Mechanisms of Veno-Occlusion within and outside the Canine Corpus Cavernosum Penis Using a Pressure-Flow Technique and Cavernoso-Venography

Background : Physiological erection of the penis requires multiple mechanisms causing an increase in the arterial blood influx into, and decrease in the venous drainage out of the cavernous space. Methods : We investigated the extent and location of the venous occlusion that occurs with penile erection within (intrinsic mechanism) and outside (extrinsic mechanism) the corpus cavernosum penis, using 15 adult male mongrel dogs. Under controlled flows produced by a combination of aortic ligation and constant infusion of saline into the corpus cavernosum penis, or into the deep dorsal vein, pressures within the cavernous space or deep dorsal vein were measured before and after electrical stimulation of the pelvic splanchnic (pelvic nerve), the hypogastric, and pudendal nerve. An increase in pressure following nerve stimulations represented an increase in outflow resistance due to occlusion of the venous system. Pre- and post-stimulation radiologic evaluations were performed to determine the site(s) of venous occlusion. Results : Unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve caused leftward shift of the corporeal pressure-flow curve. Bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve caused a marked rise in deep dorsal vein pressure. Conclusions : Both intrinsic and extrinsic venous occlusion mechanisms exist and that the former is activated primarily by unilateral stimulation of the pelvic nerve and the latter by bilateral stimulation of the pudendal nerve. The occlusion site for the extrinsic mechanism was localized to where the dorsal vein penetrates the muscles at the base of the pelvis, whereas the precise site for the intrinsic mechanism could not be determined.     

阴茎包埋对海绵体内一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的:探讨阴茎包埋对海绵体内一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性的影响。方法:通过建立大鼠隐匿阴茎模型获得实验标本,分2个月组、4个月组和6个月组进行观测,每组80只大鼠。各阶段中包括包埋组(n=50)、假手术组(n=15)和正常组(n=15)。称量大鼠体重和海绵体重量后,采用化学比色法检测海绵体内NOS活性。结果:各阶段包埋组阴茎海绵体重量、体重及两者的比值与正常组和假手术组比较均无显著性差异(P>0.05);包埋降低大鼠阴茎海绵体组织的NOS活性(2个月组P>0.05,4个月组P<0.05,6个月组P<0.01)。结论:阴茎包埋可影响海绵体内NOS活性,且与包埋时间呈正相关,但对海绵体外观和重量无明显影响。     

L型钙离子通道Cav1.3和兰尼碱受体RyR1在老龄大鼠阴茎海绵体中的表达

目的:研究L型钙离子通道(Cav1.3)及兰尼碱受体(RyR1)在老龄大鼠阴茎海绵体中的表达,为探索老龄性ED发生机制提供依据。方法:A组(2月龄)和B组(18月龄)雄性健康清洁组SD大鼠各10只,测其血清睾酮,采用RT-PCR和免疫组化方法分析两组Cav1.3和RyR1在阴茎海绵体的表达。结果:血清睾酮值在B组较A组显著下降[(1 356±424)ng/Lvs(2 744±964)ng/L,P<0.05]。免疫组化结果积分吸光度(IA)值B组中Cav1.3蛋白表达较A组显著下降(18.65±8.47vs75.48±14.28,P<0.05),B组中RyR1蛋白表达较A组显著下降(21.37±9.64vs78.23±13.57,P<0.05)。Cav1.3 mRNA在B组阴茎海绵体表达较A组显著下降(0.382±0.046vs1.137±0.415,P<0.05),RyR1 mRNA在B组阴茎海绵体表达较A组显著下降(0.146±0.053vs1.215±0.261,P<0.05)。结论:Cav1.3和RyR1在老龄性大鼠阴茎海绵体中表达的降低可能是老龄性ED的发生机制之一。     

