2型糖尿病对脑白质高信号影响的研究进展

脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensity,WMH)又称脑白质疏松,是老年人脑小血管病的标志之一,为CT上脑室周围低密度影,MRI T2加权像和液体衰减反转恢复(FLAIR)序列上均呈高信号.有研究表明,年龄与WMH严重程度相关,年龄越大,WMH患者病变程度越重.且WMH与一系列神经系统疾病如...     

伴有脑白质高信号的无症状腔隙性脑梗死患者认知功能特点分析

目的探究脑白质高信号(WMH)与无症状腔隙性脑梗死患者认知功能的相关性及其影响因素。方法选择2010年1月～2018年3月北京市老年脑健康计划社区临床队列的无症状腔隙性脑梗死患者174例,根据MRI对脑白质病变部位及程度分级,脑室周围WMH 0级21例,1级102例,2级39例,3级12例;深部WMH 0级19例,1级53例,2级86例,3级16例。对不同部位、不同程度脑白质病变患者认知功能进行比较。结果无症状腔隙性脑梗死患者随脑室周围WMH分级升高,年龄明显增高(P=0.001)。脑室周围WMH不同分级患者情景记忆、工作记忆和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。深部WMH不同分级患者工作记忆评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示,脑室周围WMH 1级和2级是工作记忆下降的危险因素(β=-0.264,P=0.038;β=-0.325,P=0.011),WMH 3级是MMSE评分下降的危险因素(β=-0.273,P=0.014)。结论伴有WMH的老年无症状腔隙性脑梗死患者记忆能力易受损伤,认知障碍的主要危险因素是脑室周围脑白质病变。     

影响脑微出血严重程度的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响脑微出血严重程度的危险因素。方法连续纳入2011年8月-2015年3月在北京军区总医院经头部磁共振磁敏感加权成像（SWI）证实有脑微出血（CMBs）的患者200例,根据SWI上CMBs的病灶数将其分为轻度（1～5个）组111例,中度（6～15个）组86例,重度（≥15个）组30例。分析影响CMBs严重程度的危险因素。结果①单因素分析结果显示,3组患者性别、年龄、糖尿病、心房颤动、高血压、颈动脉粥样硬化、凝血功能异常及抗血小板聚集治疗差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。微出血的程度随腔隙性脑梗死灶数量、脑白质疏松程度的增加而增加,脑出血率也随着CMBs程度的加重而增加,3组患者差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。中、重度组合并后与轻度组比较,差异仍有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。@Spearman相关分析显示,CMBs程度与腔隙性脑梗死灶数量（r=0．392,P〈0．01）及脑白质疏松程度（r=0．362,P〈0．01）呈正相关。③将中重度组合并后进行多因素Logistic回归分析显示,腔隙性脑梗死灶数量（OR=d．259,95％CI：3．064～5．620,P=0．001）、脑白质疏松程度（OR=3．250,95％CI：2．351～4．665,P=0．005）是影响CMBs程度的独立危险因素。CMBs程度与脑出血呈正相关（OR=1．813,95％CI：1．788～2．581,P=0．029）。结论脑白质疏松程度、腔隙性脑梗死数目及脑出血与CMBs的严重程度密切相关。     

