扩髓与非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效比较

目的　比较扩髓与非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法　对 6 4例共 6 7侧开放性胫骨骨折采用带锁髓内钉治疗 ,其中非扩髓组 36侧 ,扩髓组 31侧。伤口愈合拆线后扶拐下地活动 ,术后定期随访 6个月～ 1年。结果　非扩髓组与扩髓组局部感染率分别是 13 9%和 12 9% (P >0 0 5 ) ,无全身感染 ;非扩髓组 5例锁钉断裂 ,扩髓组无断钉 ;非扩髓组与扩髓组平均骨折愈合时间分别为 2 2 5周和 17 2周 (P <0 0 5 )。延迟愈合分别为 5例、 3例 ,非扩髓组有 1例骨折不愈合。结论　与非扩髓组比较 ,扩髓带锁髓内钉具有骨折固定强度大、骨折愈合快、延迟愈合或不愈合少 ,感染率没有明显升高     

开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓髓内钉固定的疗效分析

目的　探讨开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓腔及髓内钉固定是否增加感染和其他并发症。方法　采用回顾性对比分析 ,依据下列标准选择病例 :①年龄在 17～ 6 5岁 ;②住院不少于 4 8h ;③病史中无明显影响全身状况的疾病 ,如糖尿病 ,慢性心、肺、肾功能不全等 ;④必须为开放性股骨干骨折 ,且进行了髓内钉固定。然后按受伤至手术时间划分为两组 ,A组为≤ 2 4h手术者 (定为急诊扩髓组 ) ,B组为 >2 4h手术者 ,再进行两组间合并伤情况、开放损伤严重度、ISS评分、住院时间、ICU时间、并发症、死亡及合并休克情况比较。结果　有 14 7例符合上述标准 ,其中A组有 6 8例 ,B组有 79例 ,两组间经统计学处理比较 ,仅在合并休克率 (A组占 5 5 9% ,B组占 2 2 6 % ,χ2 =13 0 6 0 ,P <0 0 0 1)及住院时间 (A组为 (15 8± 6 3)d ,B组为 (2 7 8± 9 1)d ,t=9 14 0 ,P <0 0 1)、开放伤严重程度 (以Ⅲ型比较A组 19例 ,B组 7例 ,χ2 =8 0 32 ,P <0 0 1)上两组间差异有显著性意义 ,而在其他方面差异均无统计学意义。结论　只要能控制休克 ,保证生命体征平稳 ,严格清创 ,开放性股骨干骨折急诊扩髓及髓内钉固定不增加患者的感染率和其他并发症及死亡率 ,并可促使患者早日康复 ,缩短住院时间 ,从而减少费用。但对Gustilo分类Ⅲ型     

扩髓与非扩髓髓内钉固定术治疗成人股骨干骨折的系统评价

目的对扩髓与非扩髓的髓内钉固定术治疗成人股骨干骨折的疗效进行评价。方法按照Cochrane系统评价的方法，计算机检索Medline（1966年至2004年9月）、Embase（1966年至2004年9月）、Cochrane图书馆（2004年第三期）及中国生物医学数据库（1979年至2004年9月），并采用手工检索等方法收集会议文献。文献检索无语种限制。收集所有相关随机对照试验，采用Cochrane协作网提供的软件Revman4．2．3进行Meta分析，以获得扩髓与非扩髓的髓内钉固定术治疗成人股骨干骨折的疗效及其安全性是否有差异的相关证据。结果经全面检索及筛查后，共纳入5个随机对照试验进行评价。Meta分析表明，扩髓髓内钉固定能降低成人股骨干骨折的不愈合率[RR=O．38，95％置信区间（0．17，0．88），P=0．02]、内固定失效率[RR=0．45，95％置信区间（0．21，1．00，P=0．05]和减少骨折愈合时间[WMD=-10．90，95％置信区间（-18．16，-3．64），P=0．003]。结论与非扩髓髓内钉固定相比，扩髓固定能降低成人股骨干骨折的不愈合率。但扩髓与否与内固定失效率、骨折愈合时间、肺部并发症、感染等的关系，以及骨折开放与否、是否合并多发伤及骨折的部位等对上述指标的影响有待于进一步研究。     

