广州地区1226507例无偿献血者梅毒筛查结果分析

目的了解广州地区无偿献血者梅毒感染状况,确定梅毒感染低危人群,为安全输血提供有效的预防措施。方法选择广州地区2005—2009年无偿献血者梅毒筛查数据进行分析。梅毒血清学筛查试验采用ELISA试验,梅毒血清学筛查阳性标本采用TPPA试验确认。结果1226507例无偿献血者中梅毒阳性率为0．45％。其中单位员工、大专院校学生、流动人员和其他献血人员（包括无偿机采成分献血者）梅毒抗体阳性率分别为0．44％、0．14％、0．69％、0．29％;年龄在20～39岁梅毒抗体阳性献血者5126例,占梅毒抗体阳性者的93．4％;梅毒阳性率不同年龄和职业分布差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。各年份无偿献血者中梅毒抗体阳性率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论广州地区2005—2009年无偿献血人群梅毒感染率保持相对稳定水平,无明显上升趋势。大专院校学生和单位员工为梅毒感染低危人群,可作为主要献血人群,发展献血者队伍。采供血部门应加强对流动人员的无偿献血筛查工作,以保证血液安全。     

68例梅毒孕妇肝炎及艾滋病标志物检测与分析

目的对梅毒孕妇的病毒性肝炎艾滋病感染状况进行调查。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验对68例梅毒孕妇乙肝表面抗原（HbsAg）,丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）和艾滋病抗体（抗-HIV）进行检测。结果68例被检对象中,乙肝表面抗原（HbsAg）阳性率为32．35％,丙型肝炎抗体（抗-HCV）阳性率为11．76％,艾滋病抗体（抗-HIV）阳性率为1．47％。结论梅毒孕妇患HBV,HCV,HIV感染率高于普通孕妇人群。     

受血者输血前相关传染性指标检测在医院感染控制中的意义

目的 探讨患者输血前传染性疾病相关指标检测在医院感染控制中的意义.方法 采用回顾性研究,对44968例输血前的患者进行乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)以及梅毒螺旋体血清抗体(抗-TP)检测.结果 总阳性率为22.41％,HBsAg阳性率20.67％ (9294/44 968),抗-HCV阳性率为0.33％(148/44 968),抗-TP阳性率1.65％(9741/44 968),抗-HIV阳性39例；39例抗-HIV阳性患者23例其他三项指标至少有一项阳性,其中合并感染梅毒最多有14例；乙肝、丙肝和(或)梅毒重叠感染者共117例,同时感染乙肝加丙肝或同时感染乙肝加梅毒较常见；消化科为乙肝的高发科室(x2≥83.0,P＜0.01).结论 部分受血者在入院前就已感染了传染性疾病,输血前检测传染性指标可事先知悉患者的感染情况,对医院感染控制、日后减少医患纠纷具有重要的意义.     

输血前血液传播性疾病检测的临床分析

目的探讨受血者在输血前进行血液传播性疾病相关检测的临床意义。方法对2560例受血者在输血前进行乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗-HIV）、梅毒试验（TRUST）及谷丙转氨酶（ALT）检测分析。结果 HBsAg阳性率10.10%、抗-HCV阳性率1.53%、抗-HIV阳性率0.19%、TRUST阳性率2.06%、ALT〉40u/L者18.90%。结论对受血者进行输血前五项指标检测对于预防和减少因输血引起的医疗纠纷具有重要的临床意义。     

输血前血液传播性疾病检测的临床分析

目的 探讨受血者在输血前进行血液传播性疾病相关检测的临床意义.方法 对2560例受血者在输血前进行乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)、丙型肝炎病毒抗体(抗-HCV)、人类免疫缺陷病毒抗体(抗-HIV)、梅毒试验(TRUST)及谷丙转氨酶(ALT)检测分析.结果 HBsAg阳性率10.10%、抗-HCV阳性率1.53%、抗-HIV阳性率0.19%、TRUST阳性率2.06%、ALT>40u/L者18,90%.结论 对受血者进行输血前五项指标检测对于预防和减少因输血引起的医疗纠纷具有重要的临床意义.     