急性腔隙性脑梗死患者脑白质病变程度与血红蛋白水平的关系

目的探讨急性腔隙性脑梗死患者脑白质病变程度与血红蛋白(Hb)的相关性。方法回顾性收集2010年1月—2011年12月入住浙江大学医学院附属第一医院神经内科的急性腔隙性脑梗死患者175例。对所有患者均行头部MRI检查,根据Fazekas的标准,将脑白质病变分为脑室旁周围型(PVWMH)和深部白质型病变(DWMH),并对病变的程度进行评分(0～3分),其中>2分定义为重度病变。采用多因素Logistic回归分析的方法分析Hb水平与脑白质病变程度的相关性。结果①175例患者中,重度PVWMH病变者109例。单因素影响因素分析显示,与轻度病变者比较,重度病变者的年龄高,有卒中史、肾小球滤过率降低及Hb降低(贫血)患者所占的比率高。重度DWMH病变者84例;与轻度病变者比较,年龄高,有高血压史、卒中史、肾小球滤过率降低患者所占的比率高。上述指标比较差异均有统计学意义,均P<0.05。②多因素Logistic回归分析显示,除年龄、卒中史外,Hb降低是影响PVWMH严重程度的独立危险因素(OR=0.97,95%CI:0.946～0.996,P=0.026)。而影响DWMH严重程度的独立危险因素是年龄、高血压史及卒中史,与Hb水平无相关性。结论 Hb水平降低是影响重度PVWMH病变的独立危险因素。     

老年高血压患者收缩压晨峰与脑白质损害的相关性

目的探讨老年高血压患者收缩压晨峰与脑白质损害的相关性。方法选择2015年10月~2016年10月山东省章丘地区筛选的老年原发性高血压患者337例。所有患者进行24h动态血压监测,根据收缩压晨峰现象分为晨峰组150例和非晨峰组187例。采用头颅MRI评估脑白质高信号(white matter hyperintensities,WMH)水平。结果晨峰组总WMH、脑室周围WMH、深部WMH明显高于非晨峰组[(9.05±2.71)ml vs(6.31±2.33)ml,(6.89±2.32)ml vs(4.48±2.02)ml,(2.17±0.89)ml vs(1.83±0.72)ml,P0.01]。收缩压晨峰与总WMH、脑室周围WMH、深部WMH呈正相关(r=0.561,r=0.563,r=0.283,P0.01)。校正混杂因素后,收缩压晨峰是总WMH、脑室周围WMH、深部WMH的独立影响因素(r=0.479,r=0.486,r=0.208,P0.01)。结论收缩压晨峰为脑白质高信号的独立危险因素。     

高血压脑出血血肿并发脑梗死的影响因素

目的探讨高血压脑出血血肿并发脑梗死的影响因素。方法高血压脑出血血肿术后患者183例,收集患者性别、年龄、是否合并糖尿病、高血压病史、血肿量、水肿情况。单因素分析高血压脑出血血肿并发脑梗死的影响因素,多因素回归分析高血压脑出血血肿并发脑梗死的独立危险因素。结果 183例高血压脑出血血肿患者术后并发脑梗死31例、未并发脑梗死152例;两组性别、年龄及是否合并糖尿病比较无统计学差异(P0. 05);并发脑梗死组高血压病史≥15年者多于未并发脑梗死组,血肿量≥35 ml者多于未并发脑梗死组,水肿≥70 cm3者多于未并发脑梗死组,差异均有统计学意义(P0. 05);将上述单因素分析具有统计学差异的因素纳入多因素回归分析表明,高血压病史、血肿量及水肿为高血压脑出血血肿的独立危险因素。结论临床治疗时需高度重视高血压病史、血肿量及水肿情况,降低脑梗死发生。     

用MRI观察高血压患者治疗与非治疗之间脑室周围高信号范围的差别

作者研究了心血管危险因素和脑室周围高信号(PVHs)之间的联系,并回顾评价高血压患者治疗与非治疗之间PVHs范围的差别。 从939例患者中选择达到下列条件的238例:(1)年龄在40岁以上;(2)完整的临床和实验室资料,包括尿液分析、全血计数、空腹血糖、HBA_1c及在空腹状态下对肝脏和肾脏功能的血液化学检查;(3)高血压治疗的可靠详情;(4)当疑有糖尿病(DM)时进行了口服75g葡萄糖耐量试验;(5)没有多发性硬化、脑肿瘤和脑白质病的病史;和(6)MRI检查没有伪影及对PVH等级的评价有足够的质量保证。高血     

