保护性肺通气方式在单肺通气患者中的应用

目的观察保护性肺通气方式对单肺通气患者呼吸的影响,探究单肺通气病人的最佳呼吸参数。方法32例胸内手术患者,麻醉诱导后采用双肺通气(TLV)、单肺通气(OLV1、OLV2、OLV3)等几种不同的通气方式,观察脉搏血氧饱和度(SpO2)、血氧分压(PaO2)、血二氧化碳分压(PaCO2)、气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道吸气阻力(Raw)的变化。结果单肺通气后,OLV1、OLV2的通气方式中PaO2、SpO2均明显低于双肺通气,单肺通气10 m in后有6例使用OLV1、OLV2的病人SpO2低于90%,OLV3通气方式中的PaO2明显低于双肺通气,SpO2比双肺通气略低,与OLV1、OLV2比较,OLV3通气方式SpO2、PaO2均明显上升,利用OLV3的通气方式都能使病人的SpO2维持在95%以上;PaCO2数值在TLV、OLV1、OLV2无统计学差异,在OLV3通气方式中则有明显上升;单肺通气后Ppeak、Raw均明显高于双肺通气;所有病人在麻醉过程中血流动力学稳定,BP、HR、CVP等均无统计学差异。结论单肺通气时采用保护性肺通气方式能明显改善单肺通气中的氧合,有利于预防低氧血症的发生。     

低潮气量联合低水平呼气末正压通气在开胸术中麻醉效果观察

目的:观察低潮气量联合低水平呼气末正压(PEEP)单肺通气在肥胖患者开胸术中的麻醉效果。方法:选择全麻下行开胸术肥胖患者60例,随机分为常规潮气量组(对照组)和低潮气量联合低水平PEEP组(观察组)各30例。对照组潮气量10ml/kg;观察组潮气量5～6ml/kg,PEEP维持在3～5cmH2O。两组根据呼气末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)调节呼吸频率,使PETCO2维持在35～45mmHg,吸呼比为1∶2。记录单肺通气前即刻(T0),单肺通气90min(T1)和术后2h(T2)时的动脉血气指标变化,并计算氧合指数(OI);记录不同时间节点气道峰压(Ppeak)、气道平台压(Pplat)和气道阻力(Raw);测定不同时间节点血清中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、IL-8水平。结果:观察组T1、T2时OI值显著高于对照组同时间节点OI值(P<0.05),两组T1、T2时OI值显著低于同组T0时OI值(P<0.05)。观察组T1时Raw、Ppeak及Pplat水平显著低于对照组T1时的水平(P<0.05),T0时Raw、Ppeak及Pplat水平两组比较,差异不显著(P>0.05);对照组T1时Raw、Ppeak及Pplat水平显著高于T0时水平(P<0.05)。两组不同时间节点PaCO2水平比较,差异均不显著(P>0.05)。观察组T1、T2时血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平显著低于对照组T1、T2时的水平(P<0.05);T0时TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平两组比较,差异不显著(P>0.05)。两组T1、T2时血清TNF-α、IL-6、IL-8水平显著高于T0时水平(P<0.05)。结论:在肥胖患者开胸术中,低潮气量联合PEEP单肺通气有利于改善肺氧合功能,减轻炎性反应,降低机械通气诱发的肺损伤。     

