吸烟等因素与冠心病的Logistic回归分析

吸烟、高血压和血脂异常被认为是冠心病三大易患因素。在我国不同地区的研究，其结果不太一致，为探讨冠心病低发区的危险因素特征，本研究应用病例对照方法，对吸烟等１８个因素进行了条件Ｌｏｇｉｓｔｉｃ回归分析，结果如下：１对象与方法１．１研究对象病例选自心脏科...     

405例婴幼儿气质分析

目的探讨广州市海珠区0~3岁婴幼儿的气质特点和分布类型,为儿童早期综合发展项目中塑造儿童积极气质提供指导依据。方法随机抽取2012年海珠区妇幼保健院儿童保健门诊体检的婴幼儿405例。应用4个月-12个月婴幼儿气质问卷、12～36个月婴幼儿气质问卷表进行调查、上海惠诚公司儿童气质软件测评分析。结果405例婴幼儿的气质类型易养型和中间型为主,其中男童以易养型为主;女童以中间型为主;男童和女童在活动水平、坚持性、反应阈等气质维度差异有统计学意义;婴儿组与幼儿组在活动水平、节律性、趋避性及适应性方面有较明显的差异。结论405例婴幼儿的气质类型是平易型,部分气质维度与年龄、性别有关。医务人员应根据气质特征选择相应的教育方式,指导家长合理进行早期教育。促进儿童的身心健康发展。     

婴幼儿气质对发育的影响研究

目的研究婴幼儿气质以及气质各维度特征对早期发育的影响.方法在对167名婴幼儿气质调查的基础上,应用各种统计方法研究气质及各维度特征与发育的相关性.结果不同气质类型整体上对儿童智能发育指数(MDI)及运动发育水平指数中(PDI)的影响不具有显著型.但个别气质维度对婴幼儿的MDI及PDI有影响.结论在婴幼儿时期气质尚未对发育产生明显影响,但气质的某些维度已经显示出与婴幼儿发育的关联性,并有可能对其今后的发育产生影响.     

婴幼儿气质对发育的影响研究

目的：研究婴幼儿气质以及气质各维度特征对早期发育的影响。方法：在对167名婴幼儿气质调查的基础上，应用各种统计方法研究气质及各维度特征与发育的相关性。结果：不同气质类型整体上对儿童智能发育指数(MDI)及运动发育水平指数中(PDI)的影响不具有显著型。但个别气质维度对婴幼儿的MDIPDI有影响。结论：在婴幼儿时期气质尚未对发育产生明显影响，但气质的某些维度已经显示出与婴幼儿发育的关联性，并有可能对其今后的发育产生影响。     

气质特点与婴幼儿发育相关性的初步探讨

目的：主要探讨气质特点与婴幼儿智能发育之间的联系。方法：对233名婴幼儿的气质和发育水平进行评价。采用Carey儿童气质问卷《婴儿气质问卷修订版》（RITQ）和《幼儿气质评估表》（TTQ），以及《Bayley婴儿发育量表》评价智能发育。结果：气质类型分布无性别差异，虽然不同气质类型婴幼儿的发育水平差异无显著性（P＞0．05），但与积极的气质类型相比，消极气质类型儿童的智能发育可能倾向于落后或较高，智能发育指数与节律性的得分呈显著负相关（P＜0．05），提示发育水平高者生物规律性高。结论：气质与儿童的发育水平可能存在一定关系，但由于婴幼儿的生物学特征未充分分化，发展，且社会化程度低，因而这种关系未明显地表现出来，对气质特点多消极的婴幼儿应重视采取恰当的抚养方法，以利于智力潜能的充分发展。     