腔隙性脑梗死与脑白质疏松的相关性

目的 探讨腔隙性脑梗死在不同程度脑白质疏松患者中的发生率及两者之间的关系。方法 连续收集2012年6月至2012年12月在北京军区总医院就诊并经核磁共振成像检查确诊为脑白质疏松患者130例作为病例组,同期选取130例无脑白质疏松症的健康体检者为对照组,按照病例-对照研究设计,对所有患者均进行头颅核磁共振成像检查,观察脑白质疏松的严重程度,并记录腔隙性脑梗死的数目。结果 腔隙性脑梗死在脑白质疏松患者中的发生率明显高于对照组。脑白质疏松的严重程度与腔隙性脑梗死的数目呈正相关（r＝0.921,P＝0.000）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄、高血压、腔隙性脑梗死是脑白质疏松发生的独立危险因素。结论 腔隙性脑梗死的发生与脑白质疏松有一定的相关性。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与老年抑郁症的相关性研究

目的探讨脑梗死患者中的老年抑郁症与其颈动脉粥样硬化及MRI上的白质高信号是否存在相关性。方法从南京卒中注册系统中选取2002年1月至2006年1月入院的189例脑梗死患者作为病例组,从入院患者中选取188例无脑梗死患者作为对照组。行颈动脉血管造影和颈部血管超声评价颈动脉狭窄和颈动脉内膜厚度。所有患者均行MRI检查对白质高信号的程度进行评估。结果病例组中高血压、糖尿病、缺血性心脏病、老年抑郁症的发生率显著高于对照组,而且病例组颈动脉狭窄和白质病变的严重程度显著高于对照组(P0.05)。老年抑郁症与颈动脉粥样硬化及白质高信号密切相关。白质高信号评分与脑梗死患者的抑郁程度密切相关,这种联系在对年龄及脑血管病危险因素进行校正后仍然存在(P0.05)。结论老年抑郁症的发生可能与颈动脉粥样硬化引起的血流动力学改变有关。     

脑白质疏松与脑大血管疾病危险因素的异同

目的：探讨脑白质疏松（LA ）与脑大血管疾病（LVD ）在流行病学危险因素上的异同。方法回顾性纳入307名脑梗死或TIA的患者,通过头颅MRI评估LA ,血管DSA评估LVD ,同时登记患者血管危险因素。根据头颅MRI和DSA评估结果将患者分成三组：LA组,LVD组及对照组。应用单因素和多因素分析探讨各个危险因素在三组之间的差异。结果性别、年龄、高血压、糖尿病、同型半胱氨酸（Hcy ）、总胆固醇（TC ）、低密度脂蛋白（LDL ）、吸烟史、他汀类用药史在三组患者中分布不全相同（ P＜0.05）。年龄、高血压、Hcy与LA呈正相关（OR＝1.12-5.66,P＜0.01）;年龄、男性、高血压、糖尿病与LVD呈正相关（OR＝1.08-4.19,P＜0.01）。结论 LA与LVD在病因学上既有相同的危险因素,同时也存在着显著的差异。     

Association of prothrombotic status with markers of cerebral small vessel disease in elderly hypertensive patients

BackgroundAging and hypertension are well-known risk factors for cerebral white matter lesions. Prothrombotic status has been shown to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In this study, we investigated the relationships among prothrombotic status, ambulatory blood pressure (ABP), and white matter hyperintensity (WMH) in elderly hypertensives.MethodsMeasurement of prothrombin fragments 1+2 (F1+2), von Willebrand Factor (vWF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), ABP monitoring (ABPM), and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed in 514 Japanese elderly hypertensives (72.3 years old, male 37%). WMH cases were further divided into deep subcortical white matter lesion (DWML) or periventricular hyperintensity (PVH).ResultsDeep WMH (DWMH) had significant positive correlations with age, use of antiplatelet agents, log F1+2, log vWF, log PAI-1, and 24-h systolic BP (SBP). PVH had significant positive correlations with age, male gender, smoking, use of antiplatelet agents, white coat hypertension (WCH), log vWF, and 24-h SBP. Severe PVH had significant positive correlations with age, use of antiplatelet agents, WCH, and 24-h SBP, and that was marginally correlated with log F1+2. In the logistic linear regression analysis, log F1+2 was significantly associated with DWMH (P < 0.01) and severe PVH (P < 0.05) adjusted for age and 24-h SBP. Log PAI-1 was significantly associated with DWMH (P < 0.05) adjusted for age and 24-h SBP.ConclusionsIn the present study, F1+2 and PAI-1 were positively associated with WMH after adjustment for 24-h SBP in elderly hypertensives. In addition to the conventional risk factors, prothrombotic status might serve as a significant determinant for WMH.American Journal of Hypertension 2012; doi:10.1038/ajh.2012.85.     