全身麻醉下肺癌根治术中反比通气与常规通气模式对患者肺泡炎症因子及免疫功能影响

目的探讨全身麻醉下肺癌根治术中反比通气与常规通气模式对患者肺泡炎症因子及免疫功能的影响。方法选取辽宁省肿瘤医院自2014年1月至2015年12月行肺癌根治术的124例患者,将患者随机分为A组(n=60)和B组(n=64),所有患者均予以右美托咪定进行全身麻醉。全身麻醉后,建立CO_2气腹时,A组采用潮气量(VT=8 ml/kg)、呼吸频率(RR=12次/min)、呼吸比1∶2,B组采用潮气量(VT=8 ml/kg)、呼吸频率(RR=12次/min)、呼吸比2∶1;比较两组患者T_0(麻醉前5 min)、T_1(气腹开始前2 min)、T_2(气腹后60 min)、T_3(气腹解除后5 min)时间点的血流动力学指标,同时,记录T_2的呼吸道平均压力值(P_(mean))及呼吸道压力峰值(P_(peak)),计算肺的顺应性(CL),比较两组患者的白细胞介素-8、白细胞介素-6及肿瘤坏死因子-α水平以及血浆CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+。结果两组患者的中心静脉压、心率、舒张压、收缩压在麻醉状态下及气腹状态下呈下降趋势,气腹后逐渐上升,两组患者各时间点的中心静脉压、心率、舒张压、收缩压比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。B组的P_(mean)、P_(peak)均明显低于A组,CL明显高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组的白细胞介素-8、白细胞介素-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α均明显低于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。B组的CD3~+、CD4~+、CD8~+、CD4~+/CD8~+水平均明显高于A组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在全身麻醉下,肺癌根治术中采用反比通气能有效降低患者机械通气时气道峰压,增加CL,促进氧合,减少炎性因子的释放,改善患者的免疫功能。     

肺保护性通气对膝关节置换术中氧合功能及肺顺应性影响

 目的 探讨术中使用肺保护性通气对膝关节置换术中氧合功能及肺顺应性的影响。方法 择期行单膝关节置换术患者40例,随机分为两组,保护性通气组(V组)和常规机械通气组(C组),每组20例。麻醉诱导后两组患者的通气模式均为容量控制模式,氧浓度70%,氧流量2 L/min,吸呼比1∶2。V组诱导后全程采用肺保护性通气:潮气量(VT)=6 ml/kg,呼吸频率(RR)=16次/min,呼气末正压(PEEP)为5 cmH₂O, 每30 min给予1次手法肺复张(气道压维持在30 cmH₂O,持续30 s);C组采用常规模式进行通气:VT=10 ml/kg,RR=10次/min。分别于麻醉诱导后5 min(T₀)、手术开始时(T₁)、骨水泥置入后5 min(T₂)、手术结束即刻(T₃)、手术拔管后15 min(T₄)5个时间点记录患者的吸气平台压(Pplat),并在上述五个时间点采集患者桡动脉血,进行动脉血气分析,计算肺泡氧合指数(OI)和肺顺应性(CL)。结果 与T₀时刻比较,C组Pplat在T₂～T₃时刻明显升高(P<0.05),OI值C组在T₂～T₄时较T₀时刻明显降低(P<0.05),而V组仅在T₄时较T₀时刻明显降低(P<0.05);C组CL值在T₂～T₄时明显降低(P<0.05)。两组间比较,V组Pplat在T₂～T₃时明显低于C组,而OI值在T₂～T₄时,CL值在T₂、T₃时均明显高于C组(P<0.05)。结论 与常规机械通气相比,肺保护性通气能明显改善患者氧合功能,提高患者的肺顺应性,减轻膝关节置换手术中患者的肺损伤,具有一定的肺保护作用。     

丙泊酚镇静治疗对机械通气患者呼吸力学及氧化应激的影响

目的:观察丙泊酚镇静对机械通气患者的呼吸力学及氧化应激的影响。方法:将收治入ICU的60例气管插管或气管切开行机械通气的患者随机分为丙泊酚镇静组(T组)和生理盐水对照组(NS组),记录心率(HR)、血压、血气分析、平台压(Pplat)、肺动态顺应性(Cdyn)和气道阻力(Raw),并检测血清丙二醛(MDA)水平、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。结果:用药后心率T组低于NS组(P<0.05);氧合指数T组高于NS组(P<0.05);MAP两组无差异;呼吸力学参数Pplat、Cdyn、Raw等T组均低于NS组(P<0.05);T组血清MDA含量降低,血浆SOD活性提高,两组比较有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:机械通气患者使用丙泊酚能减轻患者机体氧化应激水平,降低患者烦躁程度,改善患者氧合,对机体有一定保护作用。     