扩髓与非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的疗效比较

目的 比较扩髓与非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法 对64例共67侧开放性胫骨骨折采用带锁髓内钉治疗，其中非扩髓组36侧，扩髓组31侧。伤口愈合拆线后扶拐下地活动，术后定期随访6个月-1年。结果 非扩髓组与扩髓组局部感染率分别是13．9％和12．9％(P＞0．05)，无全身感染；非扩髓组5例锁钉断裂，扩髓组无断钉；非扩髓组与扩髓组平均骨折愈合时间分别为22．5周和17．2周(P＜0．05)。延迟愈合分别为5例、3例，非扩髓组有1例骨折不愈合。结论 与非扩髓组比较，扩髓带锁髓内钉具有骨折固定强度大、骨折愈合快、延迟愈合或不愈合少，感染率没有明显升高。     

股骨干骨折扩髓钉固定对血浆细胞因子水平的影响

目的探讨股骨干骨折早期扩髓与不扩髓髓内钉固定对血浆细胞因子水平的影响。方法46例股骨干骨折(创伤严重程度评分ISS≤16分别在伤后8～24h内采用扩髓(RFN)和不扩髓髓内钉(UFN)固定,在手术开始前至术后72h内6个不同时间点采集静脉血,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法测定血浆TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10的活性。结果两组中各细胞因子表现出同样的升高趋势;TNF-α在术后1h升高达峰值,术后6h降至正常;IL-6与IL-10均在术后1h开始升高,6h达峰值,两者分别在术后24h和72h降至正常水平;两组间比较,不同时间之间有显著差异,时间和细胞因子水平之间存在交互效应,但两组之间无显著差异。临床观察,两组间均无切口感染和肺部感染等发生。结论扩髓后髓内钉固定和不扩髓相比,机体产生较大的应激反应,对围手术期不同时间段细胞因子水平有一定影响;但在ISS<16时,扩髓激发的炎症反应为一正常有序的炎症反应,不会导致失控的级联反应,不增加术后并发症。     

多发伤中股骨干骨折的一期扩髓髓内钉固定

目的探讨多发伤中股骨干骨折一期扩髓髓内钉固定是否会增加并发症的发生率及死亡率。方法采用回顾性对比研究,依据下列标准选择病例:(1)年龄为14~65岁;(2)多发伤,且ISS>16;(3)住院时间不少于48h;(4)病史中无明显影响全身状况的疾病,如糖尿病,慢性心、肺、肾功能不全等;(5)有股骨干骨折,且进行了扩髓髓内钉手术,不包含外固定支架或钢板、牵引及石膏固定和非扩髓髓内钉固定者。将符合上述标准的192例按受伤至手术时间划分为两组,A组为≤24h手术者(一期扩髓组,76例),B组为>24h手术者(116例),将两组间合并伤情况、ISS、住院时间、ICU时间、并发症、死亡率及合并休克率情况进行比较。结果经统计学处理,两组的股骨开放伤发生率(A组56.6%,B组34.5%,χ2=7.545,P<0.001)、合并休克率(A组48.7%,B组31.0%,χ2=6.078,P<0.001)及住院时间[A组(16.1±6.5)d,B组(29.3±9.3)d,t=10.766,P<0.001]差异有显著性,而在其他方面差异均无统计学意义。结论在多发伤患者中,只要能控制休克,保证生命体征平稳,对股骨干骨折行一期扩髓髓内钉固定不会增加患者的并发症发生率及死亡率,可促进患者早日康复,缩短住院时间,从而减少住院费用。     

应用扩髓与非扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗闭合性胫骨骨折临床疗效观察

目的探讨对比应用交锁髓内钉闭合复位下扩髓与非扩髓治疗闭合性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法将84例闭合性胫骨骨折患者随机分为扩髓与非扩髓组各40例,分别采用扩髓与非扩髓交锁髓内钉固定治疗,比较二者手术时间,骨折愈合时间,术后感染、延迟愈合等情况。结果 84例患者均获得随访,随访时间平均20.6个月.手术时间扩髓组平均48.2 min,非扩髓组41 min。愈合时间扩髓组平均16.5周,非扩髓组平均23.5周。2组间差异有统计学意义,P<0.05。术后锁钉断裂扩髓组2例,非扩髓组6例,2组差异有统计学意义P<0.05。扩髓组延迟愈合6例,畸形愈合4例;非扩髓组延迟愈合7例,畸形愈合5例2组差异无统计学意义。2组均无感染病例。未出现膝、踝关节功能障碍病例。结论与非扩髓组相比,应用扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗闭合性胫骨骨折,具有骨折固定强度大,并发症少,骨折愈合快等优点。     

