超纯透析对维持性血液透析患者炎症状态及营养状况的影响

目的 探讨超纯透析对维持性血液透析(MHD)患者血BUN、Scr、UA、Alb、Hb、Hct、CRP、β2-MG、Ca、P、iPTH水平的影响.方法 选择本院52例血液透析(HD)患者,改造前使用一级反渗透及自配透析液,透析时间＞1年,检测其上述观察指标.随机分为两组,每组26例,纯水组:改造后使用二级反渗透系统,并使用厂家专供A、B透析浓缩液;超纯组:纯水透析的基础上,透析机后安置EF-020微粒子过滤器获取超纯透析液.跟踪观察纯水组及超纯组治疗3、6个月后各观察指标的变化.结果 专供透析液及超纯透析液细菌菌落数少于自配透析液(P＜0.01).纯水组及超纯组分别治疗3个月后,血Alb、Hb、Hct水平提高(P＜0.01),3、6个月治疗组间比较无统计学差异(P＞0.05);血BUN、Scr、UA、Ca、P、iPTH及β2-MG水平无统计学差异(P＞0.05).提高反渗水及透析液纯度后,CRP水平降低明显(P＜0.01);3、6个月组间比较均有统计学差异(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).纯水组及超纯组治疗6个月后,上述观察指标水平比较均无统计学差异(P＞0.05).结论 提高透析用水和透析液纯度可减少透析过程中的单核细胞的活化,降低促炎症介质的释放,并能持续降低炎症状态,低蛋白血症及贫血状况均有明显改善,有效提高透析质量.     

影响腹膜透析蛋白质丢失的因素

目的:探讨腹膜透析(PD)患者经透析液丢失蛋白质的影响因素。方法:对123例PD患者进行回顾性研究。检测患者的血清白蛋白(Alb)、三酰甘油、铁蛋白、24h尿蛋白定量、24h透析液蛋白等生化指标,计算尿素清除指数(Kt/V)、标准腹膜平衡试验(PET),观察透析液蛋白量与血尿生化指标、透析方案等的关系。结果:PD患者平均24h透析液蛋白量4.13±1.64g,与Alb显著负相关(r=-0.219,P=0.015)。所有患者根据Alb水平分为35 g/L和≥35 g/L两组,低白蛋白血症组(Alb35 g/L)患者24h透析液蛋白量明显高于另一组[(4.82±1.80)g vs(3.88±1.52)g,P=0.005]。24h透析液蛋白量与每日透析时间(r=0.22,P=0.014)、2.5%透析液透析时间比(r=0.19,P=0.035)及4h肌酐D/P值(r=0.386,P=0.000 3)呈正相关。低转运组透析液蛋白量(2.87±1.52g)明显少于低平均转运组(4.30±1.65g)和高平均转运组(4.71±1.54g;F=7.46,P=0.001)。此外,连续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者透析液蛋白量与血清三酰甘油负相关(r=-0.297,P0.05),日间不卧床腹膜透析(DAPD)患者透析液蛋白量与血红蛋白负相关(r=-0.413,P0.01)。结论:PD患者每日经透析液丢失较多蛋白质,丢失量与Alb、血红蛋白、腹膜转运特性和透析方案等因素有关。     

