β—七叶皂甙对脊髓缺血损害保护作用的实验研究

目的 观察兔脊髓缺血再灌注损害时β－七叶皂甙的保护作用，并探讨其可能的作用机制。方法 家兔１２只，随机分为缺血再灌注组（组Ⅰ，ｎ＝６）和β－七叶皂甙组（组Ⅱ，ｎ＝６）。肾下阻断腹主动脉ｍｉｎ后开放组Ⅱ于阴断前１０ｍｉｎ， 脉注射β－七叶皂甙１ｍｇ／ｋｇ后，继以０．１５ｍｇ／ｋｇ·ｈ微量泵持续给药至主动脉开放组Ⅰ则以同样方法静脉注射等容量生理盐水作对照。采不同时相动脉血，分别测定血浆血管紧张素－Ⅱ（     

神经节苷脂GM1对应激性高血压大鼠MCAO后脑组织内Na^＋K^＋—ATP…

采用ＳＤ大鼠，通过应激的方法制备高血压模型，并在此基础上阻断一侧大脑中动脉（ＭＣＡＯ）造成局灶性脑缺血，观察了缺血后３、１２、２４ｈ，神经细胞膜Ｎａ＾＋Ｋ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性的变化，同时观察了神经节苷脂ＧＭ１对其活性的影响，结果发现，随缺血时间的延长酶活性逐渐降低ＧＭ１，术前３０ｍｉｎ给药（１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）能明显抑制缺血后３ｈ酶活性的下降，但对缺血后１２、２４ｈ酶活性的下降无改善作用，提示ＧＭ１     

L-NNA减少大鼠脑缺血后脑区NO的生成(论著摘要)

近年来的研究已经肯定了一氧化氮（ＮＯ）参与脑缺血的损伤过程，选择易于透过血脑屏障的ωＮ－硝基左旋精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ）并采用不同剂量，观察其对脑缺血时脑区ＮＯ生成的影响。１　材料和方法　雄性ＳＤ大鼠（每组１０只），随机分为假手术组、脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ组、脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ＋Ｌ－ＮＮＡ（０．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）组、脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ＋Ｌ－ＮＮＡ（１ｍｇ／ｋｇ）组和脑缺血１０ｍｉｎ＋Ｌ－ＮＮＡ（５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）组，实验当日所用的Ｌ－ＮＮＡ按需溶于１ｍＬ生理盐水（ｐＨ７．０），于缺血前３０ｍｉｎ腹腔注射，假手术组用１…     

氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠肾素—血管紧张素II水平的影响

目的：运动物验观察氯沙坦对自发性高血压大鼠（ＳＨＲ）血浆、下丘脑肾活性（ＲＡ）和血管紧张素ＩＩ（ＡｎｇＩＩ）水平的影响。方法：１６只雄性６周龄ＳＨＲ随机分为氯沙坦治疗组（ＳＨＲ＋Ｌ）和对照组（ＳＨＲ），另以８只同龄雄性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ－Ｋｙｏｔｏ大和为正常对照组（ＷＫＹ），氯沙坦组按３０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１，氯沙坦组按３０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１约药，用药１８周后采用放免法检测血浆和下丘脑中ＲＡ和Ａｎｇ     

一氧化氮合酶抑制对戊四氮诱导大鼠点燃模型及该酶阳性神经元的影响

目的：探讨一氧化氮（ＮＯ）在癫痫发病中的作用。方法：ｉｐ４０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１戊四氮３０ｍｉｎ前注射２５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１的Ｎ＾Ｇ－硝基－左旋－精氨酸（Ｌ－ＮＮＡ），连续２２ｄ，观察两组的行为改变及点燃率，同时对３组动物海马，大脑皮质一氧化氮合酶（ＮＯＳ）阳性神经元的变化输入图像扫描仪，对其胞体平均灰度值进行比较。结果：Ｌ－ＮＮＡ可明显抑制戊四氮点燃模型；戊四氮点燃大鼠模型海马，大脑皮质神经元的ＮＯＳ活性显著增高。结论：ＮＯ参与了戊四氮点燃模型的形成。     

L—NAME加重强啡肽致脊髓损伤作用

大鼠脊髓蛛网膜下腔注射（ｉ．ｔ．）强啡肽Ａ１－１７（ＤｙｎｏｒｐｈｉｎＡ１－１７，Ｄｙｎ）１．２５～２０ｎｍｏｌ可引起剂量依赖性后肢和尾部瘫痪。其中１．２５和２．５ｎｍｏｌ运动功能无影响，在１０ｎｍｏｌ为致一过性瘫痪剂量，脊髓无明显病理变化，２０ｎｍｏｌ为致持久性瘫痪剂量，脊髓发生进行性中央性坏死，一氧化氮合成酶抑制Ｎ＾６０－硝基－左旋精氨酸甲酯（Ｌ－ＮＡＭＥ）ｉ．ｔ．１～５μｍｏｌ时对正常大鼠     