扩髓与不扩髓交锁髓内钉治疗胫骨骨折的比较

目的比较交锁髓内钉扩髓与不扩髓治疗闭合性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对72例闭合性胫骨骨折患者随机采用扩髓与不扩髓交锁髓内钉固定，扩髓与不扩髓组均为36例患者，根据术前术中术后的临床数据来比较其治疗结果。结果两组患者在性别、年龄以及骨折类型方面均有可比性。扩髓组手术时间平均51min，明显长于不扩髓组的40min。扩髓组17周愈合，不扩髓组25周愈合。两组间差异有显著性，P〈0．05。扩髓组有1例出现术后锁钉断裂，不扩髓组为6例，P〈0．05，两组差异有显著性。两组均没有感染病例。扩髓组延迟愈合3例，畸形愈合2例；不扩髓组延迟愈合5例，畸形愈合3例，两组无显著性差异。结论治疗闭合性胫骨骨折，扩髓交锁髓内钉在疗效上要优于不扩髓。     

胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定是否需要扩髓

胫骨骨折交锁髓内钉内固定治疗已取得了良好的临床效果,但在髓内钉内固定扩髓、不扩髓的问题上一直存在争议。为比较胫骨骨折髓内钉内固定扩髓病人与非扩髓病人在骨折愈合时间及主要并发症发生率上是否存在差异,该文作者对45例胫骨中段2/3骨折病人进行了髓内钉内固定术。术前对所有病人进行前瞻性随机分     

扩髓与非扩髓带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折

目的比较扩髓与非扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗开放性胫骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对86例共92侧开放性胫骨骨折采用带锁髓内钉治疗,其中扩髓组54侧,非扩髓组38侧。伤口拆线后扶拐下地活动,术后定期随访6个月～2年。结果扩髓组与非扩髓组局部感染率分别是20．3％和5．3％（P〈0．05）;扩髓组与非扩髓组平均骨折愈合时间分别为22．5周和19周（P〉0．05）;延迟愈合分别为8例,3例。结论与扩髓组比较,非扩髓带锁髓内钉延迟愈合或不愈合少,感染率低,两组平均骨折愈合时间无明显差异。     

Prospective randomized study of reamed versus unreamed femoral intramedullary nailing: an assessment of procedures

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether the procedure of unreamed femoral nailing is simpler, faster, and safer than reamed femoral intramedullary nailing. DESIGN: Prospective randomized. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: One hundred femoral shaft fractures without significant concomitant injuries admitted to an academic Level 1 urban trauma center. INTERVENTION: Stabilization of the femoral shaft fracture using a reamed or unreamed technique. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: The surgical time, estimated blood loss, fluoroscopy time, and perioperative complications were prospectively recorded. RESULTS: One hundred patients with 100 femoral shaft fractures were correctly prospectively randomized to the study. Thirty-seven patients received reamed and sixty-three patients received unreamed nails. All nails were interlocked proximally and distally. The average surgical time for the reamed nail group was 138 minutes and for unreamed nail group was 108 minutes (p = 0.012). The estimated blood loss for the reamed nail group was 278 milliliters and for the unreamed nail group 186 milliliters (p = 0.034). Reamed intramedullary nailing required an average of 4.72 minutes, whereas unreamed nailing required 4.29 minutes of fluoroscopy time. Seven perioperative complications occurred in the reamed nail group and eighteen in the unreamed nail group. Two patients in the unreamed group required an early secondary procedure. Iatrogenic comminution of the fracture site occurred during three reamed and six unreamed intramedullary nailings. Reaming of the canal was required before the successful placement of three nails in the unreamed group because of canal/nail diameter mismatch. CONCLUSIONS: Unreamed femoral intramedullary nailing involves fewer steps and is significantly faster with less intraoperative blood loss than reamed intramedullary nailing. The unreamed technique, however, was associated with a higher incidence of perioperative complications, although the difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.5).     

髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折扩髓与不扩髓的比较研究

目的探讨非扩髓钉是否比扩髓钉操作简单、迅速、安全。方法用前瞻性随机研究方法将100例单纯股骨干骨折随机分为扩髓组与非扩髓组,比较二组的手术时间、失血量、手术中意外情况的发生。结果扩髓组37例手术时间138min,失血量278ml,6例术中发生意外情况。非扩髓组63例,手术时间108min(P=0．012),失血量186ml(P=0．034)。17例术中发生意外情况,2例需二次手术。结论非扩髓钉操作步骤少,手术时间及失血量少于扩髓组,但非扩髓组手术中意外情况发生较多,虽然统计学差异不显著。     

Femur fractures and lung complications: a prospective randomized study of reaming

Reaming the intramedullary canal during fixation of femoral shaft fractures may contribute to pulmonary morbidity in patients with trauma. The purpose of our study was to compare acute and late pulmonary complications after reamed or nonreamed nailing of femur fractures. Patients who had femoral shaft fractures were randomized prospectively to a reamed (n = 41) or nonreamed (n = 41) femoral nailing group. Arterial blood gases were measured before and after femur fixation. Ratios of PaO2/FiO2 and alveolar arterial gradients were calculated. Pulmonary complications (acute respiratory distress syndrome) (ARDS), pneumonia, and respiratory failure) were monitored. Age, gender, fracture site, fracture type, time to nailing, length of operation, Injury Severity Score, and Abbreviated Injury Scale-thorax were similar for the two groups. No significant differences were observed in the ratio of PaO2/FiO2 ratios or alveolar arterial (A-a) gradients before and after nailing. The overall incidence of pulmonary complications was 14.6% (eight patients who had reamed nailing and four patients who had nonreamed nailing), and given the sample size, definitive conclusions could not be reached because of inadequate statistical power. We were unable to document differences in pulmonary physiologic response or clinical outcome between patients having reamed and nonreamed femoral nailing. This study may serve as a pilot investigation for other clinical investigations.     

Pulmonary gas exchange during intramedullary fixation of femoral shaft fractures.

BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to determine if the alveolar dead space fraction (Vd/Vt) or the alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient (A-a DO2) increased during intramedullary fixation of femoral shaft fractures. METHODS: Fifty hemodynamically stable patients with femur fractures were prospectively enrolled. Three serial measurements of Vd/Vt and A-a DO2 were obtained immediately before femoral nailing (Pre), 30 minutes after nailing (+30), and 120 minutes after nailing (+120). Vd/Vt was determined by simultaneously measuring PaCO2 and the steady-state end-tidal CO2 (PetCO2), where Vd/Vt = (1 - PetCO2/PaCO2). RESULTS: Vd/Vt before nailing was 0.09 +/- 0.09 (mean +/- SD); at +30 and +120, Vd/Vt was 0.10 +/- 0.06 and 0.08 +/- 0.07, respectively (p > 0.2; paired t test, both time points). A-a DO2 before nailing was 84 +/- 85 mm Hg, and it did not change significantly at +30 (89 +/- 69 mm Hg; p = 0.51 vs. Pre; paired t-test) or at +120 (51 +/- 45 mm Hg). No difference in data was found with analysis by fracture classification or number of reamer passes. Vd/Vt and A-a DO2, however, were both significantly increased in patients with lung contusion (n = 6) before nailing, but neither measurement increased after nailing. One patient developed fat embolism (Vd/Vt of 0.35 at Pre and 0.31 at +120), and another patient experienced postoperative pulmonary thromboembolism (Vd/Vt increased from 0.06 at Pre to 0.17 at +120). CONCLUSION: The process of femoral nailing does not cause enough pulmonary embolization to alter pulmonary gas exchange as measured by Vd/Vt and A-a DO2. If Vd/Vt is increased preoperatively, the likelihood of subsequent pulmonary dysfunction secondary to either preoperative lung injury or fat embolism is increased.     

Fat embolism and related effects during reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing in a pig model

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether reamed or unreamed femoral intramedullary nailing is more adverse to pulmonary function, the authors compared three populations of healthy pigs, analyzing the biochemical and hemodynamic effects related to fat embolism. Likewise, the authors histologically evaluated the presence of bone marrow fat embolism in lungs, heart, kidney, brain, and retina. DESIGN: Randomized, experimental model. SETTING: Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-five male Duroc Jersey adult healthy pigs divided in three groups. INTERVENTION: Reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Biochemical, hemodinamical, and histologic analysis. METHODS: In the first group of ten pigs, a reamed nail was inserted; in the second group of ten specimens, the authors placed an unreamed nail; and in the third group of five animals (control), only the surgical approach was made without opening the medullary cavity. RESULTS: The authors did not find statistically significant differences in pulmonary function between the reamed and unreamed group in the hemodynamic, biochemical, and histopathologic parameters evaluated. The histologic analysis of the lung tissue revealed a statistically significant difference between the nailed groups and the control (P < 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In this animal model, the results indicate that pulmonary changes and fat embolization during intramedullary nailing occur to the same degree in reamed and in unreamed femurs.     

