梅毒的免疫学进展

梅毒的早期出现体液免疫和细胞免疫反应,对苍白螺旋体的清除起重要作用。而在晚期细胞免疫则可能引起组织损害。在感染的所有阶段宿主均可产生针对许多苍白螺旋体多肽抗原及某些自身抗原的抗体,有时形成免疫复合物。梅毒感染时还出现不同程度的免疫抑制现象,其意义尚有争论。     

梅毒免疫和梅毒螺旋体的研究进展

梅毒螺旋体有着独特的基因和蛋白结构,对其基因分型有利于梅毒分子流行病学的研究.梅毒螺旋体缺乏脂多糖与外膜蛋白,但可表达多种脂蛋白,这些脂蛋白同梅毒螺旋体的组织黏附及播散有关,同时可诱导机体发生免疫应答.机体对于梅毒螺旋体的免疫应答过程十分复杂,固有免疫、体液免疫及细胞免疫均在梅毒螺旋体的感染过程中参与了应答过程.Th1型细胞免疫在梅毒的发生发展过程中起重要作用,梅毒患者在局部及系统免疫方面都存在细胞免疫的异常.     

细胞因子与梅毒免疫学研究进展

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体引起的一种系统性的性传播疾病.感染梅毒后,机体对梅毒的免疫学反应复杂,多种细胞因子在梅毒的发病及病情进展中起重要作用.在梅毒早期,Th1型细胞因子介导的细胞免疫反应占优势,以利于机体清除梅毒螺旋体;随着病情进展,Th2型细胞因子介导的体液免疫反应逐渐增强,导致梅毒螺旋体的免疫逃逸.概述Th1型、Th2型、Th17型等7种细胞因子及一些趋化因子在梅毒发病过程中的作用.     

梅毒免疫研究进展

梅毒是由梅毒螺旋体感染引起的一种性传播疾病,主要通过黏膜或受伤的皮肤传播,其临床表现复杂多样,几乎可侵犯全身各器官。机体对于梅毒螺旋体的免疫应答过程十分复杂,固有免疫、细胞免疫及体液免疫均参与该过程。梅毒螺旋体免疫逃逸机制尚未明确。梅毒螺旋体免疫应答及免疫逃逸机制的研究,可为梅毒发病机制的进一步明确及疫苗的研制奠定基础。本文综述梅毒免疫以上几个方面的研究进展。     

梅毒病程中宿主的体液免疫学变化探讨

梅毒是由苍白螺旋体 (ＴＰ)感染所致的一种慢性传染病 ,主要通过性接触传染。ＴＰ侵入人体后 ,临床上表现出活动期与静止期交替出现的复杂过程 ,宿主对ＴＰ的免疫学效应亦发生复杂的变化 ,但机体对ＴＰ的免疫学作用如何影响梅毒的病程目前尚不清楚。本文通过对一期和二期梅毒抗心磷脂抗体、抗梅毒螺旋体抗体、ＩＬ 4等体液免疫相关因素的检测 ,探讨梅毒螺旋体感染的不同病程中宿主体液免疫学的变化。1　材料和方法1.1　标本　梅毒病人血清 4 7份 ,其中一期梅毒血清 2 9份 ,二期 18份。依梅毒的临床表现为分期依据 ,如一期梅毒表现为硬下疳、…     

细胞因子在抗梅毒免疫中的研究进展

一期梅毒以Th1型细胞占优势,二期以Th2型细胞为优势.Th1细胞因子(白细胞介素2、干扰素y)可增强T细胞能力,促进感染梅毒螺旋体清除使皮损痊愈.随着疾病进展,Th1细胞因子降低,Th2细胞因子(白细胞介素4、白细胞介素10)增多,并对细胞免疫有抑制作用,造成感染梅毒螺旋体在体内长期潜伏.Th7细胞可分泌白细胞介素7,其在梅毒免疫中起作用.其他的细胞因子(干扰素、白细胞介素12)也在抗梅毒免疫反应中发挥重要作用.     