腹膜透析患者的远期预后及影响因素

目的:分析腹膜透析(PD)患者的临床资料、转归及影响远期预后的因素。方法:收集常熟市第一人民医院2008年1月至2018年12月245例PD患者的临床资料,分析患者生存率及技术存活率、退出PD患者的治疗时间(TOT)及掉队率(OOR),并根据随访结局分成死亡组和存活组。比较两组患者的特点,探讨影响死亡的危险因素。结果:男性155例(63.3%),女性90例(36.7%),平均年龄(56.3±14.4)岁,平均透程(23.3±18.8)月。原发病中原发性肾小球肾炎164例(66.9%),糖尿病肾病59例(24.1%)。至2018年12月底,维持PD 124例(50.6%),死亡64例(26.1%),转为血液透析25例(10.2%),肾移植19例(7.8%),PD联合血液透析9例(3.7%),失访4例(1.6%)。近五年退出PD患者的TOT为25.4月,历年TOT呈上升趋势。近五年DOR总体呈下降趋势,2018年为25.9%。死亡原因中心血管事件排首位(53.1%),其次脑血管事件(23.4%),感染(18.7%)占第3位(包括肺部感染和腹膜炎)。转为血液透析最主要原因为腹膜炎(40.0%),其次为心力衰竭(32.0%)和透析不充分(20.0%)。死亡组年龄、糖尿病肾病比例高于存活组(P0.05),透程及置管前白蛋白、前白蛋白、血清肌酐(SCr)、β_2微球蛋白、磷均低于存活组。1年、3年、5年患者生存率依次为89.0%、67.7%、56.6%,技术存活率分别为90.7%、81.1%、64.4%。Logistic分析提示开始PD时的年龄(OR 1.199,95%CI 1.093～1.316,P=0.000)、SCr(OR 1.004,95%CI 1.000～1.008,P=0.030)、前白蛋白(OR 0.986,95%CI 0.975～0.998,P=0.021)是PD患者死亡的独立风险因素。结论:患者退出的主要原因是死亡和转为血液透析。心脑血管事件和感染是主要死因,腹膜炎是转为血液透析首要原因。开始PD时的年龄、SCr水平、前白蛋白水平是影响患者死亡的危险因素。积极控制感染、改善营养状态可改善PD患者的生存,尤其需关注老年糖尿病肾病患者。     

根据残余肾功能状态计算腹膜透析患者透析剂量的临床研究

目的:回顾性分析了腹膜透析(PD)患者不同透析效能状态下所使用透析液剂量(PDV)与残余肾功能(RRF)及体表面积(BSA)之间的相关性,探讨符合国人生理及病情特点的透析液剂量计算方法. 方法:414例患者中位透析时间为14.8个月(6～161个月)共进行1 650例次测定.按2006 NKF-K/DOQI标准分为充分、临界及不充分三组,观察各组患者之间尿素Kt/V、肌酐清除率(CCr)、蛋白质表现率(nPNA)和血浆白蛋白(Alb)、残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)、PDV及单位BSA透析剂量(PDV/BSA)改变及彼此间相互关系. 结果:1 650检测中,透析不充分391例次,占23.7%.分析三组患者除尿素Kt/V、Ccr及nPNA有明显差异外,透析充分组无论是尿量(UV)及rGFR均明显高于其它两组,各组间亦有明显差异(P<0.01);以PDV/BSA为单位计算透析剂量,并以此判断与Kt/V、Ccr及nPNA之间相关性,较PDV更具有统计学意义(P<0.01);透析充分组患者rGFR明显高于其它组(P<0.01),而PDV/BSA明显少于其它各组(P<0.01);按rGFR分组观察同样显示不同RRF所需透析剂量差异有显著统计学意义(F=189.3,P<0.01);探讨rGFR与PV/BSA的相关性发现,两者间的相关系数可以用以下公式表达:PV/BSA=4277.0-123.7×rGFR(r=-0.58,P<0.01).由此得到PD患者个体化透析剂量的计算公式:PDV(L/d)=(4.4-0.15×rGFR)×BSA. 结论:所有PD患者应根据RRF及BSA状态来计算透析剂量.这种个体化透析方案不仅可以最大程度地发挥RRF在PD中的优势,还可以节约透析液用量,减少患者的经济开支.     