Recent Advances in Leukoaraiosis: White Matter Structural Integrity and Functional Outcomes after Acute Ischemic Stroke

Leukoaraiosis, a radiographic marker of cerebral small vessel disease detected on T2-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as white matter hyperintensity (WMH), is a key contributor to the risk and severity of acute cerebral ischemia. Prior investigations have emphasized the pathophysiology of WMH development and progression; however, more recently, an association between WMH burden and functional outcomes after stroke has emerged. There is growing evidence that WMH represents macroscopic injury to the white matter and that the extent of WMH burden on MRI influences functional recovery in multiple domains following acute ischemic stroke (AIS). In this review, we discuss the current understanding of WMH pathogenesis and its impact on AIS and functional recovery.     

Relation between the clock drawing test (CDT) and structural changes of brain in dementia

The CDT is a useful screening instrument for assessing cognition. The aim of this study is to identify which structural change of the brain is related with the CDT performance. Eighty-four patients with memory impairment were enrolled. The Korean versions of the mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) and the modified mini-mental state (3MS) test, and the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery (SNSB) were given to every subject. Four CDT scoring methods were used. The cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH), cortical atrophy (CA), ventricular enlargement (VE), and medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) were rated by two neurologists who were kept "blind" to the clinical information. The cognitive and executive functions were significantly correlated with the CDT performance. The degree of WMH and MTA showed an inverse relation with the CDT performance. The periventricular WMH (PVH) contributed more to impairment of CDT, than that of the deep WMH (DWMH). This study suggests that a combination of executive dysfunction via the frontal-subcortical disruption due to the PVH and memory impairment due to the MTA might be responsible for further worsening on the CDT.     

Relationship between interleukin‐6 and cerebral deep white matter and periventricular hyperintensity in elderly women

Aim: We evaluated the relationships between serum levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hsCRP) and interleukin (IL)‐6 with the severity of leukoaraiosis. Methods: One hundred and thirty‐seven elderly women who attended the Center for Comprehensive Care on Memory Disorders at Kyorin University Hospital were enrolled in this study. Leukoaraiosis was assessed by periventricular hyperintensity (PVH) score and deep white matter hyperintensity (DWMH) score. Results: Serum log IL‐6 level correlated with PVH and DWMH scores, but hsCRP did not. By multinomial logistic analysis, IL‐6 was significantly related to DWMH score, independent of age and systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: IL‐6 is presumably an important marker of leukoaraiosis, as is the case with silent cerebral infarction. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 11: 328–332.     

Do white matter changes have clinical significance in Alzheimer's disease?