确山县不同人群丙型肝炎流行病学调查

目的调查确山县不同人群丙型肝炎感染情况，为制定丙型肝炎防治策略提出科学依据。方法于2007年对纳入调查的确山县常住人员共1637名为调查对象，并把调查对象分为正常人群组511人，正常献血人群组606人，受血人群组401人，患肝病人群组119人。全部人员进行抗-HCV检测。结果抗-HCV阳性率分别为：正常人群组3．71％，正常献血人群组8．19％，受血人群组18．7％，患肝病（非甲非乙型）人群组82．35％。结论确山县丙型肝炎的高危人群为非甲非乙型肝病患者及受血者，应加强对这部分高危人群的防治。     

受血者输血前传染病检测的临床意义

目的评价受血者在输血前传染病检测的临床意义。方法对2166例输血者在输血前进行谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）、丙型肝炎病毒抗体（抗-HCV）、人央免疫缺陷病毒抗体（抗张鑫强2 ）和梅毒抗体检查。结果HBsAg阳性、抗-HCV阳性的百分率分别为13．8％和3．0％。单独ALT〉40u／L者115人次，未检出抗-HIV阳性和梅毒抗体阳性。结论对受血者在输血前传染病检测具有重要的临床意义。     

孕妇感染性指标检测分析

孕产妇一些传染性疾病不断增加，我们检测了我院近两年来产妇门诊乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原、e抗原、抗丙型肝炎病毒抗体、淋球菌培养、梅毒初筛、梅毒特异性试验、史滋病病毒抗体等六项指标，并进行了回顾性统计分析。产妇2845例，孕周15～26w周。结果2845例产妇中HBsAg阳性241例，阳性率8．47％．HBeAg阳性15例，阳性率0．53％．抗HCV阳性16例，阳性率0．56％，梅毒TRUST初筛试验阳性21例，假阳性5例，阳性率0．56％．梅毒特异1PPA试验阳性24例，阳性率0．84％，淋球菌培养阳性4例，阳性率0．14％，抗HIV均为阴性。     

湖州地区无偿献血人群丙肝流行特征分析

目的 了解湖州地区无偿献血人群丙肝患病率和流行特征.方法 对无偿献血中ELISA检测抗-HCV阳性标本再进行RIBA和PCR确认以及基因分型检测,收集确认阳性献血者人口特征资料进行统计分析.结果 湖州地区无偿献血人群HCV患病率为0.84＆#177;0.04‰,流行的亚型主要为1b型,患病率和亚型的分布与献血者年龄、性别、学历以及献血次数密切相关（P＜001）.结论 湖州地区无偿献血人群HCV感染率较低,在不同献血人群中感染率和亚型分布差异明显.     

猪、羊、鸡抗-HEV抗体流行率调查

目的 探讨猪、羊、鸡群中抗-HEV抗体流行率。方法从新疆、广西、广东、北京和河北收集猪、羊、鸡的血清标本498份，应用双抗原夹心酶联免疫法(ELISA)检测抗-HEV抗体。结果 猪抗-HEV阳性率为67．53％(104／154)，其中新疆4～5个月龄猪血清抗-HEV阳性率为100．00％，广西3个月龄以下仔猪抗-HEV阳性率为36．00％(9／25)，6月龄以上猪阳性率为71．67％(86／120)；新疆108份绵羊血清抗-HEV抗体全部阴性；236份鸡血清标本的抗-HEV阳性率仅为1．27％(3／236)。广东罗定、深圳和广西柳州郊区鸡血清标本中各检测出一份抗-HEV阳性，阳性率分别为4．00％(1／25)、1．49％(1／67)、1．49％(1／67)。北京郊区25份和河北52份鸡血清抗-HEV检测全部阴性。结论 猪、鸡群中存在HEV感染，猪抗-HEV抗体流行率最高。猪和鸡在传播人HEV中的作用值得进一步研究。     

