辽宁省5岁以下儿童死亡及死因动态变化分析

报道了１９９０～１９９６年辽宁省５岁以下儿童死亡监测结果中的死亡率及前５位死因动态变化情况及分析结果。结果表明新生儿、婴儿、５岁以下儿童死亡率分别由１９９０年（５岁以下儿童死亡率以１９９１年为基数）的２０．２‰、２９．８‰、３０．２‰降至１９９６年的１４．４‰、１９．３‰、２３．３‰；前５位死因均主要是出生窒息、肺炎、早产和低出生体重、先天性心脏病、其它先天异常或颅内出血，多年来死因顺位无有意义的变化；实际死亡率的动态变化与到２０００年“使１９９０年的５岁以下儿童死亡率降低三分之一”的承诺目标死亡率比较、分析结果表明：新生儿、婴儿、５岁以下儿童实际死亡率的年平均递减率分别为５．４％、６．９％、５．１％，都分别高于承诺目标死亡率的年平均递减率（分别为４．０％、４．０％、４．４％）；辽宁省１９９６年的婴儿死亡率（１９．３‰）已达到承诺目标死亡率（１９．９‰），新生儿、５岁以下儿童死亡率可望分别在１９９８年（预测新生儿死亡率为１２．９‰）、１９９９年（预测５岁以下儿童死亡率为１９．９‰）达到承诺目标死亡率（分别为１３．４‰、２０．１‰）。     

福建省5岁以下儿童死亡5年监测分析

「目的」掌握５岁以下儿童死亡率（Ｕ５ＭＲ）,婴儿死亡率（ＩＭＲ）和死因变化。「方法」将１９９５－１９９９年我省１２个县（市）５岁以下儿童生命监测数据运用计算机汉化ＥＰＩ软件处理分析。「结果」５年来Ｕ５ＭＲ、ＩＭＲ逐年下降。１９９５年Ｕ５ＭＲ、ＩＭＲ分别为３４．８‰、２８．９‰,１９９９年分别为２７．８‰、２２．２‰,两个率分别下降了２０．３％、２３．１％,达到我省《儿纲》提出“在１９９５年基础上分别下降１５％”的目标。５年的５岁以下儿童死亡原因分析表明：肺炎和出生窒息有明显下降,而早产和低出生体重以及１～４岁儿童意外死亡有上升的趋势。「结论」今后应加强围产儿阶段的保健,如明显下降,而早产和低出生体重以及１～４岁儿童意外死亡有上升的趋势。「结论」今后应加强围产儿阶段的保健,加强孕产妇系统管理,加强群众健康教育,加     

浙江省婴儿死亡原因监测研究

１９９２年１月１日至１９９６年１２月３１日，通过随机整群抽样技术在浙江省１７个市县的１０８６７８１人中，开展了婴儿死亡的原因的监测研究。结果：婴儿死亡率分别为２１．５９‰，２１．８５‰，２１．０８‰，１７．５９‰，１６．９９‰。五年平均死亡率为１９．９２‰，城市１１．１２‰，农村２２．３０‰。五年中在２８天内死亡的占婴儿死亡总数的６５．％，７３．３％，７２．１％，６８．２％，７３．４％。     

氢氟酸灼伤25例治疗与体会

自１９９３年１０月以来,我科共收治氢氟酸灼伤病人２６例。除１例已被报道猝死于伤后 ４ｈ外 ［１］,余均获满意疗效。现就２５例诊治分析如下。１ 临床资料 本组 ２５例,男 ２０例,女 ５例。年龄 １９～４３岁,平均 ２３岁。均为氟化工段从业工人。灼伤部位：肢体２０例,面颈部１６例,其他部位 ５例。灼伤面积＜０．５％１２例,０．５％～１．０％８例,＞１．０％～５．０％４例,３ ０％０％ｌ例;现场氢氟酸浓度３．０％１例,５９．０％１６例,９５．０％８例。２ 急救与治疗 现场均用自来水冲洗创面超过１０ｍｉｎ。来院后…     