定压和定容单肺通气模式在肺切除术中对肺呼吸生理的影响

目的观察术前肺功能正常的肺切除术患者在单肺通气(OLV)期间,术侧肺采用定压控制通气模式(PCV)和定容控制通气模式(VCV)对气道压力和动脉血气值的影响。方法选择57例术前肺功能正常或基本正常进行肺部手术的病人,随机分为A、B两组。A组:单肺通气采用VCV模式30 min后转换为PCV模式。B组:单肺通气采用PCV模式30 min后转换为VCV模式。分别在单肺通气期间每种模式结束后测量气道压力和动脉血气分析。结果A组和B组在单肺通气期间动脉血氧分压(PaO2)分别为(206.1±62.4)mmHg和(202.1±56.4)mmHg,两组相比无统计学意义(P=0.534),A组最高气道压力比B组低(24.43±3.42)cmH2O和(34.16±5.21)cmH2O,(P<0.001)。结论肺功能正常的患者在OLV期间,PCV模式与VCV模式比较并不能提高氧合作用,但PCV模式气道压力低,有利于减少气道损伤。     

乌司他丁对术中单肺通气患者的肺保护作用

目的 通过观察单肺通气患者术中氧合指数(OI)、呼吸指数(RI)及动态肺顺应性(Cdyn)的变化,探讨乌司他丁对术中单肺通气患者的肺保护作用.方法 选择行单肺叶切除、术中需单肺通气的肺癌患者(ASAⅡ-Ⅲ级)50例,年龄36～60岁,体重52～74kg,其中男25例、女25例.随机分为对照组(C组)和乌司他丁组(U组),各25例.分别监测并记录两组患者切皮前(T1)、单肺通气30min(T2)、单肺通气60min(T3)、双肺通气60nmin(T4)各时段的OI、RI及Cdyn变化.结果 两组患者OI、RI及CAyn在T1时段无显著性差异(P>0.05);U组患者在T2、T3及T4时段的OI和Cdyn较C组明显升高,砌明显降低(P＜0.05);且U组患者在T1时段的OI和Cdyn较T1时段明显增高,RI明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 乌司他丁能够改善术中单肺通气患者的OI、RI及Cdyn,对其肺功能有一定的保护作用.     

不同压力的PEEP和CPAP在电视辅助胸腔镜手术下行单肺通气时对氧合作用及分流的影响

目的评价呼气末正压通气(PEEP)和连续气道正压通气(CPAP)在电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)行单肺通气麻醉时对患者血氧合作用的影响.方法选择30例在VATS下行肺叶切除的单纯肺癌患者,随机分为A、B两组.A组于手术开始后15 min(A1)、单肺通气后15 min(A2)、术肺0 CPAP健肺5 cm H2O PEEP后15 min(A3)、术肺5 cm H2O CPAP健肺0 PEEP后15 min(A4)、术肺5 cm H2O CPAP健肺5 cm H2O PEEP后15 min(A5)分别监测平均肺动脉压(PAP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、动脉血氧分压(PaO2)、动脉血氧饱和度(SaO2)、混和静脉血氧饱和度(SvO2)并计算分流(Qs/Qt)值.B组用10 cm H2O PEEP和10 cm H2O CPAP重复上述过程.结果A组间PAP、MAP、HR、PvO2、SaO2以及SvO2无显著性差异(P＞0.05);与A2(PaO2119.5±28.7,Qs/Qt35.7±6.3)时相比,A3时的PaO2(200.8±30.6)显著增加,Qs/Qt值(23.8土6.5)显著降低;A4时的PaO2(221.4±16.6)显著增加,Qs/Qt值(24.8±5.9)显著降低;A5时的PaO2(240.2±46.3)显著增加,Qs/Qt值(23.5±6.4)显著降低(P＜0.05),A3,A4,A5间相比较无显著差异(P＞0.05).B组间PAP、MAP、HR、PvO2、SaO2以及SvO2无显著性差异(P＞0.05);与B2相比,B3、B4、B5 PaO2显著增加、Qs/Qt值显著降低(P＜0.05).但与A组相比无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论在VATS行单肺通气麻醉时,健肺使用PEEP、患肺使用CPAP或联合使用PEEP和CPAP能提高患者手术中的氧合作用,降低Qs/Qt值;与5 cm H2O PEEP和CPAP比较,10 cm H2O PEEP和CPAP不能进一步改善PaO2和Qs/Qt.     