婴幼儿气质特点及类型分布调查分析

目的:为探讨0~3岁小儿气质特点,了解其心理特征,为指导婴幼儿教养,防止儿童行为问题提供理论依据。方法:选取本科门诊部0~3岁儿童251例,采用上海第二医科大学附属新华医院儿保科、信息中心联合研制开发的儿童气质软件及美国的Carey医生制定的原版儿童气质测查问卷,以家长填写问卷配以计算机录入分析结果的形式进行评估。儿童气质问卷按其使用年龄分为:①小婴儿气质问卷:适用于满1个月(30 d)~4个月婴儿。②婴儿气质问卷:适用于满5个月~11个月婴儿。③幼儿气质问卷:适用于满12个月~36个月幼儿。结果:婴幼儿气质类型分布以中间偏易养型最多占32.08%、易养型31.08%、难养型23.11%、启动缓慢型7.57%、中间偏难养型最少5.98%。不同性别及年龄的气质类型的分布无差异显著(P>0.05)。男女婴幼儿间有显著差异的气质维度为活动水平、趋避性、适应性、反应强度、坚持性5个方面。不同年龄组间9个气质维度在5~11个月年龄段中,活动水平、规律性、趋避性(接近/退缩)、反应强度几个方面有显著差异(P<0.05)。12~36个月龄段中,适应性、坚持性、注意分散度、反应阈几个方面有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:提示中间偏易养型、易养型是0~3岁婴幼儿的主要气质类型;部分气质维度在不同性别和年龄间存在差异。     

哮喘儿童气质特征的临床研究

【目的】探讨儿童哮喘与其气质特征之间的关系。【方法】采用中国学龄前儿童气质量表(ChinesePreschool Children Temperament Scale,CPTS)和中国学龄儿童气质量表(Chinese School Children Temperament Scale,CSTS)对78例哮喘儿童和108例正常儿童进行测试。【结果】哮喘组儿童与正常组儿童气质类型分布差异有显著性(P<0.05),哮喘组中麻烦型、中间偏烦型和发动缓慢型等气质类型的比例较高。哮喘组儿童在趋避性、适应性、心境和持久性等气质维度得分与正常组儿童比较差异有非常显著性(P<0.01)。【结论】哮喘儿童的气质比正常儿童消极,儿童哮喘与气质特征关系密切。对哮喘儿童进行治疗和干预时应该考虑其气质特征对哮喘的影响。     

婴幼儿气质对发育的影响研究

目的:研究婴幼儿气质以及气质各维度特征对早期发育的影响。方法:在对167名婴幼儿气质调查的基础上,应 用各种统计方法研究气质及各维度特征与发育的相关性。结果:不同气质类型整体上对儿童智能发育指数(MDI)及运动发育水 平指数中(PDI)的影响不具有显著型。但个别气质维度对婴幼儿的MDI及PDI有影响。结论:在婴幼儿时期气质尚未对发育产 生明显影响,但气质的某些维度已经显示出与婴幼儿发育的关联性,并有可能对其今后的发育产生影响。     

武汉市婴幼儿呼吸道感染与家人吸烟的关系

为了分析武汉市婴幼儿 (0～ 3岁 )呼吸道感染与家人吸烟的关系 ,探讨婴幼儿被动吸烟、母亲孕期、哺乳期被动吸烟对婴幼儿呼吸道感染的影响 ,采用非匹配的病例对照研究 ,于 2 0 0 2年 6～ 7月在武汉市 5家医院儿科门诊随机抽取病例及对照 3 0 9名 (病例组 15 0名 ,对照组 15 9名 ) ,由培训过的调查员采用调查问卷进行调查 ,收集到的资料采用卡方检验 ,非条件的 L ogistic回归进行分析。结果 :家人有无吸烟 (P<0 .0 0 0 1)、家人吸烟对幼儿的回避程度 (P=0 .0 0 18)、母亲怀孕期间被动吸烟 (P<0 .0 0 0 1)及母亲哺乳期间被动吸烟 (P<0 .0 0 0 1)对幼儿的呼吸道感染有显著的不良影响 ,趋势检验有显著性 (P<0 .0 0 0 1) ,对 1岁以内的幼儿的影响要大于 1岁以上 3岁以内的幼儿。提示 :幼儿被动吸烟以及其母亲怀孕、哺乳期间的被动吸烟对幼儿的呼吸道感染均有显著的不良影响 ,尤其对 1岁以内幼儿的影响更为明显     

