomography (CT) only, 2 with myelography only, and 50 with both. CT always clearly demonstrated the pathology, but some cases are presented to illustrate the differential diagnosis. Myelography was normal in 13 cases; in 27 cases it showed a typical shortening and enlargement of the nerve root sheath which enters the affected intervertebral foramen. At operation, a total facetectomy was performed in 52 patients, a partial facetectomy in 34, and a lateral approach to the intervertebral foramen in 9. The lateral approaches, either paramuscular with retraction of the paraspinal muscles from the midline, or transmuscular by splitting of the paraspinal muscles, are described and illustrated in detail.     

颈胸腰多发性椎间盘突出伴椎管狭窄症

目的 探讨同时发生在颈、胸、腰段的联合性多节段椎管狭窄的临床特点及治疗方法。方法 采用回顾性研究方法对手术治疗颈、胸、腰段的联合性多节段椎管狭窄的病例进行总结分析。结果 7例病人均同时患颈胸腰三处椎管狭窄。椎间盘突出、后纵韧带骨化、椎板及小关节增生肥大为造成颈胸腰椎管狭窄的主要病因。病人接受一处椎管减压3例，二处椎管减压3例，三处椎管减压1例。结论 同时发生在颈胸腰的椎管狭窄因各节段椎管狭窄致病原因复杂，脊髓受压迫时间较长，临床症状上多样化，易于相互影响。治疗上应先对各部位病情及影像学结果综合后作出轻重缓急的判断，以安排治疗上的先后次序。     

极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床研究

目的探讨极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的临床表现、诊断、鉴别及治疗。方法通过CT或MRI将突出的腰椎间盘在椎管内所处的位置（矢状位、水平位、冠状位）予以定位,明确椎间盘突出部位。一旦确诊为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症,即早期经横突间开放入路或后外侧椎间孔入路腰椎间盘镜监测下摘除突出的髓核。结果16例患者中15例行手术治疗,术后恢复取得了满意的疗效。结论CT或MRI为极外侧型腰椎间盘突出症的精确诊断提供了依据。早期诊断、早期手术是术后功能恢复的保证。     

Combined approach for far-lateral lumbar disc herniation

This study evaluated the combination of the classical interlaminar approach and the intertransverse route through a midline approach for the treatment of 18 patients with far-lateral lumbar disc herniations, as identified by magnetic resonance imaging. The patients presented with acute severe sciatica, antalgic posture, positive Lasègue sign and femoral stretch test, motor and sensory deficits, and reflex loss findings. Discectomy of all 18 patients was performed by the combined approach. Neurological outcome of all patients was excellent in the follow-up period, ranging from 5 to 8 years. This combined midline approach permits complete evacuation of the involved disc level and treatment of additional bone resection procedures. Therefore, we advocate this approach in far-lateral lumbar disc herniation cases.