Evaluation of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in a study of transfusion-associated hepatitis

BACKGROUND. The hepatitis C virus (HCV) is now known to be the chief cause of transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis, but the prevalence of HCV among blood donors and the frequency of transmission by blood transfusion are unknown. METHODS. To assess the sensitivity and specificity of a test for antibody to HCV, we tested serum samples from participants in a large study of transfusion-associated hepatitis. Samples were obtained prospectively from consecutive adults undergoing open-heart surgery in Spain, but were tested retrospectively, after the antibody enzyme immunoassay for anti-HCV became available. RESULTS. Of 280 transfusion recipients given a total of 1109 units of blood, 27 (9.6 percent) had transfusion-associated non-A, non-B hepatitis (mean follow-up, 52 weeks) and 24 of the 27 seroconverted to anti-HCV-positive, whereas only 2 (0.8 percent) of the remaining transfusion recipients seroconverted. Among the 1044 donor specimens available for testing, 16 (1.5 percent) had anti-HCV antibody. Only 1 additional seropositive donor was found when 44 implicated donors who had been seronegative were retested 9 to 12 months later. Of the 16 recipients of anti-HCV-positive blood, 14 (88 percent) had transfusion-associated hepatitis and seroconverted to anti-HCV-positive. The remaining two recipients had neither hepatitis nor anti-HCV antibody. Among 25 patients with non-A, non-B hepatitis for whom all transfused blood was tested, 14 had received blood positive for anti-HCV. CONCLUSIONS. About 90 percent of blood donors with antibody to HCV have infectious virus in their blood. The screening of blood donors for anti-HCV antibody should prevent about half the cases of transfusion-associated hepatitis, but the donors with infectious virus who are anti-HCV-negative may remain seronegative for prolonged periods.     

Determination of hepatitis C virus genotypes among blood donors in Ahvaz,Iran

This study aims to determine the genotypes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) among blood donors at Ahvaz Blood Transfusion Centre. Blood samples were taken from 2376 blood donors -$$$ 1795 (75.54%) male and 581(24.45%) female -$$$ who referred to Ahvaz Blood Transfusion Centre during 2007-2008. Detection of anti-HCV antibody for all the donors was carried out by ELISA and the confirmatory RIBA tests. HCV RT-PCR followed by RFLP test was carried out for anti-HCV positive samples. Out of 2376 blood donors, only 55 (2.3%) male donors showed to be positive for HCV antibody by ELISA and RIBA tests out of which 45(1.8%) donors were positive for RT-PCR test. Female donors were negative for HCV antibody. The result of HCV genotyping by RFLP test showed 24 (53.3%) for 1a, 17 (37.7%) for 3a (α) and 4 (8.8%) for 3a (β) genotypes respectively. In conclusion, high prevalence of 53.3% HCV 1a genotype was observed among blood donors in Ahvaz city.     

The detection of hepatitis C virus in South Hungary.

BACKGROUND: More than 100 million people are infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) worldwide. The prevalence of HCV infection varies from country to country and the natural history of hepatitis C infection is not well understood. OBJECTIVES: The prevalence of anti-HCV positive blood donors in South Hungary was determined. Potential risk factors of HCV transmission were investigated and compared to anti-HCV-negative blood donors. Furthermore, the rate of anti-HCV positivity in children who had received one or more blood transfusions prior to the implementation of anti-HCV blood donor screening was evaluated. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 45719 blood donors and 120 children were tested for the presence of anti-HCV antibodies by second- and third-generation enzyme immunoassays. Positive results were confirmed by a recombinant immunoblot assay. Data on potential sources of HCV transmission were obtained by interviews. RESULTS: Among blood donors, the rate of confirmed HCV antibody-positives was 0.4% (195 of 45719 donors). Previous surgery, transfusion, more than three pregnancies, and tattoos were significantly correlated with confirmed anti-HCV positivity. Two of 120 children (1.7%) were confirmed anti-HCV positives. In both of them, serum HCV RNA could be detected. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anti-HCV positive blood donors in South Hungary is low. Nosocomial infections and tattooing were found to be the most important risk factors for transmission of HCV. Because of the low prevalence of anti-HCV positive blood donors, only a small number of children, who received blood transfusions prior to the implementation of anti-HCV blood donor screening, are infected with HCV.     