妇幼卫生项目对改善妇女儿童健康状况的研究

新平县和元江县为１９９０～１９９４年项目县，到１９９４年项目周期结束时，每千农村人口拥有卫生人员１．３８人和１．６０人，县乡村专业人员适宜技术培训率达９６．７７％和９５．１２％；５年项目周期内共获专项配套资金１６４万元，妇幼卫生事业费的比重升为８．２１％；行政村级配齐日常工作必需的９件设备；产前检查率升至７７．２５％、３５．８７％，新法接生率新平县年增长１０．８１％，元江县年增长４．８９％，住院分娩率年增长２．９４和２．００％；育龄妇女接种破伤风类毒素获得成功，新生儿破伤风新平县从２０．２４‰下降为０．３４‰，元江县从２．５８‰降至０．６１‰；孕产妇死亡率５年下降５４．９８％，第１位死因由产科出血变为合并内科疾病；新平县婴儿死亡率下降４０．０９％，元江县下降２３．０４％，死亡儿童死前到医院就诊比重逐年上升，未就诊者逐年下降。说明国际合作项目调动了政府和群众参与妇幼卫生的积极性，争取和利用妇幼卫生资源的能力增强，促进了业务指标快速增长。     

厨房油烟污染状况及对厨师外周血淋巴细胞微核率影响的调查

调查和测定了厨房空气中烹调油烟的浓度及厨师外周血淋巴细胞微核率。无脱排油烟机的８间家庭厨房油烟平均浓度为８．２３±４．６７ｍｇ／ｍ３，１１间有脱排油烟机的厨房油烟浓度为２．７５±２．４６ｍｇ／ｍ３；４４家宾馆、饭店的厨房均装有脱排油烟机，空气中油烟的平均浓度为１．２９±０．６５ｍｇ／ｍ３。从上述４４家宾馆、饭店的厨师中随机抽取１１５人测定了外周血淋巴细胞的微核率。结果厨师微核率和微核阳性（微核率≥４‰）率分别为３．２５±５．４４‰和３３．９１％（３９／１１５），显著高于对照组的０．５１±１．２１‰和４．６０％（４／８７），差异有极显著性意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明厨师组微核率和微核阳性率增高可能与接触烹调油烟有关     

郑州市中小学生营养状况调查

随机抽取郑州市１８００名６～１６岁中小学生进行营养现况调查。营养不良２５９人,占１４．３９％;中度与轻度营养不良分别为０．５％,１３．８９％;其中男女生营养不良分别为１２．１１％、１６．６％;肥胖１０２人,占１５．６７％;轻度与明显肥胖分别分２．５６％,３．１％;男女生肥胖分别为６．７％,４．７％。建议提倡膳食多样化,粗细粮搭配,参加体育锻炼。     

护士工作有关疾病的调查

护士工作不仅体力上劳累，精神上也很紧张。本文调查了２１９名护士为受检组，设钟表工１８１人和制线工２９１人分别为肌肉骨骼系统和月经异常发生率的对照组。其结果如下：①护士组的主诉精神紧张者占７８．５％；②肌肉骨骼系统疼痛的症状发生率，上肢、下肢和腰背酸痛分别为２８．３％、５０．５％和３７．０％，明显高于钟表工这种疾病的患病率；③护士的月经异常以痛经和月经周期不规律为主，其发生率分别为２６．９％和４６．１％明显高于制线工的发生率。     

麻疹疫苗初免月龄及接种针次的探讨

１９９３年广西８４个麻疹暴发点的流行病学和血清学调查发现，暴露后１～３月龄、４－５月龄、６～７月龄、８－１１月龄的未接种麻疹疫苗（ＭＶ）儿童的发病率分别为２．５％．１３．０％．１６．３％、１９．７％。血凝抑制抗体阴性率分别为０％、７１．２％．７９．２％．８５．９％。而１一７岁未接种儿童ＭＶ暴露后的发病率为２４．４％。根据所得资料，作者建议ＭＶ免疫可采用两针法，第１针提前到４一６月龄，可降低婴幼儿麻疹发病率，第２针在１５－２３月龄，可弥补因第１针免疫不成功或漏种的易感儿。     