老年与中青年腹膜透析患者透析前评估与预后分析

目的:对不同年龄腹膜透析(PD)患者进行透析前评估和预后分析,以期延长PD患者生存率。方法:选择上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院肾脏科2006年～2007年开始接受PD治疗的患者181例[老年组(≥65岁)96例,中青年组(18～64岁)85例]。记录基线各项临床指标,定期随访(每2～4周)、评估透析充分性(包括水分、溶质清除情况,营养评估,心血管评估等),及时记录各项并发症。比较两组患者的基线状况、透析充分性、腹膜炎发生率、生存率等,分析各项临床指标对预后影响,寻找潜在的危险因素。结果:老年组高血压(88.54%vs68.24%,P0.01),心脑血管疾病(69.79%vs30.59%,P0.01)及外周血管疾病(38.54%vs18.82%,P0.01)发生率较中青年组高。在透析充分性、腹膜炎发生率亦无差异的情况下(P0.05),截止2009年5月,老年组死亡51例,中青年组仅17例。老年组近、远期生存率均显著低于中青年组(12个月:66.69%vs82.31%、36个月:39.37%vs75.90%,P0.01)。COX回归提示透前合并心脑血管及外周血管疾病为死亡的独立危险因素(RR=4.076,95%CI:1.111～14.950,P0.05)。结论:老年PD患者生存率低于中青年患者,可能与透析前合并心脑血管疾病较高有关。     

2020国际腹膜透析协会关于腹膜透析治疗成人急性肾损伤指南的解读

与其他透析方式相比,腹膜透析(PD)治疗成人急性肾损伤(AKI)患者的疗效相似,且具有其独特优势.2020年12月国际腹膜透析协会(ISPD)发布了PD治疗成人AKI的最新指南,回顾现有文献,提出有关PD通路、透析液、透析处方和透析并发症的最新建议.本文就该指南内容作一解读.     

低钙透析液对腹膜透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响

目的:观察低钙透析液配合口服碳酸钙及活性维生素D3对持续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者颈动脉粥样硬化的影响.方法:30例伴有颈动脉粥样硬化行CAPD的患者,改用低钙透析液(钙1.25 mmoL/L),同时调整碳酸钙及1,25-(OH)2维生素D3(罗盖全胶丸)的剂量.在改用低钙透析液3、6、9、12月时,采用多普勒超声观察颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)、颈动脉血流阻力指数(RI)、颈动脉粥样斑块数量和超声分型的变化;同时检测血清钙、磷、血清甲状旁腺素(iPTH,放免法),计算钙磷乘积.结果:随访过程中,1例患者死亡,2例患者自行退出.低钙透析液CAPD后,患者颈动脉IMT逐渐变薄,12个月时降至最低[(1.58±0.36)mm,P＜0.01].伴随着颈动脉RI降低,8例患者颈动脉内的扁平斑及软斑数量减少(P＜0.05),颈动脉粥样硬化斑块总数量也由47块降至34块.与此同时,血钙、磷及钙磷乘积明显下降(P＜0.01),血iPTH明显增加(P＜0.01).至12月时钙、磷、钙磷乘积、iPTH达标比例分别为83.33％、70％、96.67％、70％.碳酸钙的剂量也由(2.27±0.41)g/d增至(3.35±0.22)g/d(P＜0.05),罗盖全剂量由(0.21±0.09)μg/d增至(0.33±0.14)μg/d(P＜0.05).患者均未发生低钙抽搐、低血压等.结论:低钙透析有助于尿毒症腹膜透析患者颈动脉粥样硬化的疾病转归,其机制可能与显著改善患者的钙磷代谢紊乱,减轻其对血管的损伤作用有关.     

枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液对血液透析患者高血压的影响

目的:比较枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液与普通碳酸氢盐透析液治疗维持性血液透析患者透析中血压的影响。方法:20例患者随机分为两组,各10例,分别使用枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液和普通碳酸氢盐透析液进行透析,第一组患者使用普通碳酸氢盐透析液治疗4周后切换为枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液治疗4周。第二组患者直接切换为枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液治疗4周后再次切换成普通碳酸氢盐透析液治疗4周。记录透析前后及透析过程中的实验室数据进行统计分析。结果:(1)使用枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液的患者透析过程中患者的平均收缩压明显低于普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时(P0.01),平均动脉压(MAP)较普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时降低(P0.05);枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液透析时患者透析中高血压的发生率为3.3%,明显低于使用普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时(20%,P0.01)。(2)使用不同透析液透析时患者透析前血清总钙离子与离子钙水平无统计学差异,枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液透析时患者透析后血清总钙离子和离子钙水平明显著低于普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时(P0.01)。普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时患者透后血清总钙离子及离子钙水平较透前显著升高(P0.01),使用枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析时患者仅出现透后血清离子钙水平下降(P0.01),而透析前、后血清总钙离子水平无明显改变。(3)不同透析液透析前、后BUN均无统计学差异。虽然枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液透析时患者尿素清除指数(Kt/V)要略高于普通碳酸氢盐透析液透析时,但两者之间无统计学差异。两组患者均未出现严重的低血压、低钙血症及抽搐等不良反应。结论:应用枸橼酸碳酸氢盐透析液治疗的患者透析中血压的控制明显优于普通碳酸氢盐透析液。其血压控制佳、高血压发生率低,无严重低血压、抽搐以及碱中毒等不良反应。透析后离子钙浓度减低,但并未发生明显低钙血症。证实了其在临床应用的有效性和安全性。     

腹膜透析患者血清肌酐与胱抑素C比值的临床意义

目的：分析腹膜透析(PD)患者血清肌酐(SCr)与胱抑素C(CysC)比值(SCr/CysC)与体成分、心血管塑型及预后的关系。方法：纳入2019年5月至9月于国家肾脏疾病临床医学研究中心随访且PD时间≥1年患者104例。晨起空腹排空透析液后抽取静脉血,检测血液常规与生化,生物电阻抗测量人体成分。经胸心脏超声测量左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、后壁厚度(PWT)、室间隔厚度(IVST)。计算相对室壁厚度(RWT)、左心室质量(LVM)和左心室质量指数(LVMI)。螺旋CT检测并计算冠脉钙化评分(CACS)。腹部侧位X线片计算腹主动脉钙化Kauppila积分(AACS)。计算SCr/CysC,并与体成分、心血管塑型之间进行相关性分析。纳入对象继续随访2年,以发生复合事件(死亡或技术失败或再住院)行多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：104例PD患者年龄46.7±12.2岁,其中男性51例(49%),日间不卧床腹膜透析(DAPD) 87例,持续不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD) 17例,透析龄49.3±25.2月,总尿素清除指数(Kt/V) 1.85±0.71,SCr/CysC比值0.86±0...     

小剂量利尿剂对CRRT治疗急性肾损伤患者血清中胱素C的影响

目的:分析小剂量利尿剂对接受连续肾脏替代治疗(CRRT)的急性肾损伤(AKI)患者血清中胱素C(Cysc)的影响。方法:选取接受CRRT的AKI患者80例,依据CRRT前1 d的尿量变化分为利尿剂组[呋塞米,30~35 m L/(kg·h),尿量400 m L/h]40例,非利尿剂组(尿量400 m L/h)40例,观察CRRT前1 d、CRRT后起初3d肾功能、CRRT时间和住ICU时间等指标。结果:(1)需血管活性药、有创机械通气、平均动脉压(MAP)、血乳酸、血K+、CRRT时间、住ICU时间和住院时间在2组之间有显著统计学差异(均P0.01);(2)CRRT治疗前1 d、CRRT治疗后1、2和3 d,利尿剂组中Cys-C、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(SCr)和尿量降低比非利尿剂组更快(均P0.05)。(3)利尿剂组28 d存活率高于非利尿剂组[32(80.0%)vs 26(65.0%),P0.05]。结论:CRRT治疗AKI患者过程中,小剂量利尿剂能改善肾功能,缩短CRRT时间、住ICU时间及住院时间,改善AKI患者预后。     