Hepatitis C virus infection in post-transfusion hepatitis. An analysis with first- and second-generation assays.

BACKGROUND. The causes of post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis are still not fully defined, nor is it clear how accurate the tests are that are used to screen blood donors for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and to diagnose post-transfusion hepatitis caused by infected blood. METHODS. We used two first-generation enzyme-linked immunoassays (EIAs) and one second-generation immunoassay to test for anti-HCV antibodies in serum samples collected between 1976 and 1979 in the Transfusion-Transmitted Viruses Study (from 1247 patients who underwent transfusion and 1235 matched control subjects who did not receive transfusions). We tested serum collected before and after infection from the patients in whom non-A, non-B hepatitis developed, serum from their blood donors, and serum from 41 of the control subjects who had hepatitis unrelated to transfusion. RESULTS. Of the 115 patients in whom post-transfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis developed, the initial serum samples of 111 were anti-HCV-negative; after hepatitis developed in these 111 patients, the first-generation EIAs detected anti-HCV in 51 (46 percent), and the second-generation assay detected anti-HCV in an additional 16 (14 percent), for a total of 60 percent. Of 40 controls, 37 were anti-HCV-negative initially, and none seroconverted after hepatitis developed. If the 3 percent rate of non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis among the controls (37 of 1235) was applied to the 1247 transfusion recipients, only 74 of the 111 cases of hepatitis were attributable to the transfusion. Thus, 91 percent (67 of 74) of the cases of post-transfusion hepatitis were caused by HCV. Of the 99 donors, 60 were HCV-positive (9 on second-generation tests only) and 39 were not. CONCLUSIONS. Nearly all cases of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis are caused by HCV. Screening with a second-generation assay improves the rate of detection of HCV infection in patients with post-transfusion hepatitis and in blood donors. The use of this test showed a 3.6 percent risk of non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis, which was not significantly different from the rate in the controls (3.0 percent).     

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994.

BACKGROUND: Because many persons with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are asymptomatic, population-based serologic studies are needed to estimate the prevalence of the infection and to develop and evaluate prevention efforts. METHODS: We performed tests for antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) on serum samples from 21,241 persons six years old or older who participated in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted during 1988 through 1994. We determined the prevalence of HCV RNA by means of nucleic acid amplification and the genotype by means of sequencing. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of anti-HCV was 1.8 percent, corresponding to an estimated 3.9 million persons nationwide (95 percent confidence interval, 3.1 million to 4.8 million) with HCV infection. Sixty-five percent of the persons with HCV infection were 30 to 49 years old. Seventy-four percent were positive for HCV RNA, indicating that an estimated 2.7 million persons in the United States (95 percent confidence interval, 2.4 million to 3.0 million) were chronically infected, of whom 73.7 percent were infected with genotype 1 (56.7 percent with genotype 1a, and 17.0 percent with genotype 1b). Among subjects 17 to 59 years of age, the strongest factors independently associated with HCV infection were illegal drug use and high-risk sexual behavior. Other factors independently associated with infection included poverty, having had 12 or fewer years of education, and having been divorced or separated. Neither sex nor racial-ethnic group was independently associated with HCV infection. CONCLUSIONS: In the United States, about 2.7 million persons are chronically infected with HCV. People who use illegal drugs or engage in high-risk sexual behavior account for most persons with HCV infection.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染的血清学检测