高频振荡通气对早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者的治疗作用

目的 观察高频振荡通气(HFOV)对早期急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗效果.方法 通过自身对照研究,以符合纳入标准的25例ARDS患者为研究对象,记录HFOV开始前及HFOV开始后1、3、5d时患者的氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2)、平均气道压(Paw)、动脉血pH值、PaCO2、肺静态顺应性(Cst)、心脏指数(CI)、心率(HR)、中心静脉压(CVP)、分流分数(QS/QT)、氧指数(OI)的变化,以及呼吸机相关性肺损伤(VALI)、呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率等指标.结果 所有患者HFOV治疗5d后胸部X线检查均较前有明显好转.3例患者在治疗7d后死亡,均为基础疾病所致,但其ARDS症状明显改善.HFOV治疗3d后,患者PaO2/FiO2及Cst明显高于治疗前,OI及QS/QT显著低于治疗前(P＜0.05,P＜0.01);治疗后各时间点之间Paw、PaCO2、动脉血pH值、CVP、HR、CI等参数差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 HFOV可改善早期ARDS的氧合及肺部并发症.     

高频振荡通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征临床效果观察

目的观察高频振荡通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果。方法选取自2015年1月至2018年1月安徽医科大学附属安庆医院收治的104例新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征患儿为研究对象,将患儿随机分入A组和B组,每组52例。两组均给予肺表面活性物质治疗;A组采用常频机械通气,B组采用高频振荡通气。比较两组患儿的治疗有效率、有创通气时间、无创通气时间、氧暴露时间、氧浓度、氧合指数、二氧化碳分压以及不良反应发生率。结果 A组有效率76.9%(40/52),低于B组的90.4%(47/52),P<0.05。B组的有创通气时间、无创通气时间、氧暴露时间均短于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的氧浓度、氧合指数、二氧化碳分压均低于治疗前,且B组氧浓度、氧合指数、二氧化碳分压变化幅度均明显大于A组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论高频振荡通气治疗新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的临床效果显著,能够明显改善患儿的肺功能和血气指标,且安全性良好。     

体外循环术后并发灌注肺的机械通气治疗

目的回顾性分析6例体外循环心内直视术后并发灌注肺的机械通气治疗经验。方法采用传统的机械通气模式3例,采用肺保护性机械通气方案3例。结果传统的机械通气组死亡1例,肺保护性机械通气组全部存活。结论肺保护性机械通气方案优于传统的机械通气模式,它能有效地防治呼吸机相关性肺损伤,提高灌注肺患者的成活率。     

肺通气显像剂锝气体内照射吸收剂量估算

目的 估算锝气体(Technegas)肺显像内照射吸收剂量.方法 8名健康志愿者,单次吸人Technegas(46.71±19.02)MBq后,采用连续显像方法估算各时间点全身及肺等主要器官的放射性,并将原始数据转换为百分吸人剂量率(%ID)后拟合时间.放射性曲线,求单位累积活度.应用MIRDOSE 3.0软件,估算肺及全身各主要器官的平均吸收剂量.结果 肺为平均吸收剂量最高的器官[(9.8±1.2)×10-2 mGy/MBq],此后依次为胃[(1.7±1.2)×10-2 mGy/MBq]、心脏壁[(1.2±0.17)×10-2 mGy/MBq]、甲状腺[(8.3±5.9)×10-3 mGy/MBq]、肝[(7.8±2.8)×10-3 mGy/MBq]和肾[(7.6±3.0)×10-3 mGy/MBq],全身有效剂量当量为(1.6±0.37)×10-2 mSv/MBq.结论 虽然Technegas肺通气显像中受试者接受的有效剂量明显高于99Tcm-DTPA气溶胶、81Krm及133Xe等肺通气显像剂,但是参考WHO推荐的生物医药研究中健康志愿者的年累积有效剂量限值和国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)辐射危险分类标准(ICRP 62),该有效剂量是可以接受的低剂量.     

Oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance ventilation imaging of lung

The oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance (MR) ventilation imaging is a new technique, and the full extent of its physiological significance has not been elucidated. This review article includes background on (1) respiratory physiology; (2) mechanism and optimization of oxygen-enhanced MR imaging technique; (3) recent applications in animal and human models; and (4) merits and demerits of the technique in comparison with hyperpolarized noble gas MR ventilation imaging. Application of oxygen-enhanced MR ventilation imaging to patients with pulmonary diseases has been very limited. However, we believe that further basic studies, as well as clinical applications of this new technique will define the real significance of oxygen-enhanced MR ventilation imaging in the future of pulmonary functional imaging and its usefulness for diagnostic radiology.     

Technegas--a new ventilation agent for lung scanning

A simple process using technetium-99m generator eluate in a graphite crucible at 2500 degrees C, produces a structured ultra-fine dispersion of labelled carbon. Particle sizes are 5.0 nm (0.005 micron) and less and adhere to the walls of the alveoli on inhalation. Penetration characteristics are gas-like and the radioactivity per litre of carrier argon allows single breath inhalations of a diagnostic dose. Over 190 patients have been studied including 50 within a formal clinical trial with xenon-133. Results of tomography, dynamic inhalation, and image subtraction using this new agent-'Technegas'--are presented.     

Aerosol-perfusion lung scintigraphy: value of ventilation subtraction

99Tcm-labelled aerosol ventilation and 99Tcm-macroaggregate albumin (99Tcm-MAA) perfusion can be performed in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE). If both examinations are performed on the same day, the superposition of activity from the first scintigraphic examination might mask defects in the second. In this study, 106 examinations were carried out for suspected PE. Aerosol ventilation was performed first with 20 to 30 mCi 99Tcm-labelled rhenium sulphur (four views, 200,000 counts). Immediately afterwards, with the patient remaining in the same position, 5 to 7 mCi of 99Tcm-MAA were injected (four views, 400,000 counts). After normalization, aerosol activity was subtracted from perfusion images and unprocessed perfusion (UP) and ventilation subtraction perfusion (SP) images were compared. Interobserver diagnostic reproducibility between three readers was calculated both for UP and SP images. Intraobserver reproducibility between UP and SP images was calculated for each reader. Interobserver reproducibility was comparable for SP and UP images. Intraobserver reproducibility was good. Thus, whether ventilation was subtracted or not from perfusion images, there was no appreciable effect on perfusion defect detection. However, some perfusion abnormalities showed up more clearly on SP images. Perfusion can be performed immediately after aerosol ventilation; the images thus obtained are reliable for interpretation, and subtraction of ventilation is not necessary.     

Factor analysis of 81mKr lung ventilation studies

Factor analysis of dynamic structures (FADS) summarizes data depending on time and space in a few elementary components. Each of them associates a time-activity curve (factor) and the spatial distribution of the corresponding events. The aim was to evaluate the patterns, the number of components, and their possible link to physiology when FADS was applied to scintigraphic images representing a composite of a 81mKr ventilation cycle. In a study of 26 patients (10 normal, 16 pathologic), components were found that represent: (1) a rapid and steeply changing ventilation factor, corresponding mainly to bases in normal subjects and whole lung fields in patients, (2) a slower expiration and shorter inspiration ventilation factor distributed throughout both lung fields in all patients, (3) a constant activity curve, with an inspiratory activity peak distributed over both lung fields and the large airways, and (4) a factor including a phase shift with respect to the first; this was found significantly more often in patients with pathology.     