腹膜透析在小儿先天性心脏病术后的应用

目的:探讨腹膜透析在婴幼儿先天性心脏病(先心病)术后的应用。方法:13例行先心病手术的患儿术后因出现急性肾损伤(acute kidney injury,AKI)或低心排出量综合症(低心排)行腹膜透析。①总结手术时间、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间及腹膜透析持续时间。②比较透析前后SCr、乳酸(Lac)、中心静脉压(CVP)、尿量、血管活性药物评分及左心室射血分数。③根据死亡与否分为2组:死亡组;非死亡组,比较各组术后循环及肾功能转归情况。④根据急性肾损伤程度分组,比较SCr下降情况。结果:本组患儿手术时间90~420min,平均(206±90)min。8例患儿进行了体外循环,运转时间90~196min,平均(129±40)min,其中有7例患儿阻断升主动脉,并于主动脉根部灌入停跳液使心脏停跳,时间为52~126min,平均(85±24)min。腹透持续时间为72~360h,平均(138±80)h。腹膜透析后第7天Lac,CVP,正性肌力药平分(IS)降低,与透析前比较,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。肾损伤程度越重,SCr下降越不明显。透析后第3天和第5天AKI-3级患儿的SCr水平高于AKI-1级和AKI-2级患儿水平,P0.05,差异有统计学意义。结论:先心病手术后发生AKI或低心排时行腹膜透析可以排出体内多余水分及代谢产物,促进心功能恢复。肾损伤程度越重,SCr下降越不明显且恢复时间越长。     

Outcome and survival in different peritoneal dialysis modalities

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has been accepted as a treatment option for patients with end-stage renal disease, yet experience with PD in Arab countries is limited. This study was undertaken to evaluate the outcome and survival of different PD modalities. All patients managed at the Mubarak Al-Kabeer Hospital Kuwait between August 1982 and December 2003 using PD for three months or more were included in the study. Demographic features, outcome and survival of the patients were analyzed. Four hundred and fifteen patients with end-stage renal failure were admitted into the PD program. Their mean age was 52.06 +/- 16.43 years. Hospital-based intermittent peritoneal dialysis (IPD), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), nightly intermittent peritoneal dialysis (NIPD) and continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD) were preferred by 203 (48.9%), 176 (42.4%), 30 (7.2%) and 6 (1.4%) patients respectively. The mean duration of follow up was 12.7 +/- 11.7 months. Fifty-five (13.3%) patients were continuing on PD, 55 (13.3%) had shifted to hemodialysis, 73 (17.6%) underwent renal transplantation, 114 (27.5%) died, 34 (8.2%) returned to their native countries, 79 (19%) transferred to other centers and follow up was lost for 5 (1.45%) patients. Patient survival at two years was 56%, 72% and 87% in IPD, CAPD and NIPD respectively. Technique survival at two years was 60.6%, 75.4% and 100% in IPD, CAPD and NIPD respectively. Peritoneal dialysis modalities provide a feasible modality of renal replacement therapy. The overall outcome and patient and technique survival in home PD modalities were better than hospital-based PD.     

Adequacy testing in peritoneal dialysis: a five years experience in a single dialysis center

BACKGROUND: An increasing number of patients is treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Adequacy testing in PD has gained wide interest because of its shown relation with morbidity and mortality. METHODS: We describe retrospectively the 5 years follow-up (1993-1998) of adequacy testing of our PD patient population on 1 January 1998. We were used to change the PD regime if Kt/Vurea was < 1.7. RESULTS: On 1 January 1998 there were 57 patients on PD treatment (41 patients on CAPD, 16 on CCPD). The total PD group adequacy values are given on 1 January 1998. During the 5 years follow-up residual renal Kt/Vurea declined, from a mean value of 0.51 to zero. Mean values of total Kt/Vurea remained unchanged (2.01 at the start, 1.83 at 3 years, 1.91 at 5 years) as a consequence of an increase in peritoneal Kt/Vurea. CONCLUSIONS: We were able to maintain a reasonable dialysis adequacy in time by adjusting the total daily PD fluid amount, despite the total loss of residual renal function in 5 years. However, it will be difficult to reach the newest DOQI guidelines, especially in patients with total loss of their residual renal function and in patients with a larger body surface area.     

The association between renal function and structural parameters: a pig study

Background

The study examines differences regarding quality of life (QoL), mental health and illness beliefs between in-centre haemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/PD) patients. Differences are examined between patients who recently commenced treatment compared to patients on long term treatment.