Interleukin-10 release and monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression during femoral nailing

This study determined the effect of femoral nailing on the expression of monocyte Class II antigens and interleukin-10 release and sought to differentiate any differences in the release of these elements of immune reactivity in patients undergoing reamed and unreamed nailing. Thirty-two patients presenting with an acute femoral fracture were studied. In 15 patients, the femoral fracture was stabilized with a reamed technique and in 17 patients with an unreamed technique. Venous blood samples were taken at presentation, at anesthetic induction, immediately after nail insertion, and subsequently at 1, 4, and 24 hours and at 3, 5, and 7 days after surgery. Serum interleukin-10 was measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and monocyte human leukocyte antigen-DR expression was quantified by flow cytometry. Serum interleukin-10 release and human leukocyte antigen-DR expression on monocytes showed a clear response to the nailing procedure. The group of patients undergoing a reamed femoral nailing procedure showed significantly higher interleukin-10 release and a significant depression in the expression of human leukocyte antigen-DR on monocytes compared with those whose nail had been inserted unreamed. One patient in the reamed femoral nailing group died of adult respiratory distress syndrome 3 days after injury. Reamed intramedullary nailing appears to be associated with greater impairment of immune reactivity than is the unreamed nailing technique.     

Reamed femoral nailing in sheep: does irrigation and aspiration of intramedullary contents alter the systemic response?

BACKGROUND: Reaming of the femoral canal has been demonstrated to introduce intramedullary contents into the circulation with subsequent pulmonary embolization. The aim of this study was to investigate whether this effect can be minimized by use of a reamer system that provides simultaneous irrigation and aspiration of intramedullary contents. METHODS: A unilateral lung contusion was created and intramedullary femoral nailing was subsequently performed in eighteen female skeletally mature Merino sheep. The animals were divided into three groups, of six animals each, to receive one of three types of treatment: reamed femoral nailing; reaming, irrigation, and aspiration; and unreamed femoral nailing. Blood samples were obtained and a bronchoalveolar lavage was performed at baseline, immediately after creation of the lung contusion, immediately after intramedullary nailing, and at four hours after surgery. Pulmonary permeability, polymorphonuclear leukocyte activity, and systemic hemostatic response were measured. Lung specimens were obtained for histological evaluation. RESULTS: At baseline and immediately after creation of the lung contusion, endothelial permeability was comparable among the three groups. At four hours postoperatively, pulmonary permeability was significantly higher in the group treated with reamed femoral nailing (urea/protein ratio; 256.7) than in the group treated with reaming, irrigation, and aspiration (urea/protein ratio, 91.5) and the group treated with unreamed femoral nailing (urea/protein, 110.64) (p < 0.05). The stimulatory capacity of the polymorphonuclear leukocytes was significantly decreased (p < 0.05) only in the group treated with reamed femoral nailing; the other two groups had no significant decrease postoperatively (p > 0.05). The D-dimer level at four hours postoperatively was significantly higher in the group treated with reamed femoral nailing than it was in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Histological examination showed that the grades of edema and polymorphonuclear leukocyte diapedesis were also highest in the group treated with reamed femoral nailing. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that, in the presence of a unilateral pulmonary injury, the systemic effects of intramedullary reaming of an intact femur can be minimized with use of a modified reamer design that simultaneously irrigates the canal and removes debris. Additional clinical validation of this reaming system is necessary.     

Intramedullary pressure and bone marrow fat extravasation in reamed and unreamed femoral nailing.

