盐酸伊托必利漂浮片在家犬体内的药物动力学

目的 研究自制盐酸伊托必利漂浮片在犬体内的药物动力学.方法 6只犬分别单剂景服用100 mg自制盐酸伊托必利漂浮片和市售盐酸伊托必利分散片,1周后两组交叉给药;采用HPLC法测定犬给药后不同时间的血药浓度.结果 盐酸伊托必利漂浮片、分散片的Tmax分别为6.62±1.05、1.94±0.31 h;Cmax分别为0.512±0.056、0.798 ±0.079 μg·ml-1;漂浮片的相对生物利用度是分散片的91.7%.结论 盐酸伊托必利漂浮片具有明显的缓释特征.     

反向高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伊托必利颗粒血药浓度及其人体药动学和生物等效性分析

目的:测定人血浆中盐酸伊托必利颗粒的血药浓度并对其在健康人体内的药代动力学及生物等效性进行分析.方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法(RP-HPLC)测定20名男性健康志愿者单剂量口服100mg盐酸伊托必利颗粒剂(受试药)和盐酸伊托必利片(参比药)后,血浆中伊托必利浓度变化情况,用3P97程序进行药代动力学分析.结果:测得受试药和参比药Cmax分别为594.8±152.3和628.6±261.4μg·L-1,Tmax分别为0.766±0.213和0.900±0.392 h,T1/2ke分别为3.21±0.86和3.49±0.77 h,AUC0-15分别为2266.0±1340.9和2339.4 ±1831.7μg·L-1·h-1,AUC0-∞分别为2472.1±1800.3和2496.9±1952.3μg·L-1·h-1.结论:盐酸伊托必利颗粒的相对生物利用度为106.9%±27.3%:选择Cmax、AUC0-15和AUC0-∞进行三因素方差分析与双单侧t检验,结果表明受试药与参比药具有生物等效性.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定人血浆中伊托必利的浓度

目的:建立HPLC-MS法测定人血浆中的伊托必利浓度.方法:以舒必利为内标,选用液液萃取法,然后进行LC-MS/MS分析.色谱柱为Phenomenex Luna C18柱(150 mm×2.0 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-10 mmol·L-1甲酸胺水溶液(含0.1%甲酸)(60:40),流速为0.2 mL·min-1,柱温40℃,进样量为10μL,质谱采用ESI正离子方式进行扫描,MRM方式检测,用于定量分析的监测离子为m/z 359.9→71.9(伊托必利)和m/z 343.0→112.2(舒必利).结果:本方法线性范围是0.336～688 ng·mL-1,r=0.999 3,最低定量限为0.336 ng·mL-1.绝对回收率均在80%以上,相对回收率在85%～115%之间,日内、日间RSD均<5%.结论:本方法灵敏、快速和稳定,可用于伊托必利血药浓度检测和药动学研究.     

RP-HPLC梯度洗脱法测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质

目的:建立RP-HPLC梯度洗脱法测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质。方法:Alltima C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(调节pH至4.0)-乙腈进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温35℃,检测波长258nm,进样量20μL。结果:本文色谱条件中盐酸伊托必利与杂质有较好分离,盐酸伊托必利浓度在1～10μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=5),最低检测限为6 ng。结论:本法简便、专属,重复性好,可用于测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质。     

伊托必利对地高辛血药浓度的影响分析

目的:探讨伊托必利对地高辛血药浓度的影响.方法:长期口服地高辛且血药浓度稳定在0.8~2.0ng/mL有效治疗范围内的心力衰竭患者85例,其中45例胃肠功能紊乱患者纳入试验组(服用伊托必利),余下40例胃肠功能正常患者纳入对照组(未服用伊托必利);采用酶放大免疫法测定试验组使用伊托必利前后的地高辛血药浓度,并与对照组进行比较.结果:试验组在服用伊托必利6d后地高辛血药浓度由(1.3±0.4ng/mL)降低至(0.9±0.5ng/mL);年龄较大患者(≥55岁)地高辛血药浓度降低不明显(P<0.05).试验组地高辛血药浓度为(0.9±0.5ng/mL)低于对照组的(1.2±0.4ng/mL)(P<0.05).结论:合用伊托必利可导致地高辛血药浓度降低,但对年龄较大人群影响不明显;应做好用地高辛血药浓度监测和用药教育,确保用药安全、有效.     