婴幼儿气质与进食行为问题的相关研究

【目的】了解进食行为问题婴幼儿的气质类型及气质各维度的特点,探讨气质在婴幼儿进食行为问题的发生中所起的作用,为进食行为问题的干预提供相应的理论依据。【方法】采用整群随机抽样的方法,抽取6个区数个街道2～36个月的960名健康婴幼儿进行进食问卷调查及用气质问卷进行气质测定和分析,收回填写完整有效的问卷共873份,应用SPSS11.5统计软件进行分析。【结果】有进食问题的婴幼儿中易养型与中间偏易养型占43%,中间偏难养型、难养型和启动缓慢型占57%;无进食问题的婴幼儿中易养型与中间偏易养型占67.4%,中间偏难养型、难养型和启动缓慢型占32.6%,同时两组婴幼儿的气质类型构成间差异有统计学意义(χ2=19.1,P0.05);两组婴幼儿气质维度中的节律性、适应性、反应强度和注意分散度得分间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。【结论】进食行为问题婴幼儿的气质有其独特性,对于进食行为问题婴幼儿的喂养要依据其气质类型采取相应的方法,减少不良进食行为的发生,使他们在适宜的环境中生长。     

The Relationship Between Asthma and Smoking During Pregnancy

ABSTRACT

Asthma is the most common and potentially serious medical problem encountered in pregnancy. The prevalence of asthma during pregnancy is generally quoted as being between 1% and 4% which is much lower than general population estimates. The aim of this analysis was to estimate the prevalence of asthma and smoking during pregnancy; and to describe the relationship between the two. A cross-sectional random sample survey of recently delivered Western Australian mothers was carried out in 1995 and 82% of mothers responded. In total 21.3% of women reported ever having asthma at some stage in their life and 12.4% currently had asthma. These results are consistent with general population estimates. Overall 22.7% of women smoked at some stage in pregnancy, which is consistent with the limited comparison data available. Current asthmatics were more likely to smoke during pregnancy than non-asthmatics, although this difference was not statistically significant. Continued vigorous efforts are required to discourage all women and girls from taking up smoking and to encourage those who smoke to quit. This is particularly pertinent for asthmatic women who are pregnant or planning a pregnancy.     

The Association Between Adolescent Smokers' Desire and Intentions to Quit Smoking and Their Views of Parents' Attitudes and Opinions about Smoking

Objective: To explore whether an association exists between adolescent smokers’ attitudes toward quitting and their beliefs about whether their parents know they smoke, their perceptions of whether their parents disapprove of smoking, their recollection of their parents’ expressed disapproval of smoking, and the importance they place on their parents’ opinions. Methods: This cross sectional study of US high school students included 17,287 respondents. Only those who had smoked in the past 30 days (4593 [26.6%]) were included in the analysis. “Have you ever seriously thought about quitting smoking?” was asked of all adolescent smokers. Those who had seriously thought about quitting were then asked about past attempts and how recent their last attempt was, while those who had not seriously thought about quitting were asked if they thought they would ever want to quit. Results: Regardless of whether their parents smoked, adolescents who placed value on their parents’ opinions were more likely to think seriously about quitting and to have tried to quit in the past 6 months. Recalling parents’ expressed desire that their child not smoke was associated with significant increases in the likelihood of seriously thinking about quitting even among those whose parents smoked. Agreeing with the statement, “When I’m older, my parents won't mind that I smoke” was significantly associated with decreased odds of seriously thinking about quitting and recently attempting to quit. Conclusions: Parents, both those who smoke and those who do not, may have a significant role in influencing young smokers’ desire to quit smoking.     

家庭环境因素与儿童哮喘关系的病例对照研究

目的 探讨家庭环境因素与儿童哮喘的关系.方法 应用1:1配对的病例对照研究方法,调查和分析家庭环境中与儿童哮喘有关的暴露因素.结果 调查131对对照与病例,经条件Logistic回归分析,家庭有护墙板和地面铺瓷砖是儿童哮喘的保护性因素;地面铺地毯、家庭同居人口吸烟增加儿童哮喘的危险性;冬季取暖方式越简陋,厨房排烟情况越不好,家庭同居人口越多,屋尘螨含量越多,越增加儿童哮喘的危险性;儿童对油烟、尘螨、香烟烟雾、化学气味过敏与哮喘有统计学联系.结论 改善室内环境,避免儿童(特别是对室内污染物过敏的儿童)接触室内过敏原及刺激物、避免被动吸烟对预防儿童哮喘有非常重要的意义.     