This study was designed to investigate whether intramedullary pressure and embolization of bone marrow fat are different in unreamed compared with conventional reamed femoral nailing in vivo. In a baboon model, the femoral shaft was stabilized with interlocking nailing after a midshaft osteotomy. Intramedullary pressure was measured in the distal femoral shaft fragment at the supracondylar region. Extravasation of bone marrow fat was determined by the modified Gurd test (range: 0-5) with blood samples from the vena cava inferior. Data were monitored in eight unreamed and eight reamed intramedullary femoral nailing procedures. Intramedullary pressure increased in the unreamed group to 76 +/- 25 mm Hg (10.1 +/- 3.3 kPa) during insertion of 7-mm nails and in the reamed group to 879 +/- 44 mm Hg (117.2 +/- 5.9 kPa) during reaming of the medullary cavity. Insertion of 9-mm nails after the medullary cavity had been reamed to 10 mm produced an intramedullary pressure of 254 +/- 94 mm Hg (33.9 +/- 12.5 kPa) (p < 0.05). Fat extravasation in the unreamed group was recorded with a score of 2.9 +/- 0.4 for the Gurd test during nailing with 7-mm nails, whereas in the reamed group significantly more fat extravasation was noticed during the reaming procedures, with a score of 4.6 +/- 0.1. Liberation of fat during insertion of 9-mm nails after reaming was recorded with a score of 3.5 +/- 0.4. In both groups, a positive correlation of fat extravasation with the rise in intramedullary pressure was found (reamed group: r(s) = 0.868; unreamed group: r(s) = 0.698), resulting in significantly less liberation of bone marrow fat in the unreamed stabilized group than in the reamed control group (p < 0.05). The data indicate that fat embolization during nailing procedures after femoral osteotomy increases with increasing intramedullary pressure and occurs in a lesser degree in unreamed than in reamed intramedullary femoral shaft stabilization.     

Cortical revascularization after reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing in the rabbit femur: a microangiographic histometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: Intramedullary nailing leads to a reduction in cortical bone blood flow. The relative effect of reamed versus unreamed nailing on the degree of avascularity and on revascularization of the cortex remains controversial. We compared the effects of reamed versus unreamed intramedullary nailing on cortical revascularization and the time course for its recovery in the unfractured rabbit femur. METHODS: A total of 56 New Zealand white rabbits were used as experimental animals. Reamed nailings with Kirschner wire (diameter, 3 mm) were performed in the right femora (group R, n = 49), and unreamed nailings with Kirschner wire (diameter, 2 mm) were performed in the left femora (group UR, n = 49) of the same animals after a standard surgical procedure. Microangiography that used Indian ink was performed for each killed animal at one of seven postoperative time periods: 2 hours, 3 days, and 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks after surgery. The right femora and the left femora of seven rabbits were used as the postoperative day 0 controls of group R and those of group UR, respectively. We evaluated the vascularization ratio (VR) in cross-sections according to the following formula: VR = the number of enhanced vessels with Indian ink/total cortical vessels. Each cross-section was divided into an inner and outer half, which were in turn divided into quarters, so that the entire cross-sectional are is represented by eight regions. The VR was calculated for each regions and then comparison was made between group R and group UR at various time periods and areas. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were observed in VR at any time period between group R and group UR in total cortical area and total periosteal side. However, on the total medullary side, the VR of group UR was significantly higher than that of group R at postoperative day 3 (p = 0.04). Statistically significant differences were observed between the VR on the periosteal side and that on the medullary side in both groups at all time periods aside from the 5-week period (p < 0.05). Revascularization of the cortex occurred 4 weeks after intramedullary nailing in both group R and group UR. CONCLUSION: The periosteal circulation was maintained better than the medullary circulation, irrespective of whether the canal was reamed or not. The present study failed to detect any statistically significant differences in cortical revascularization between reamed nailing and unreamed nailing. Thus, we concluded that reamed and unreamed nailing are not differentially advantageous in the unfractured rabbit femur, in terms of impairment of cortical blood supply.     

Similar central hemodynamics and oxygenation in reamed and unreamed intramedullary nailing of tibial fractures

BACKGROUND: Reamed intramedullary nailing of a long bone fracture is considered to be of crucial importance in the genesis of pulmonary disturbances. Use of unreamed nailing technique has been encouraged to avoid temporary deterioration in lung functions. METHODS: Central hemodynamic changes were recorded in 20 healthy adults with a unilateral simple tibial fracture undergoing reamed or unreamed intramedullary nailing. The patients were cannulated with a pulmonary artery catheter. Intramedullary nailing was performed during general anesthesia. Pre- and immediate postoperative hemodynamic variables were compared. RESULTS: Unchanged cardiac performance but pathologically altered pulmonary vascular tone were unrelated to the type of nailing technique. Increased oxygen consumption was observed as well. CONCLUSION: Changes in cardiac and pulmonary hemodynamics are already present after the trauma and before the intramedullary nailing procedure.