黑龙江省自然人群乙肝疫苗的应用和预防效果的调查

采用随机整群抽样的方法,在省内１０个疾病监测点内调查１～５９岁人群３２７４人,其中农村１８５５人,城市１４１９人。问卷收集流行病学数据,采血并用ＲＩＡ法检测ＨＢｓＡｇ,抗－ＨＢｓ和抗－ＨＢｃ。结果显示,我省人群乙肝疫苗接种率为９．７％,城市高于农村,分别为１５．２％和５．６％,并且年龄越小接种率越高。城市５岁以下高达６７．０％,而２０岁以上成人仅２．７％。接种组的ＨＢｓＡｇ,抗－ＨＢｓ、抗－ＨＢｃ和ＨＢＶ感染率分别为４．７％、５１．４％、２４．５％和２５．７％;而未接种组分别为１０．３％、２６．１％、４６．４％和５３．３％。两组间差别有显著性意义,而且这种差别与年龄相关。     

1997～2003年某铁路局职工工伤流行病学调查

[目的]研究某铁路局工伤的分布特点、发生原因及规律。[方法]对某铁路局所属4个分局1997年至2003年间发生的工伤事故进行回顾性调查，资料用Access 2000建立数据库，使用SPSS 11．5 for Windows统计分析。[结果]工伤粗发生率为23．68／10万，致死工伤粗发生率为3．17／10万。伤害的月份分布中以5月（13．4％）较高，1月份（4．2％）最低。不同时间段的工伤发生率以8：00～10：00最高（28．8％），其次为13：00～15：00（23．0％），有集中于上班后0～1h的倾向。工伤以车辆伤害（31．0％）和高处坠落（16．9％）为主，而违章操作（61.3％）是其主要原因。在调查的10个工种中，工伤在调车工人和机车车辆钳工中的发生率较高，分别为61／10万、59．8／10万。[结论]应加强生产安全教育和管理，采取切实可行的措施控制和减少工伤事故的发生。     

涉外电子行业职业伤害人群流行病学特征

目的了解涉外电子企业职业伤害患者的性别、年龄、职业、伤害类别、伤害程度以及部位等人群流行病学特征，探讨影响职业伤害的有关因素，为制定有效的干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用分层随机整群抽样方法，在深圳市宝安区西乡镇分层随机抽取12家电子行业的工厂共6041名员工作为样本，调查2003年1月1日-12月31日期间职业伤害情况，对其伤害情况进行描述性统计分析。结果职业伤害发生率为16．44％，标化伤害发生率为17．18％；死亡率为33．11／10万。其中男职业伤害发生率为23．76％，女为14．83％。职业伤害主要以16-20岁组男性的伤害率最高（35．80％）；工龄为0-1a和3-4a组的职业伤害发生率居一、二位，分别为25．87％、19．32％；职业伤害发生率的前3位依次是：搬运工（39．85％）、切割工（23．22％）、啤压工（21．43％）；伤害类型前2位是：刺割伤（36．66％）、灼烫（32．62％）。结论涉外电子行业职业伤害发生率较普通人群高，应引起相关部门的重视并采取相应的预防及控制措施。     

珠海市建筑行业职业伤害研究

目的:了解珠海市建筑行业职业伤害情况,并进行原因分析,提出相关预防措施。为职业伤害系统资料的建立提供本底资料,也为政府决策和制订相应管理策略,增进劳动者健康,充分提高劳动效率提供科学依据。方法:根据珠海市劳动和社会保障局1 990～2 0 0 3年间的职业伤害(工伤)认定的资料进行分析。结果:1 990～2 0 0 3年间珠海市建筑行业职业伤害(工伤)人数为35 9人,以男性为主,占96 . 4 %。75 . 2 1 %的职业伤害者年龄<4 0岁。职业伤害者中30 . 6 4 %为四川籍,2 3 .6 8%为广东籍,1 4 .2 1 %为湖南籍。1 990年至2 0 0 3年间轻伤、重伤和死亡的构成比分别为2 8. 4 2 %、4 9 .30 %和2 2 . 2 8%。职业伤害主要类型为高坠(2 6 . 1 2 %)、碰撞伤(1 8. 82 %)和挤压(1 0 .39%)。职业伤害的主要部位为下肢(2 8. 70 %)、上肢(2 0 . 89%)和面部(1 2 . 5 3%)。职业伤害的主要原因为防护装置缺陷(30 . 92 %)、违反操作规程(2 5 . 0 7%)和缺乏安全操作知识(1 4 . 2 1 %)。结论:建筑业是珠海地区的高危险行业,建议改善工作场所安全设施和加强工人的安全教育和培训,从而有助于减少或杜绝建筑业职业伤害的发生。     