RP-HPLC测定血浆中盐酸利托君浓度

目的:测定血浆中盐酸利托君的血药浓度。方法:以盐酸苯氧丙酚胺为内标,色谱柱为C18柱,以乙腈-水-磷酸(83:17:0.05,pH2.5)为流动相,流速2ml.min-1,在检测波长200nm进行测定。结果:盐酸利托君血药浓度在5～200ng.ml-1内有良好的线性关系,回归方程为:Y=0.027X+0.011,r2=0.996,RSD=6.8%。结论:所建方法简便、可靠、准确,可用于盐酸利托君血药浓度的测定。     

胃苏颗粒联合伊托必利对功能性消化不良患者临床研究

目的:探讨胃苏颗粒联合伊托必利对功能性消化不良患者治疗疗效及对胃肠功能和细胞炎性因子影响.方法:选择本院2020年1月—2021年6月收治的功能性消化不良患者120例,按照随机表法分为治疗组与对照组,各60例.对照组患者口服盐酸伊托必利片50 mg/次,3次/d,药物均于餐前30 min服用;治疗组在盐酸伊托必利片基础...     

HPLC法测定盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片的血药浓度及药动学研究

目的:建立盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片体内血药浓度的HPLC测定方法,研究其药动学.方法:色谱柱为DiamodTM C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢铵缓冲液-甲醇(35:65),用磷酸调节pH至3.50.流速为1.0 mL·min-1,柱温为室温.荧光检测激发波长为254 nm,发射波长为308 nm.内标为对羟基苯甲酸丙酯.10例健康受试者服用盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片20 mg,采用HPLC法测定盐酸氟桂利嗪的血药浓度.结果:盐酸氟桂利嗪在1.5～100 ng·mL-1浓度内,其与内标的峰面积的比值与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 8),低、中、高浓度的血浆标准样品的相对回收率在99.10%～101.88%,日内、日间RSD在1.99%～4.44%.盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片AUC0-t为(424.27±74.01)ng·h·mL-1,Cmax为(67.02±14.89)ng·mL-1,Tmax为(2.90±0.42)h,t1/2Ke为(9.73±3.15)h.结论:本试验提供了盐酸氟桂利嗪分散片体内血药浓度的HPLC测定方法及药动学参数,为临床应用提供了依据.     

RP-HPLC法测定盐酸伊托必利片的含量

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸伊托必利片的含量方法。方法：色谱柱为Hypersil ODS2C18柱（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,流动相：0．05mol·L^-1磷酸氢二钠溶液[含0．32％三乙胺,并用磷酸调节pH至5．0]-乙腈（78：22）;流速：1．0ml·min^-1;检测波长：258nm;结果：盐酸伊托必利的浓度在0．5—3．0μg·ml^-1范围内,线性关系良好（r=1．0000）,平均回收率100．2％,RSD为0．5％（n=6）。结论：方法准确、重复性好,可用于盐酸伊托必利片的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中盐酸二甲双胍的浓度

目的:建立HPLC法测定人血浆中的盐酸二甲双胍浓度.方法:血浆在酸性条件下以乙腈沉淀蛋白后,用二氯甲烷萃取纯化,以甲醇-5 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 6.6)(51:49,每100ml中含SDS 0.1 g)为流动相,色谱柱为Hypersil ODS C18柱(5 μm,4.6 mm×150 mm),检测波长为234 nm,柱温40℃.结果:线性范围为125～5 000 ng·ml-1,最低检测限为20ng·ml-1.低、中、高3种浓度的方法回收率分别为105.76%,93.60%和91.89%.日内、日间RSD均小于5%.结论:该法简便、准确、灵敏,可用于盐酸二甲双胍生物利用度和药物动力学研究.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.