氟桂嗪长程给药对实验性高脂血症大鼠脑卒中的防治作用

采用实验性高脂血症动物模型研究了氟桂嗪０．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１和２．０ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１服用，连续１４周，对大鼠血浆脂质，血小板聚集性的影响以及对大脑中动脉结扎后脑梗塞体积的影响。结果表明：氟桂嗪两剂量均降低实验性高脂血症大鼠的血小板聚集性和脑卒中的梗塞体积；同时使血浆ＴＧ降低 ０．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ＾－１．ｄ＾－１还升高ＨＤＬ，但对血浆ＣＨＯ及ＬＤＬ无影响。     

异丙酚及缺血预处理联合对主动脉阻断致脊髓损伤的保护

目的 探讨缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning,IPC)和异丙酚（Propofol）预处理对兔主动脉阻断所致脊髓损伤的防治作用其可能作用机制。 方法 本实验有二处理因素：缺血预处理及异丙酚预处理。采用2×2析因实验设计,分四个实验组：缺血再灌注损伤组（A组,空白组）、缺血预处理组（B组）、异丙酚组（C组）及缺血预处理和异丙酚联合预处理组（D组）。雄性日本大白兔32只,随机分为4组,每组8只。各组阻断腹主动脉40min,再灌注7d。B组IPC5min,再灌注30min后阻断腹主动脉40min,再灌注7d;C组静注异丙酚5mg/kg 10min后阻断腹主动脉40min,再灌注7d;D组IPC5min,,再灌注20min时静注异丙酚5mg/kg,再灌注30min时阻断腹主动脉血流40分钟,再灌注7天。分别测定阻断前10min（C-10）、开放前即刻（C40）、再灌注60min（R60）及7d（R7d）血清MDA、SOD;观察术后后肢神经功能;脊髓病理学观察;脊髓凋亡神经元。 结果 ①缺血再灌注后B、C、D组MDA值明显高于C-10值及A组相应时点值（p<0.05）, SOD值变化同MDA变化相反（p<0.05）; B组缺血后各时点MDA值明显低于C组(P<0.05), D组缺血后各时点MDA值明显低于B、C组(P<0.05),SOD值变化同MDA变化相反（p<0.05）。②B、C、D组凋亡细胞数明显少于A组(P<0.05); B组明显少于C组(P<0.05),D组明显少于B、C组(P<0.05)。③B、C、D组瘫痪发生率明显低于A组(P<0.05),B组瘫痪发生率明显低于C组(P<0.05),D组瘫痪发生率明显低于B、C组(P<0.05);B、C、D组后肢神经功能评分明显高于A组(P<0.05), B组后肢神经功能评分高于C组(P<0.05),D后肢神经功能评分高于B、C组(P<0.05)。④ D组脊髓病理变化明显轻于A、B、C组(P<0.05)。结论 缺血预处理和异丙酚预处理对兔主动脉阻断所致脊髓损伤都有良好的防治作用;缺血预处理对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤的作用明显好于异丙酚;缺血预处理和异丙酚联合应用对脊髓缺血再灌注损伤有更加良好的防治作用,表现出一定的交互作用。缺血预处理和异丙酚联合预处理对兔主动脉阻断所致脊髓损伤其机制可能与其抗氧化反应作用有关。     

骨基质明胶诱导修复颅骨缺损的试验及应用

骨基质明胶诱导修复颅骨缺损的试验及应用孙远标张秋玲张少泉张修宝王新标辛昌明田进军一、动物试验１．材料和方法：２～３ｋｇ重的家兔１２只，胶片状家兔颅盖骨骨基质明胶（ｒＢＭＧ）若干。（１）实验组家兔８只，静注２．５％戊巴比妥钠２ｍｌ／ｋｇ麻醉后，头顶剃毛...     

硫酸镁对大鼠脑缺血再灌流损伤保护作用的研究

目的:探讨ＭｇＳＯ４对大鼠脑缺血再灌流损伤的保护作用。方法:线栓法将ＳＤ大鼠制成脑缺血再灌流模型,分组测定脑组织Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性、ＭＤＡ、ＮＯ含量。结果:治疗１组(３００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１)和治疗２组(６００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１)与对照组比较,Ｎａ＋－Ｋ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性增加,ＭＤＡ、ＮＯ含量降低,且治疗２组比治疗１组作用更明显。结论:ＭｇＳＯ４对脑缺血再灌流损伤有保护作用,６００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１较３００ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１更显著。     

The neuroendocrinology of stress and the pathophysiology and therapy of depression and anxiety