孕晚期孕妇焦虑情绪与婴儿喂养方式及气质特点的关系探讨

目的探讨孕妇焦虑情绪与其婴儿的喂养方式、气质特点的关系。方法应用焦虑自评量表和4个月，1岁婴儿气质问卷对本院558名孕晚期孕妇及其月龄6个月的婴儿进行心理测试，并调查分析孕妇的社会人口学因素、高危因素、分娩方式及婴儿喂养方式与其孕晚期焦虑情绪的关系。结果孕晚期孕妇有焦虑情绪者129名．发生率为23．12％，其中轻度、中度及重度焦虑情绪分别占45．74％、37．21％和17．05％，焦虑情绪的发生与孕妇的职业、学历、孕晚期重度高危因素及剖宫产有关．母亲孕晚期有中、重度焦虑情绪者其婴儿人工喂养率升高，气质类型中难养型、启动缓慢型增多。结论重视孕晚期孕妇的心理保健．及时调适孕妇的不良情绪．有利于优生优育．     

肺炎支原体感染与小儿支气管哮喘发病的相关性

目的探讨肺炎支原体感染与小儿支气管哮喘发病的相关性。方法选取2018年1月-2019年7月到院治疗的肺炎支原体感染并发小儿支气管哮喘100例、肺炎支原体感染100例,两组患者均接受血清降钙素原(procalcitonin,PCT)、超敏C反应蛋白(hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP)、白细胞(white blood cell,WBC)、外周血嗜酸性粒细胞计数(eosinophil,EOS)检测,探究肺炎支原体感染与小儿支气管哮喘发病的相关性。结果对比两组患者的肺炎支原体抗体阳性率以及阴性率,研究组的阳性率高于对照组,阴性率低于对照组;研究组的PCT、hs-CRP、WBC、EOS均高于对照组,(P<0.05),有统计学意义。结论肺炎支原体感染与小儿支气管哮喘发病存在相关性。     

Effects of Ambient Air Pollutants on Asthma Medication Use and Wheezing among Fourth-Grade School Children from 12 Southern California Communities Enrolled in The Children's Health Study

To investigate the effects of 12 monthly average air pollution levels on monthly prevalence of respiratory morbidity, the authors examined retrospective questionnaire data on 2034 4th-grade children from 12 Southern California communities that were enrolled in The Children's Health Study. Wheezing during the spring and summer months was associated with community levels of airborne particulate matter with a diameter ≤ 10 μm (PM₁₀) (odds ratio (OR) = 2.91; 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.46–5.80), but was not associated with community levels of ozone, nitrogen dioxide, PM_2.5 (diameter ≤ 2.5), nitric acid, or formic acid. Logistic regression was performed on data stratified into two seasonal groups, spring/summer and fall/winter. Among asthmatics, the monthly prevalence of asthma medication use was associated with monthly levels of ozone, nitric acid, and acetic acid (OR = 1.80 [95%Cl = 1.19–2.70]; OR = 1.80 [95%Cl = 1.23–2.65]; OR = 1.57 [95% Cl = 1.11–2.21]; respectively). Asthma medication use was more prevalent among children who spent more time outdoors—with consequential exposure to ozone—than among children who spent more time indoors (OR = 3.07 [95%Cl = 1.61–5.86]; OR = 1.31 [95%Cl = 0.47–2.71]; respectively). The authors concluded that monthly variations in some ambient air pollutants were associated with monthly respiratory morbidity among school children.     

The Role of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and Regulated on Activation,Normal T-Cell Expressed and Secreted (RANTES) in the Relationship between Air Pollution and Asthma among Children

To evaluate the role of adhesion molecules and chemokines in the relationship between air pollution and asthma, the authors determined the following in 230 children who lived in 4 communities in Japan that had different levels of air pollution: serum concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1); soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1); regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES); and total immunoglobulin E (IgE). Children with asthma or who exhibited wheezing (n = 115) and nonasthmatic children (n = 115) were studied. Serum concentrations of sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and RANTES were increased significantly in asthmatic children, compared with nonasthmatic children. Nonasthmatic children with serum IgE levels that were greater than or equal to 250 IU/ml had significantly lower concentrations of sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 than the other children. The geometric means of sICAM-1 increased as air pollution increased. The results of this study suggest that adhesion molecules or chemokines are associated with asthma and that ICAM-1 may play an important role in the relationship between air pollution and the occurrence of asthma.