2008-2017年乌鲁木齐铁路局职业伤害流行病学特征分析

目的 分析2008-2017年乌鲁木齐铁路局职业伤害的发生情况及特征,为今后预防和控制铁路企业职业伤害事故提供科学依据。方法:采用描述性流行病学调查方法,对该企业10年间发生的职业伤害事故资料进行整理,探索职业伤害的发生规律。结果:10年间该企业职业伤害人数213人,死亡11人(516%),重伤9人(422%),轻伤193人(9061%),年均职业伤害发生率3598/105。伤亡人员平均年龄(4033±994)岁。男性176人,女性37人。系统分布以车辆系统、工务系统比例较高,作业岗位以钳工和乘务人员比例较高。个体相关原因是伤害事故发生的主要原因。伤害类别以操作事故、车辆伤害、高处坠落为主。结论:违反操作规程和安全意识不强是职业伤害发生的主要原因,企业安全监督部门应加大监管力度,强化重点岗位安全教育,减少和杜绝职业伤害的发生。     

鞍钢工伤与职业病及其相关费用的分析

目的　探讨鞍钢工伤、职业病及其费用的发生、发展规律, 为建立鞍钢工伤保险收缴模型提供依据。方法　采用流行病学现况调查方法, 对鞍钢集团公司116家企事业单1997年1月~1999年6月所有工业外伤、职业病及其费用发生情况进行调查与分析。结果　事故发生主要集中在黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业、石油加工及炼焦业(事故率均>3%)等; 事故工亡主要集中发生在普通机械制造业、黑色金属矿采选业(事故工亡率均>3%)等; 职业病发生率以黑色金属矿物采选业位居第一, 其次为非金属矿物制品业、石油加工及炼焦业等; 职业病多为尘肺病, 其次为噪声聋(包括中度和重度听力损伤),个别有焦炉工肺癌、职业性中毒等; 工伤支出费用占工资总额的百分比以铁路运输业为最高(多为工亡事故费用), 其次为黑色金属矿采选业。结论　工伤、职业病的预防与管理应立足于上述行业。     

某造船企业1994-2005年职业伤害流行病学调查

[目的]分析造船企业职业伤害的分布规律和有关危险因素。[方法]收集某造船企业1994年1月至2005年12月间发生并上报的工伤事故个案资料加以整理，用Epidata3．0建立数据库，用SPSS10．0进行统计分析。[结果]11年来总职业伤害事故发生率为3．63％。，轻伤：重伤：死亡比例为70：7．5：1。以〈5年（15．29％）、20．25年（15．92％）、30-35年（18．47％）工龄组发生居多；伤害部位以手指和脚趾为主（31．21％）；事故类型以物体打击最多见（21．66％）；事故原因以个人相关原因为主（54．77％）。[结论]职业伤害是由多种原因造成，其中个人因素和环境因素十分重要，职业伤害的防制应从加强安全教育、改进设备和改善工作环境等方面综合开展。     

Analysis of the mechanisms of minor occupational injuries in the construction industry in Spain

OBJECTIVES: The construction industry produces the highest number of occupational injuries in Spain (25.6%). Of these, 98.5% were minor injuries with 5 million workdays lost in 2000. This occurred even after the recent introduction of numerous health and occupational safety regulations. The objective of the present study was to identify the specific mechanisms of minor occupational injuries in the construction sector. METHODS: In 2000, there were 235,853 minor occupational injuries in the construction industry. From these, injuries in general construction and civil engineering were selected (n = 155,044). These injuries affected both the total number of workers in the sector as well as bricklayers and unskilled construction workers. Insurance and financial activities (n = 2,019) were selected as a reference economic sector. Minor occupational injuries due to nontraumatic processes (heart attack, etc.) were taken as a control group (n = 167), assuming that the risk of nontraumatic processes was independent of economic activities. Odds ratios (OR) were adjusted by age, sex, years of work experience, type of employment and company size through nonconditional logistic regression models. RESULTS: The mechanisms with the highest risk of minor occupational lesions in construction workers as a group compared with employees in the financial sector were projection of fragments (OR = 33.0; 95% CI, 15.3-70.8) and being struck by objects (OR = 18.2; CI 95%, 9.7-34.1). These were also the most specific mechanisms of injury in the subgroup of bricklayers and unskilled construction workers. CONCLUSIONS: Activities aimed at preventing minor occupational injuries in the construction sector should be orientated towards these mechanisms, especially projection of fragments despite the low frequency of this mechanism compared with that of other mechanisms. Case-control design is a useful alternative approach for research into occupational injuries.     