Assessment of regional lung ventilation in dog lungs with Gd-DTPA aerosol ventilation MR imaging

Purpose:
Gd-DTPA aerosol ventilation MR imaging was obtained using a modified aerosol delivery system with an aerosol reservoir to non-invasively assess regional lung ventilation in dogs. Material and Methods:
Seven anesthetized, spontaneously breathing normal dogs inhaled 200 mmol Gd/l Gd-DTPA aerosol produced by an ultrasonic nebulizer, using an open-circuit aerosol delivery system with or without an aerosol reservoir. Fast gradient-echo MR images were sequentially acquired with an interval time of 1 min for 25 min before and after aerosol inhalation. The aerosol study was also performed using the aerosol delivery system with an aerosol reservoir in the same 7 dogs after airway obstruction with a balloon catheter, and in another 7 dogs after pulmonary arterial embolization with enbucrilate. An i.v. Gd-DTPA-enhanced dynamic MR study after i.v. bolus injection of a 0.1 mmol/kg dose of Gd-DTPA was combined to assess regional lung perfusion. Lung enhancement effect was evaluated by time-signal intensity curves and the subtracted ventilation- and perfusion-weighted images. Results:
With or without the aerosol reservoir, the normal dog lungs were gradually and gravity-dependently enhanced with time after aerosol inhalation. The use of the aerosol reservoir, however, showed significantly greater lung enhancement without a significant increase in breathing rate and with minimal reduction in PaO₂ of less than 5 mm Hg in these animals. The enhancement effect of i.v. injection of Gd-DTPA at pulmonary arterial perfusion phase was significantly greater compared to that of Gd-DTPA aerosol throughout the normal lungs, and the subtracted ventilation-weighted and perfusion-weighted images showed homogeneous but gravity-dependent aerosol deposition and perfusion. These images clearly defined the regionally matched perfusion-ventilation deficits in the lung regions distal to bronchial obstruction in all the airway obstruction dogs, and the regionally mismatched perfusion-ventilation in the embolized regions of all the pulmonary arterial embolization animals. Conclusion:
Gd-based aerosol can non-invasively image regional lung ventilation in spontaneously breathing animals, using an adequate aerosol delivery system. The combined use of Gd-DTPA perfusion MR imaging may be acceptable for defining regionally impaired lung function associated with acute airway obstruction and pulmonary arterial embolization.     

Regional assessment of treatment in lung cancer using lung perfusion and ventilation images

In 30 patients with lung cancer undergoing non-surgical treatment, we performed perfusion lung imaging using 99mTc-MAA and inhalation lung studies using Technegas before and after treatment and evaluated regional perfusion and ventilation status in the lung regions where bronchogenic carcinoma was located. Regional ventilation status was preserved rather than perfusion counterpart (V > P) in 18 patients (18/30 = 60.0%) before treatment, while the former was better than the latter in 27 patients (27/30 = 90.0%) after treatment, indicating that regional ventilation status improved more significantly than regional perfusion counterpart after treatment (p = 0.005). We also classified the therapeutic effect for regional perfusion and ventilation status as improved, unchanged, or worsened, respectively; improvement in regional perfusion status was observed in 17 patients (56.7%) and that in regional ventilation status in 24 patients (80.0%). There was a statistically significant correlation between improved regional perfusion and ventilation status (p = 0.0018) when therapeutic effect was recognized. The patients who showed improvement in regional perfusion status after treatment always showed improved regional ventilation status, but 7 patients showed either unchanged or worsened regional perfusion status after treatment, although regional ventilation status was improved. In conclusion the pulmonary vascular beds seem more vulnerable to bronchogenic carcinoma and improvement in regional perfusion status was revealed to be more difficult than that in regional ventilation status after treatment.