BACKGROUND: Although white matter changes visible with MRI are generally considered to result from ischemia, it has become clear that these changes also appear in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, their significance in AD is unknown. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the clinical significance of white matter changes in AD. METHODS: Ninety-six AD patients (79.4 +/- 5.92 years old) and 48 age-matched control subjects (80.0 +/- 7.03 years old) participated in the study. Three neuroradiologists assessed the degree of periventricular hyperintensities (PVH) and deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMH) using a modified Fazekas' rating scale. We examined whether there was a difference in the severity and the histogram pattern of the white matter changes, or in vascular factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and ischemic heart disease) between the two groups. We also analyzed the association between the severity of the white matter changes and the degree of dementia (MMSE score and disease duration). RESULTS: There were no differences in the vascular factors between AD and control subjects. The degree of PVH in AD was severe compared with that in the control subjects. In histograms of the number of subjects with each degree of PVH severity, the distribution of AD patients had peaks at both the low and intermediate degrees of PVH, while most of the controls had a low degree of PVH. There was no difference in the degree or the histogram pattern of DWMH between the two groups. The severity of white matter changes was not associated with severity of dementia in AD. CONCLUSIONS: Although PVH might have several causative factors, and may have some clinical significance, the change itself does not contribute to the progression of AD.     

Association between carotid hemodynamics and asymptomatic white and gray matter lesions in patients with essential hypertension.

The aim of this study was to clarify the magnitude of common carotid artery (CCA) structural and hemodynamic parameters on brain white and gray matter lesions in patients with essential hypertension (EHT). The study subjects were 49 EHT patients without a history of previous myocardial infarction, atrial fibrillation, diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, chronic renal failure, symptomatic cerebrovascular events, or asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. All patients underwent brain MRI and ultrasound imaging of the CCA. MRI findings were evaluated by periventricular hyperintensity (PVH), deep and subcortical white matter hyperintensity (DSWMH), and état criblé according to the Japanese Brain dock Guidelines of 2003. Intima media thickness (IMT), and mean diastolic (Vd) and systolic (Vs) velocities were evaluated by carotid ultrasound. The Vd/Vs ratio was further calculated as a relative diastolic flow velocity. The mean IMT and max IMT were positively associated with PVH, DSWMH, and état criblé (mean IMT: rho=0.473, 0.465, 0.494, p=0.0007, 0.0014, 0.0008, respectively; max IMT: rho=0.558, 0.443, 0.514, p=0.0001, 0.0024, 0.0004, respectively). Vd/Vs was negatively associated with état criblé (rho=-0.418, p=0.0038). Carotid structure and hemodynamics are potentially related to asymptomatic lesions in the cerebrum, and might be predictors of future cerebral vascular events in patients with EHT.     

Cerebral white matter hyperintensity is mainly associated with hypertension among the components of metabolic syndrome in Koreans

Background  Cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH) is a common abnormality in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is known to be associated with ischaemic stroke. Previous studies revealed that the risk factors for cerebral WMH were age, female gender, hypertension and diabetes. In this study we examined the association between cerebral WMH and metabolic syndrome, a cluster of hypertension, glucose intolerance, abdominal obesity and dyslipidaemia.
Methods and results  We reviewed the results of brain MRI of 5498 subjects who underwent routine check-ups including laboratory tests at the Seoul National University Health Care System. Among the subjects who met the inclusion criteria ( n  = 5104), 1693 (33·2%) had cerebral WMH. They were characterized by old age, female predominance, higher body mass index (BMI), larger waist circumference, higher blood pressure, higher fasting plasma glucose level, and higher haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). In multivariate analyses, age, female gender and hypertension were the independent risk factors for cerebral WMH. Metabolic syndrome was associated with cerebral WMH after adjusting for age and gender [odds ratio (OR) 1·20, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·04–1·39, P  = 0·014]. Among the components of metabolic syndrome, hypertension was independently associated with cerebral WMH (OR 1·20, 95% CI 1·05–1·38, P  = 0·007).
Conclusion  Age, female gender and hypertension were risk factors for cerebral WMH in the Korean population. Cerebral WMH was also associated with metabolic syndrome; however, metabolic syndrome offered no advantage over hypertension alone in predicting cerebral WMH.     