Methods

144 End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients were recruited from three treatment units, of which 135 provided full data on the variables studied. Patients consisted of: a) 77 in-centre haemodialysis (HD) and 58 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/PD) patients, all currently being treated by dialysis for varied length of time. Patients were compared for differences after being grouped into those who recently commenced treatment (< 4 years) and those on long term treatment (> 4 years). Next, cases were selected as to form two equivalent groups of HD and CAPD/PD patients in terms of length of treatment and sociodemographic variables. The groups consisted of: a) 41 in-centre haemodialysis (HD) and b) 48 continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD/PD) patients, fitting the selection criteria of recent commencement of treatment and similar sociodemographic characteristics. Patient-reported assessments included: WHOQOL-BREF, GHQ-28 and the MHLC, which is a health locus of control inventory.

Results

Differences in mean scores were mainly observed in the HD patients with > 4 years of treatment, providing lower mean scores in the QoL domains of physical health, social relationships and environment, as well as in overall mental health. Differences in CAPD/PD groups, between those in early and those in later years of treatment, were not found to be large and significant. Concerning the analysis on equivalent groups derived from selection of cases, HD patients indicated significantly lower mean scores in the QoL domain of environment and higher scores in the GHQ-28 subscales of anxiety/insomnia and severe depression, indicating more symptoms in these areas of mental health. With regards to illness beliefs, HD patients who recently commenced treatment provided higher mean scores in the dimension of internal health locus of control, while CAPD/PD patients on long term treatment indicated higher mean scores in the dimension of chance. Regarding differences in health beliefs between equivalent groups of HD and CAPD/PD patients, HD patients focused more on the dimension of internal health locus of control.

Conclusion

The results provide evidence that patients in HD treatment modality, particularly those with many years of treatment, were experiencing a more compromised QoL in comparison to CAPD/PD patients.     

Peritoneal dialysis in end-stage renal disease patients with preexisting chronic liver disease and ascites.

PURPOSE: Hemodialysis in patients with chronic liver disease and ascites may be complicated by intradialytic hypotension, limiting the amount of ultrafiltration and resulting in massive ascites. Successful maintenance peritoneal dialysis (PD) has not been previously reported as an alternative to hemodialysis in this population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine patients with chronic renal failure, chronic liver disease, and tense ascites prior to beginning PD are described. All chronic PD catheters were placed percutaneously by the nephrology staff. Seven patients were maintained primarily on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, whereas two were on intermittent peritoneal dialysis. RESULTS: PD catheters were placed without serious hemorrhage or bowel injury. PD provided adequate clearance and volume maintenance for each patient. Fifteen episodes of peritonitis occurred in 18 patient-years of PD. All episodes of peritonitis were successfully treated with intraperitoneal antibiotics without catheter removal. Only one patient had a decline in the serum albumin level of 0.5 g/dL or more during the course of chronic PD. Three of the nine patients are still alive and on PD for durations of 18 to 24 months. One patient insidiously developed sclerosing peritonitis after 8 years on PD and is now on hemodialysis, and another patient switched to hemodialysis because she was no longer able to care for herself or to manage her PD. Four patients died while maintained on PD; three deaths were due to complications of liver failure within the first 4 months of PD and the fourth was due to empyema after 4 years of PD. CONCLUSION: PD can be used successfully to treat chronic renal failure in patients with chronic liver disease and ascites when the liver disease itself is not rapidly fatal. PD may be better tolerated than hemodialysis and perhaps should be the renal replacement treatment of choice in these patients.     

