脂肪肝患者血脂、血糖、血清酶改变的分析

目的：探讨脂肪肝与血脂、血糖、血清酶的关系，为防治工作提供依据。方法：对体检B超检出的42例脂肪肝患者及46例健康者，进行血清甘油三酯、胆固醇、脂蛋白、血糖及血清酶等分析。结果：脂肪肝患者的血脂及脂蛋白指标TG、TC、LDL高于对照组，HDL低于对照组，差异有高度显著性；FPG及血清酶指标ALT、AST、ALP、γ-GT高于对照组，差异有高度显著性。结论：脂肪肝患者不仅具有血清脂肪代谢紊乱，而且存在血糖的异常、肝细胞的损伤和肝功能的异常。     

血清生化指标对胆源性胰腺炎的诊断意义

目的探讨血清生化指标的改变对诊断胆源性胰腺炎的临床意义。方法将107例急性胰腺炎患者分为胆源性及非胆源性胰腺炎两组,并对其血清生化指标TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、ALP、r-GT的改变进行回顾性分析。结果胆源性胰腺炎组生化指标异常升高的改变显著高于非胆源性胰腺炎组（P〈0.01）。结论血清TBIL、DBIL、ALT、AST、ALP、r-GT的异常升高对急性胆源性胰腺炎诊断有重要的参考意义。     

肾病综合征出血热早期血清酶变化的临床意义

目的探讨血清酶在肾病综合征出血热(HFRS)中的变化规律和检测意义。方法选择美国Abbott C16000全自动生化仪,试剂采用宁波美康生物科技股份有限公司提供的生化试剂盒,对60例肾病综合征出血热患者的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP),r-谷氨酰转肽酶(r-GT),α-羟丁酸脱氢酶(α-HBD)进行检测。结果发现有73.3%的患者ALT升高,有91.7%的患者AST升高,有100%的患者LDH升高,有56.7%的患者CK升高,AKP,r-GT仅有个别患者轻度升高,大部分患者正常。结论动态检测HFRS患者的血清酶各项指标的变化,尤其重点关注谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶(CK)这几种酶的具体变化,对HFRS的早期诊断,有效预防多功能脏器衰竭和治疗有着重要的作用和意义。     

上饶市体检中脂肪肝与血脂、转氨酶的相关分析

目的 分析了解上饶市脂肪肝患者血脂,转氨酶的检测结果 ,为上饶市脂肪肝的防治提供依据.方法 使用日本AU6400型全自动生化分析仪及其配套试剂(转氨酶(ALT 、AST)采用速率法;血脂(TG 、TC)采用氧化酶法).检测脂肪肝患者256例,用多普勒彩超专人检查肝脏,脂肪肝的诊断按影像学标准确诊. 结果 经B超证实的脂肪肝患者256例中,高血脂230(89.84%),高TG122人(47.65%);高TC17人(6.64%);TG TC都增高者89人(34.77%);血脂正常者28人(10.94%);脂肪肝患者256例中,转氨酶升高235例,ALT升高132例(51.56%),AST升高103例(40.23%).结论 上饶市脂肪肝患者绝大多数血脂、转氨酶的检测结果 升高,血脂以高TG、转氨酶以高ALT为主.     

社区居民B超诊断脂肪肝程度的调查研究与血脂与肝功能水平的相关性研究

目的探讨社区居民脂肪肝(FL)患者的脂肪肝分度情况及其肝功能与血脂的相关性研究。方法使用超声仪器检查肝功能、血脂(血清TCH、TG、ALT、AST、ALP、GGT、HDL、LDL等)水平异常的社区居民(368例),肝功能、血脂水平正常的社区居民(160例),对社区居民脂肪肝B超诊断分度,并与肝功能、血脂的水平进行对比。结果 FL组脂肪肝程度血ALT水平与脂肪肝分度成正相关,FL组ALT与TCH、LDL呈正相关。结论 B超诊断脂肪肝程度与肝功能、血脂的水平关系密切,呈正相关。ALT能够反应脂肪肝肝脏损伤的程度。采取降脂尤其是降甘油三脂、胆固醇、降酶及生活方式干预可有效减轻脂肪肝患者的肝脏损伤。     

B超诊断脂肪肝与血脂水平的相关分析

目的探讨B超诊断脂肪肝与血脂水平之间的关系。方法对常规体检者1063例进行B超脂肪肝检查,测定血清三酰甘油、胆固醇,并进行分析。结果 319例B超诊断脂肪肝患者三酰甘油、胆固醇含量明显高于正常者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且TG浓度与脂肪肝检出率呈显著正相关(r=0.9321,P<0.05)。结论脂肪肝与血脂水平有密切关系,B超和血脂检测可作为脂肪肝的重要诊断依据。     

EDTA-K2抗凝血浆与血清七项酶检测结果的比较

目的探讨EDTA-K2抗凝血浆与血清对LDH、CHE、α-AMY、ALT、AST、r-GT、ALP等七项酶检测结果的区别。方法在全自动生化分析仪上,对EDTA-K2抗凝血浆和血清分别作上述七项生化检测,并对结果进行比较和评价。结果 EDTA-K2抗凝血浆与血清比较,ALT、AST等结果差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),EDTA-K2抗凝血浆ALP显著低于血清(P<0.01),r-GT、LDH、CHE、α-AMY略低于血清(P<0.01)。结论 EDTA-K2抗凝血浆可用于ALT、AST检测,不宜用于α-AMY、CHE、LDH、ALP检测,对r-GT检测结果应制定EDTA-K2血浆参考范围或乘以校正系数。     

槲皮素对大鼠酒精性脂肪肝的治疗作用

目的:探讨槲皮素对大鼠酒精性脂肪肝治疗作用。方法:以10%酒精加高脂饲料喂饲6周,造成大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型;治疗组口服槲皮素0.1mg·kg-1·d-1治疗4周和继续服10%酒精4周后,测血清AST活性和TG含量;处死大鼠,取肝组织做病理学检查;制肝匀浆,测肝TG。结果:槲皮素能抑制病鼠血清AST活性(P<0.05)升高;能降低病鼠血清高TG含量(P<0.01);能降低大鼠酒精性脂肪肝肝细胞TG含量;肝组织病理检查,槲皮素能明显改善肝组织脂肪变性。结论:槲皮素能对抗大鼠酒精性脂肪肝。     

大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型的建立

目的探索一种相对简单可靠的方法制作大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型。方法采用乙醇灌胃法结合高脂饮食,在6周时间内建立酒精性脂肪肝模型。HE染色观察肝脏病理学改变;全自动生化分析仪分析血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)活性,总胆红素(TBIL)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)含量;生化法测定肝匀浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量、肝脏甘油三酯(TG)水平。结果 6周末,酒精引起了明显的肝脏脂肪变性;血清ALT活性以及TBIL、TG水平升高;肝匀浆SOD、GPx活性降低,MDA含量升高;肝组织TG含量升高。结论采用高脂饮食结合酒精灌胃法,可成功制作大鼠酒精性脂肪肝模型。     

老年糖尿病性脂肪肝患者血清脂质及载脂蛋白A1及B变化

肝脏与脂类代谢甚为密切〔１〕，糖尿病性脂肪肝是糖尿病（ＤＭ）常见合并症，但有关ＤＭ性脂肪肝脂类代谢情况报道甚少。本文对老年ＤＭ性脂肪肝患者血清脂质、载脂蛋白变化进行分析，进一步了解ＤＭ性脂肪肝与脂类代谢的关系。一、对象与方法（一）对象：ＤＭ组：Ⅱ型Ｄ...     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.