Self-reported occupational injuries among industrial beef slaughterhouse workers in the Midwestern United States

Although workers in meatpacking facilities in the U.S. experience high rates of occupational injury, their injury experiences have received limited research attention. Prior research indicates underreporting in injury rates in this industry as well significant variation in injury rates among facilities. To add detail to the rates and circumstances surrounding occupational injury among meatpacking workers, we conducted a cross-sectional study of workers employed at an industrial beefpacking plant in Nebraska (n = 137) and interviewed workers about recent injury experiences. We assessed frequency, cause and nature of self-reported injury. We estimated annual incidence rates of self-reported injuries using the OSHA formula and compared these rates to industry-wide data. We also evaluated psychological distress in this workforce as measured by the Kessler-6 scale to assess whether distress was associated with recent occupational injury. In this study, 15.1% of workers experienced occupational injuries that required time off work, job transfer, or restriction during the past three months. The estimated annual incidence rate was 15.2 injuries per 100 full-time workers for these injuries at this plant. Rushing was identified as the cause of nearly 50% of injuries, and repetitive work as the cause of an additional 20% of injuries. Use of metal mesh sleeves (POR: 0.10 (p = 0.008)) and metal mesh gloves (POR: 0.41 (p = 0.05) were associated with reduced risk of injury. Use of a carbon steel for knife sharpening (POR: 5.2 (p = 0.02)) was associated with elevated risk of moderate and severe injury. There were no associations between self-reported occupational injury and overall measures of psychological distress. Self-reported incidence rate of severe injury in this plant was more than twice official industry estimates. Worker self-reports may illustrate key areas for injury prevention.     

Assessment of occupational eye injury risk and severity: an analysis of Rhode Island workers' compensation data 1998-2002

BACKGROUND: Occupational eye injuries have been recognized as a serious health risk to workers and are in need of further investigation to develop effective interventions. METHODS: Rhode Island workers' compensation claims of ocular injury between 1998 through 2002 (n=8,877) were examined. The Current Population Survey was used to estimate occupational employment levels as a baseline for rate calculations. RESULTS: The estimated ocular injury claim rate was 32.9 per 10,000 workers (95% CI=32.3-33.6), with the cost of claims totaling $1,514,666 and averaging $171 per claim. The highest estimated claim rate of all occupations was found for construction laborers of 373.7 per 10,000 workers (95% CI=267.1-480.3). Relative to the durable manufacturing industry, the highest risk of injury resulting in disability indemnification was the wholesale trade industry (OR=2.18, 95% CI=1.19-4.01, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Many of the eye injuries reported were likely preventable. Greater diligence, training, and safety precautions are needed to reduce the risk of eye injury to employees.     

Nonfatal occupational injuries and illnesses--United States, 2004

Data collected through a National Electronic Injury Surveillance System occupational supplement (NEISS-Work) provide information on persons treated for nonfatal work-related injuries and illnesses in U.S. hospital emergency departments (EDs). CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health uses these data to monitor injury trends and aid prevention activities. This report summarizes 2004 NEISS-Work injury and illness surveillance data. In 2004, an estimated 3.4 million nonfatal ED-treated injuries and illnesses occurred among workers of all ages, with a rate of 2.5 cases per 100 full-time equivalent (FTE) workers aged > or =15 years. Workers aged <25 years had the highest injury/illness rates. More than three fourths of all nonfatal workplace injuries/illnesses were attributed to contact with objects or equipment (e.g., being struck by a falling tool or caught in machinery), bodily reaction or exertion (e.g., a sprain or strain), and falls. No substantial reduction was observed in the overall number and rate of ED-treated occupational injuries/illnesses during 1996-2004. To reduce occupational injuries/illnesses, interventions should continue to target workers at highest risk and reduce exposure to those workplace hazards with the greatest potential for causing severe injury or death. More emphasis should be placed on prevention-effectiveness studies and dissemination of successful interventions to reduce work-related injuries and illnesses.