细胞免疫机理在埃塞俄比亚梅毒患者中的作用

在感染梅毒时,由于螺旋体能进入细胞内,从而免受循环抗体的作用,这也和分枝杆菌、利什曼原虫等其他细胞内微生物感染一样,细胞免疫可能起重要作用。对实验梅毒兔给以抑制细胞免疫而不影响抗体产生的免疫抑制剂,可使原应限局于接种部位的损害,变为更严重和播散。作者观察了107例埃塞俄比亚梅毒患者的细胞     

皮肤癣菌感染的免疫学研究进展

宿主对皮肤癣菌感染的免疫反应包括先天性免疫和获得性免疫（体液免疫和细胞免疫）。角质形成细胞通过表达各种不同的模式识别受体,中性粒细胞通过吞噬作用和呼吸作用爆发产生的氧化代谢产物（如超氧阴离子等）完成细胞内外的杀菌作用,参与先天性免疫反应。在获得性免疫反应中,细胞免疫反应或体液免疫反应的优势,决定了临床表现和感染后结果,可能导致疾病自愈或者慢性化。普遍公认的是,细胞介导的免疫反应控制皮肤癣菌感染。同时毛癣菌属可作为抗原,表现出独特的免疫特性即诱导I型或者Ⅳ型超敏反应。     

新西兰兔感染梅毒螺旋体体内扩散模型构建

【摘要】 目的 构建新西兰兔梅毒螺旋体感染体内扩散模型。方法 新西兰兔睾丸内复苏梅毒螺旋体标准株（Nichols）,并连续分离传代,收集第2代梅毒螺旋体菌株悬液接种于新西兰兔背部皮肤。感染21 d后麻醉处死新西兰兔,收集血液,无菌分离感染部位组织以及肝脏、脾脏、睾丸和淋巴结。荧光实时定量PCR检测各组织器官梅毒螺旋体扩散情况。结果 新西兰兔梅毒螺旋体感染后第21天所有接种部位均出现皮肤损伤（硬结和溃疡）,病理检查显示感染部位出现大量炎症细胞,主要包括浆细胞、巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞,实时定量PCR显示肝脏、脾脏、睾丸等组织器官存在大量梅毒螺旋体。结论 新西兰兔背部皮肤接种梅毒螺旋体后能通过血液和淋巴结扩散到肝脏、脾脏、睾丸等组织器官,成功构建新西兰兔梅毒螺旋体感染体内扩散模型。     

梅毒血清固定机制研究进展

临床实践中一部分梅毒患者在治疗后发生血清固定,给梅毒防治工作带来挑战。目前对于血清固定机制的认识十分有限,流行病学观察结果表明,梅毒治疗后血清学痊愈或固定与患者病期、性别、年龄、快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验(RPR)基线滴度及治疗药物有关;免疫学研究表明,血清固定患者存在免疫失衡和细胞免疫抑制。尚不清楚血清固定现象是提示患者体内有梅毒螺旋体持续性感染还是代表了一种感染诱发的机体自身免疫反应。深入研究血清固定的发病机制有助于正确处理该类患者。     

树突细胞成熟分化状态在炎症性皮肤病中作用机制的研究进展

树突细胞作为最主要的抗原提呈细胞,是连接固有免疫和适应性免疫的桥梁.树突细胞具有激活免疫应答和诱导免疫耐受的双重功能,其发挥免疫调节作用的功能与其所处的发育阶段及表型变化有着密切的关系.未成熟树突细胞具有较强的抗原摄取、处理及加工能力,抗原提呈能力弱,倾向于诱导机体免疫耐受;成熟树突细胞抗原提呈能力增强,可活化T、B淋巴细胞,倾向于激活免疫应答.髓系树突细胞主要启动和参与细胞免疫应答;而浆细胞样树突细胞则主要与体液免疫应答有关.目前认为,树突细胞成熟状态及表型变化在感染、肿瘤、自身免疫性疾病的发生发展中起着关键的作用.     

Superficial mycosis and the immune response elements

Superficial mycoses are prevalent worldwide. They are often caused by dermatophytes and restricted to the stratum corneum. The host's immune response against infections caused by dermatophytes basically depends on the host's defense against metabolites of the fungi, virulence of the infecting strain or species and anatomical site of the infection. We will review some of the factors of the host's immune defense that influence the efficacy of the immune response. We will particularly review the role of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), such as toll-like receptors or lectin receptors (DCSIGN and Dectin 2), which participate in the innate immune response, bringing specificity to the immune response and setting its pattern. The predominance of a cellular or humoral immune response determines the clinical manifestations and the prognosis of the infection, leading to healing or chronicity.     

Immunity in wart resolution

The involvement of the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems in the regression of wart infection has been investigated extensively in recent years. This review examines the supporting evidence for the roles of humoral and cellular immunity in wart regression and its possible implications. From the available data it does not appear that a conclusion can be drawn that only humoral or cell-mediated immunity is involved, or that both are essential, in the regression of wart infection. Studies by several investigators, however, suggest that, since agents known to stimulate the cell-mediated immune system have been reported to be followed by the successful resolution of warts, the cell-mediated immune system appears to play a critical role in wart resolution. It may be that the direction which should be taken in eradication of warts resistant to conventional modalities of treatment is one which relies upon the stimulation of the patient's immune system in a very specific manner. Probably the most efficient way to accomplish this, based on available data, would be by autogenous vaccination. Following the patient's humoral and cell-mediated immune response prior to, during, and following treatment with autogenous vaccination may help to elucidate the precise mechanism by which the successful resolution of warts occurs.     