Clinical and preclinical studies have gathered substantial evidence that stress response alterations play a major role in the development of major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. The stress response, the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical (HPA) system and its modulation by corticotropin-releasing hormones (CRH),corticosteroids,and their receptors, and the roles of natriuretic peptides and neuroactive steroids are described. We review the role of the HPA system in major depression, panic disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder and its possible relevance for treatment. Impaired glucocorticoid receptor function in major depression is associated with an excessive release of neurohormones such as CRH, to which a number of signs and symptoms characteristic of depression can be ascribed. In panic disorder, a role of central CRH in panic attacks has been suggested. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is causally involved in sodium lactate-induced panic attacks. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical data on its anxiolytic activity suggest that nonpeptidergic ANP receptor ligands may be potentially useful in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by a peripheral hyporesponsive HPA system and elevated CRH concentrations in the CSF. This dissociation is probably related to an increased risk of this disorder. We further review recent data that describe an important role of GABA(A)-receptor modulatory,3 alpha-reduced neuroactive steroids in major depression, anxiety, and its treatment. Antidepressants are effective in both depression and anxiety disorders and have major effects on the HPA system,especially on glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors. Normalization of HPA system abnormalities is a strong predictor of the clinical course, at least in major depression and panic disorder. Currently,CRH-R1 or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists and ANP receptor agonists are being studied and may provide future treatment options more closely related to the pathophysiology of these disorders.     

Polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 and risk of avoidant and obsessive personality traits and disorders

We investigated whether polymorphisms of the dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) and polymorphisms of the dopamine D3 receptor (DRD3) were associated with personality disorder symptomatology rather than with personality traits such as novelty seeking. DNA was obtained from 145 depressed patients in a clinical trial. These patients were assessed for the presence of personality disorder symptoms and disorders. The 2-repeat allele of the DRD4 exon III polymorphism was associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The T,T genotype of the DRD4 -521 C>T polymorphism was also associated with increased rates of avoidant and obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. The Gly9,Gly9 genotype of the DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism was associated with increased rates of obsessive personality disorder symptomatology. None of these three polymorphisms were associated with novelty seeking or other temperament traits on the Temperament and Character Inventory. Our results suggest that genetic polymorphisms of DRD4 and DRD3 may well be associated with personality traits, and that conflicting findings to date may arise from the problem of phenotype definition.     

沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用

本文目的是对沙盘游戏疗法在地中海贫血患儿心理干预中的应用进行综述,以期为地中海贫血患儿的心理康复提供参考。地中海贫血是以珠蛋白生成障碍为主要特征的遗传性疾病,由于长期输血治疗,患儿存在较多的心理和行为问题。沙盘游戏疗法作为一种有效、实用的儿童心理治疗方法,对提高地中海贫血患儿的康复效果、改善生存质量有重要的临床意义。     

癫痫共病抑郁的机制及临床诊疗

本文目的是探讨癫痫共病抑郁的可能机制及临床诊疗。癫痫是一种常见的、慢性的、致残性的神经疾病,癫痫患者生活质量下降,存在明显的负性情绪,常伴发各种精神疾病。癫痫与抑郁具有共同的神经生物学基础,可能存在共同的发病机制。本文从癫痫共病抑郁的发病机制、临床诊断及治疗方面予以总结归纳。     

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy

Decades of intervention research have produced a rich body of evidence on the effects of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies with children and adolescents. Here we summarize and critique that evidence. We review findings bearing on the efficacy of psychosocial treatments and medications under controlled experimental conditions. We also report evidence, where available, on the effectiveness of both classes of treatment with clinically referred youth treated in real-world clinical contexts. In general, the large body of evidence on efficacy contrasts sharply with the small base of evidence on effectiveness. Addressing this gap through an enriched research agenda could contribute importantly to linking scientific inquiry and clinical practice—to the benefit of both ventures. This is one element of a multifaceted agenda for future research and for synthesis of research, which will require the interplay of multiple disciplines related to child and adolescent mental health.     

Seclusion and restraint and prediction of violence

The authors studied the use of seclusion and restraint on an inpatient unit in a state psychiatric hospital. Of 69 randomly selected inpatients, 51% experienced seclusion or restraint at least once. More psychotic than nonpsychotic patients required seclusion or restraint. However, neither psychosis/nonpsychosis nor voluntary/involuntary admission status predicted the likelihood of violent threats or actions. Patients experiencing seclusion and restraint showed a nonsignificant trend toward longer mean length of stay in the hospital. The frequency of patient behavior leading to seclusion or restraint appeared to be directly related to the stimulation caused by the presence of many staff members and other patients.     

Comparison of trigeminal and spinal modulation of pain and nociception

Modulation of pain and nociception by noxious counterstimulation, also called "diffuse noxious inhibitory controls" or DNIC-like effect, is often used in studies of pain disorders. It can be elicited in the trigeminal and spinal innervation areas, but no study has previously compared effects in both innervation areas. Therefore, we performed a study comparing DNIC-like effects on the nociceptive flexion reflex (NFR) and the nociceptive blink reflex as well as the respective pain sensations. In 50 healthy volunteers, the blink reflex elicited with a concentric electrode and the NFR were recorded before and after immersion of the contralateral hand in cold water. Responses were recorded as the subjective pain sensation and the reflex size. The cold water immersion of the contralateral hand elicited a reduction of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude following the stimulation of both reflexes. However, there were no strong correlations between the individual reductions of both subjective pain sensation and reflex amplitude for both reflexes, and neither when results of the two reflexes were compared with each other. The dissociation between DNIC-like effects on pain and on nociception, which had been found previously already for the NFR, implies that both effects need to be studied separately.