A neuroradiological study on the influence of cerebral atrophy and white matter lesion on cognitive function in the elderly

We investigated the influence of brain atrophy and white matter lesions on cognitive function in elderly people. We selected 33 subjects (mean age, 79.2 +/- 5.1yrs) with a MMSE score from 14 to 30 who had no previous history of stroke from the outpatients in the Memory Clinic of our hospital. These subjects were divided into four groups on the basis of their MMSE score as follows: 14-20; moderate dementia (Moderate-D, n = 9), 21-23; mild dementia (Mild-D, n = 9), 24-27; mild cognitive impairment (MCI, n = 10), 28-30; normal (Normal, n = 5). Among these four groups, we compared the frequency of the associated risk factors for cerebral infarction (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, heart disease), and the severity of brain atrophy and cerebral white matter lesion which were visually evaluated by MRI technique. Brain atrophy and white matter lesions were assessed by reviewing the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, and deep white matter lesion (DWML) and periventricular hyperintensity (PVH), respectively. Brain atrophy was divided into three grades (mild, moderate, severe) and white matter lesions were classified into four grades (0-3) using Fazekas's criteria. We performed statistical analysis to detect t parameters which correlate with and influence MMSE scores from among the MRI findings. The cases with dementia were all diagnosed as Alzheimer's disease. There were no significant differences among the four groups in mean age, the incidence of individual associated risk factors, the severity of cortical atrophy, or the grade of DWML (< or = 2) and PVH (< or = 2). However, the frequency of hippocampal atrophic change greater than a moderate grade increased in parallel with the exacerbation of reduced cognitive function (Normal; 20%, MCI: 40%, Mild-D; 56%, Moderate-D 89%), and approximately 76% with such a change were AD cases. Statistical analysis showed a significant negative correlation between the grade of hippocampal atrophy and MMSE score (r = -0.518, p < 0.005) and a great influence of hippocampal atrophy on that score (step-wise regression analysis: r = 0.518, p < 0.005). From the above results, it was suggested that more than moderate atrophic change in the hippocampus might possibly be related with cognitive impairment and that both DWML and PVH less than the second grade had little influence on the decline of brain function.     

Subject Index to Volume 25

We assessed whether subitem scores on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) associated independently with cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH) and lacunar infarction (LI). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and neuropsychological evaluation (MMSE) were performed in 1008 elderly individuals from the Ohasama Study (348 men, 660 women [65.5%]; age 68.0 ± 6.0 [mean ± SD] years; MMSE score, 26.5 ± 2.9). The relationships between MRI findings and MMSE subitem scores were analyzed by logistic regression. Significant associations were observed between the MMSE subitems “Orientation to place” and WMH, and “Copy a figure” and LI. Pathological changes were detected by brain MRI associated with a decrease in cognitive function in healthy elderly individuals.     

Diabetes mellitus, hypertension and medial temporal lobe atrophy: the LADIS study.

HYPOTHESIS: Based on recent findings on the association between vascular risk factors and hippocampal atrophy, we hypothesized that hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM) are associated with medial temporal lobe atrophy (MTA) in subjects without disability, independent of the severity of white matter hyperintensities. METHODS: In the Leukoaraiosis And DISability in the elderly (LADIS) study, we investigated the relationships between DM, hypertension, blood pressure and MTA in 582 subjects, stratified by white matter hyperintensity severity, using multinomial logistic regression. MTA was visually scored for the left and right medial temporal lobe (score 0-4), and meaned. RESULTS: Mean age was 73.5 years (sd 5.1), 54% was female. Of the subjects, 15% had DM, and 70% had a history of hypertension. The likelihood of having MTA score 3 was significantly higher in subjects with DM (OR 2.9; 95% CI: 1.1-7.8) compared with an MTA score of 0 (no atrophy). The odds ratio for MTA score 2 was not significantly increased (OR 1.8; CI: 0.9-4). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a history of hypertension were not associated with MTA. There was no interaction between DM and hypertension. Stratification on white matter hyperintensities (WMH) did not alter the associations. CONCLUSION: Our study strengthens the observation that MTA is associated with DM, independently of the amount of small vessel disease as reflected by WMH.