Local and systemic humoral immune response to protein I of Neisseria gonorrhoeae]

Knowledge of the immune response to natural infection with Neisseria gonorrhoeae is presupposition for the development of a gonococcal vaccine. Pili and protein I have gained importance for a subunite vaccine. A pilus vaccine proved to be ineffective in a field trial due to extensive pilus variability. According to an alternative strategy protein I may represent an important vaccine candidate for a gonococcal vaccine. To study the local and systemic, humoral immune response to N. gonorrhoeae cervical secretion, vaginal fluid and serum from prostitutes and family planning patients were compared by the use of a protein I ELISA. In local secretions and in serum patients in the study group showed significantly higher anti-protein-I-IgA-levels than patients in the control group. In cervical secretion immune response to an acute gonococcal infection consisted of a short lived, significant increase of anti-protein-I-IgA, while anti-protein-I-IgG showed a lower, but longer lasting significant increase. The course of the immune response in vaginal fluid reflected the immune response of cervical secretion at a lower level. In serum antigenic stimulus of a local gonococcal infection resulted in a significant but short lived protein I specific IgG immune response. In local infection with N. gonorrhoeae protein I represents a target antigen of the local and systemic immune response. Clear differences exist between local and systemic humoral immune response in the protein I reactive immunoglobulin class and in the course of reactivity. In the future it may be possible to define epitopes on protein I which induce protective immunity.     

抗白念珠菌感染特异性免疫实验研究

目的　了解细胞免疫和体液免疫在机体抗白念珠菌感染中的作用。方法　分别观察过继免疫T淋巴细胞、抗体和吞噬细胞的免疫功能低下小鼠抵抗腹腔白念珠菌感染情况。结果　过继上述 3种免疫成分的小鼠的腹腔、脾脏和肾脏的白念珠菌菌落数均少于没有过继免疫的小鼠 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;过继免疫T淋巴细胞组的小鼠腹腔菌落数少于免疫抗体小鼠 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;过继免疫抗体 +吞噬细胞组的小鼠肾脏白念珠菌菌落数明显少于单纯过继免疫吞噬细胞组的小鼠 ,差异有显著性 (P =0 .0 3 7)。结论　细胞免疫、体液免疫都参与机体抗白念珠菌免疫反应 ;在抗白念珠菌局部感染中细胞免疫占主导地位 ;体液免疫参与阻止白念珠菌血液播散。     

Cell-mediated immunity during syphilis. A review

Evidence is presented which reinforces the complexity of the host-parasite interaction during the course of syphilis. Infection with Treponema pallidum evokes a complicated antibody response and an assortment of cell-mediated immune reactions in the host. It appears that humoral immunity plays a minor role towards the complete elimination of syphilitic infection while the cellular limb of the immune response may be an important host defence mechanism. Information now available indicates that a state of anergy, or immunosuppression, exists in the early stages of human and experimental rabbit syphilis based upon negative skin reactions to T. pallidum antigen(s), the abnormal histological appearance of lymphoid organs, and impaired in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. It is also evident that in the later stages of the disease cellular immunity becomes activated as delayed type skin reactions can normally be elicited in tertiary syphilitics and lymphocyte behaviour in cell culture appears normal. Several mechanisms have been invoked to explain the delay in an effective immune response against syphilitic infection and the duration of the disease: (1) a capsule-like substance on the outer surface of virulant T. pallidum may act as a barrier against treponemicidal antibody; (2) this material and other biological properties of virulent treponemes could enable spirochaetes to escape being engulfed by macrophages and other phagocytic cells; (3) antigenic competition among different treponemal antigens causing partial tolerance; (4) T. pallidum infection may bring about the elaboration of immunosuppressive substances of host or treponemal origin which inhibit the proper function of lymphocytes, macrophages, and other cell types.     

皮肤着色霉菌病患者免疫功能的测定

本文对82例皮肤着色霉菌病患者进行了休液免疫和细胞免疫功能的测定.并与健康者进行了对照.各项检验结果均求发现异常改变.另外.本文讨论了免疫谱的问题.并对皮肤着色霉菌病患者的免疫状况进行粗浅的分板.从本试验结果看来,不同临床表现患者间未显示出明显的免疫现象.同时,提出本病的鱤染可能与持异性免疫应答和局部组织免疫有关.