透析初始月的残肾功能及高转运特性对腹膜透析成功率的影响

目的　尽管近年来腹腔感染率有所降低 ,但腹膜透析 (PD)仍有较高的失败率。探讨何种患者行PD有较高的失败率以望指导透析治疗。方法　选择 96例PD病人 ,平均腹透龄 ( 2 3 .1±10 0 )个月。分为两组 :A组为因各种原因 (脑血管意外、营养不良、失超滤、胸腔积液、反复感染等 )终止PD而改血液透析或死亡患者 ( 2 5例 ) ;B组 :PD持续至今者 ( 71例 )。两组的透析量 (DV)、体表面积(BSA)和年龄差异无显著性。对他们透析首月的营养状态、透析充分性、残肾功能及腹膜转运功能进行比较。同时用Kaplan Meier法进行生存率分析。结果　数据显示B组透析充分性明显好于A组 ,透析初始月的残肾功能 (RRF)在两组中有显著差异 ,残肾功能较好 (RRF≥ 2ml/min)的患者其生存率明显高于较差组 (RRF <2ml/min)。A组中高转运特性患者的比例 ( 4 0 0 % )高于B组 ( 2 3 .5 % )。结论　透析开始时达较高的清除率水平似可维持较长时间的透析 ,而这与透析开始时所具有较好的残肾功能不无相关。当患者残肾功能逐步下降 ,日间不卧床腹膜透析无法保证透析充分性 ,尤其当水平衡难以维持时可行血液透析     

Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients: A Prospective Randomized Study of Tidal Peritoneal Dialysis Versus Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

Few studies have discussed the role of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in managing acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. The present study compares the outcome of AKI in intensive care unit (ICU) patients randomized to treatment with tidal PD (TPD) or continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF). One hundred and twenty‐five ICU patients with AKI were randomly allotted to CVVHDF, (Group A, N = 62) or TPD, (group B, N = 63). Cause and severity of renal injury were assessed at the time of initiating dialysis. The primary outcome was hospital mortality at 28 days, and secondary outcomes were time to recovery of renal function, duration of stay in the ICU, metabolic and fluid control, and improvement of sensorial and hemodynamic parameters. No statistically significant differences were observed between groups in regard to patients’ characteristics. The survival at 28 days was significantly better in the patients treated with TPD when compared to CVVHDF (69.8% vs. 46.8%, P < 0.01). Infectious complications were significantly less (P < 0.01) in the TPD group (9.5%) when compared to the CVVHDF group (17.7%). Recovery of kidney function (60.3% vs. 35.5%), median time to resolution of AKI and the median duration of ICU stay of 9 days (7–11) vs. 19 days (13–20) were all in favor of TPD (P < 0.01). This study suggests that there are better outcomes with TPD compared to CRRT in the treatment of critically ill patients with AKI.     

腹膜透析患者残余肾功能下降速率及影响因素

目的:观察终末期肾衰(ESRF)患者腹膜透析(PD)治疗后残余肾功能(RRF)下降的速率。方法:在透析过程中,每3个月评估一次患者体重指数(BMI)、尿量(UV)、残余肾小球滤过率(rGFR)、每周总尿素氮表现率(KT/Vtotal)、每周肌酐总清除率(WCcrtotal)、蛋白氮呈现率(nPNA)及残余肾尿素及肌酐清除率(Ccr)。计算出rGFR、UV等相应的截距和斜率,并建立回归方程。尿量少于100ml/d或Ccr<1.0ml/min视为无尿。结果:130例患者在平均随访14.4个月后,无论是UV还是rGFR均随透析时间的延长呈下降趋势;除2例患者在透析治疗时即无尿,128例患者中有31例发生无尿(占24.2%)。该31例患者自透析开始至发生无尿的时间平均为(12.7±10.2)mo(4～46mo)。与此同时,WCcrtotal、Kt/vtotal及nPCR等反映透析充分性的指标亦与透析时间呈负相关。经Pearson相关系数分析,分别得出透析过程中UV及rGFR的下降速率:UV(ml/d)=1343.9-24.8×透析月;rGFR(ml/min)=5.12-0.13×透析月。糖尿病肾病(DN)、持续性腹膜透析(CAPD)夜间留腹的患者rGFR下降速率相比较非DN及白天腹膜透析(DAPD)的患者更快(P<0.05)。结论:透析患者的RRF随透析时间的延长呈下降趋势,rGFR(ml/min)=5.12-0.13×透析月,DN及CAPD患者的rGFR下降速率较非DN及DAPD患者更快。