目的了解丙型肝炎病毒（ＨＣＶ）感染及病毒血症存在情况。方法用酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）对不同人群的血清标本做了抗－ＨＣＶ、抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的检测，并对三项指标间的关系进行了对比分析。结果抗－ＨＣＶ在普通成年人、献血员、急性肝炎和肝硬化患者中的检出率分别是３５７％，８５８％，６２５％和４８３８％；与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是１１４３％，６１１１％，８００％和７３３３％。相同人群抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ与ＨＣＶＲＮＡ的符合率分别是７５％，９０９％，８１８１％和１００％。结论抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ比抗－ＨＣＶ能更客观地反映ＨＣＶ病毒血症的情况，个别抗－ＨＣＶ阴性血清检测到了抗－ＨＣＶＩｇＭ和ＨＣＶＲＮＡ。     

HIV,HCV, HBV and syphilis rate of positive donations among blood donations in Mali: Lower rates among volunteer blood donors

Good data on background seroprevalence of major transfusion transmitted infections is lacking in Mali. We gathered data on the rate of positive donations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and syphilis among blood donations in Mali for calendar year 2007. Donations with repeatedly reactive results on screening enzyme immunoassay (EIA) were considered to be seropositive. Rate of positive donations per blood unit collected was 2.6% for HIV, 3.3% for HCV, 13.9% for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 0.3% for syphilis. For HIV, HBsAg and syphilis, rate of positive donations was significantly (p < 0.001) higher among donations from replacement donors than those from volunteer donors, while HCV rate of positive donations was similar in the two groups. Rate of positive donations was also significantly (p < 0.0001) lower in blood units from regular than from first-time donors. These data reinforce WHO recommendations for increasing the number of regular, volunteer blood donors in Africa.     

Hepatitis C virus seroconversion rate in established blood donors

The results of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody test of 237, 813 blood donations collected from 143, 815 donors by the West Midlands Blood Transfusion Centre in 1993 were analyzed retrospectively in order to determine the seroconversion rate among established previously anti-HCV negative donors. Three hundred sixteen (0.22%; 1 in 455) donors were positive by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) screening test and 34 (0.024%; 1 in 4, 230) donors were positive by ELISA and the Recombinant Immuno Blot Assay (RIBA). Three donors previously negative for HCV antibody reacted positively by both tests. The annual seroconversion rate was calculated as one in 35, 937 donors. This figure argues against limitation of HCV antibody screening to new blood donors. A further 45 donors negative on previous screening reacted positively by ELISA and were indeterminate by RIBA. Unexpectedly, lapsed blood donors first tested for HCV antibody in 1993 had high positive reaction rates by ELSA and RIBA, which was significantly (P < 0.001) higher than those of new donors. RIBA-positive reaction rate among ELISA-positive donors was significantly higher amongst males than females (P < 0.0011. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Hepatitis C virus antibodies among risk groups in a South African area endemic for hepatitis B virus

The prevalence of anti-HCV was studied in a South African area endemic for hepatitis B virus. A total of 35,685 volunteer blood donors (22,034 whites, 9,218 Asians, 3,077 Africans, 1,356 coloureds), 71 haemophiliacs, 84 chronic dialysis patients, 100 antenatal attenders, 212 nurses, and 20 HIV-positive male homosexuals were tested for anti-HCV. Repeat positive second generation Ortho HCV EIA was used to determine HCV status for the blood donors; Abbott-II HCV EIA combined with a neutralisation test was used for the other risk groups. Antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) was also tested in the haemophiliacs, nurses, and chronic dialysis patients. Seroprevalence for the blood donor population was 0.16, 0.34, 0.75, and 0.22% for whites, Asians, Africans, and coloureds, respectively. Of the risk groups tested, 39.4% of haemophiliacs and 4.8% of chronic dialysis patients were positive; of the remainder tested none was positive. Fifty percent of nurses, 47.9% of haemophiliacs, and 22.6% of dialysis patients had serological evidence of past exposure to hepatitis B virus (anti-HBc positive). These findings indicate a low prevalence of anti-HCV in the blood donor population, thus probably resulting in a low prevalence in groups exposed to blood and blood derivatives. The overall difference in prevalence between the race groups was significant (P < 0.0001). The high prevalence of hepatitis B virus compared to the low prevalence of HCV suggests that the main modes of transmission of the two viruses are probably different. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.