外伤性阴茎海绵体破裂的诊断与治疗（附12例报告）

目的：总结外伤性阴茎海绵体破裂的诊断与治疗经验。方法：回顾性分析2001年1月～2010年1月收治的12例阴茎海绵体破裂患者的临床资料：12例患者年龄28～47岁,平均36．5岁。致伤原因为粗暴性交9例,硬物砸伤1例,骑跨伤1例,斗殴致伤1例。12例均急诊行阴茎折断修补手术,结果：术后随访2～26个月,发生1例阴茎勃起后疼痛,1例尿道狭窄,1例勃起功能障碍,均经恰当的治疗后在不同的时间内恢复。结论：急诊手术是外伤性阴茎海绵体破裂的恰当治疗方法。     

小干扰RNA抑制人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞间隙连接蛋白connexin43的表达

目的:利用小干扰RNA(siRNA)抑制人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞间隙连接蛋白connexin43(Cx43)的表达和检测细胞间间隙连接通讯功能,探讨该技术在阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞间隙连接和阴茎勃起功能研究中的应用。方法:利用Ambion公司设计软件,构建靶向人Cx43基因的siRNA重组质粒,转染人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞48h后,逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)和Western印迹检测Cx43基因和蛋白的相对表达水平、划痕标记荧光染料传输技术检测细胞间间隙通讯功能,并分别与siRNA阴性对照、空白对照组比较。结果:酶切和测序证实siRNA真核表达载体构建成功。siRNA重组质粒转染细胞后的Cx43 mRNA和蛋白相对表达水平分别为(0.45±0.08)%、(0.56±0.06)%,与siRNA阴性对照组(0.72±0.04)%、(0.80±0.08)%和空白对照组(0.74±0.09)%、(0.77±0.11)%相比,差异均有显著性(P(0.05);转染后的细胞间间隙连接通讯功能也显著降低。结论:siRNA能有效抑制人阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞Cx43的表达和阻断间隙连接介导的间隙连接通讯功能。     

In Silico Investigation of pH-Dependence of Prolactin and Human Growth Hormone Binding to Human Prolactin Receptor

Experimental data shows that the binding of human prolactin (hPRL) to human prolactin receptor (hPRLr-ECD) is strongly pH-dependent, while the binding of the same receptor to human growth hormone (hGH) is pH-independent. Here we carry in silico analysis of the molecular effects causing such a difference and reveal the role of individual amino acids. It is shown that the computational modeling correctly predicts experimentally determined pKa's of histidine residues in an unbound state in the majority of the cases and the pH-dependence of the binding free energy. Structural analysis carried in conjunction with calculated pH-dependence of the binding revealed that the main reason for pH-dependence of the binding of hPRL-hPRLr-ECD is a number of salt-bridges across the interface of the complex, while no salt-bridges are formed in the hGH-hPRlr-ECD. Specifically, most of the salt-bridges involve histidine residues and this is the reason for the pH-dependence across a physiological range of pH. The analysis not only revealed the molecular mechanism of the pH-dependence of the hPRL-hPRLr-ECD, but also provided critical insight into the underlying physic-chemical mechanism.     

粉防己碱松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体作用的研究

目的 :探讨粉防己碱 (Tet)对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用。　方法 :采用离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法 ,观察Tet对氯化钾 (KCl)和去氧肾上腺素 (PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的松弛作用 ;L 硝基精氨酸 (L NNA)和亚甲蓝处理后 ,Tet对PE诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条松弛的作用。　结果 :10 μmol/L及3 0 μmol/L的Tet使KCl诱导的最大收缩反应分别降低为 ( 73 .0± 3 .8) %和 ( 41.5± 3 .4) % ,降低程度与Tet的浓度呈正比 (P <0 .0 1)。Tet对 10 μmol/LPE诱导的肌条收缩具有浓度依赖性松弛作用 ,1、10、3 0、10 0 μmol/L的Tet对PE诱导的阴茎海绵体肌条收缩的松弛效应分别为 ( 6.0± 1.4) %、( 2 1.3± 2 .2 ) %、( 47.4± 3 .3 ) %和 ( 68.1±3 .6) % (P <0 .0 1) ;而L NNA及亚甲蓝对Tet的松弛作用没有影响 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :Tet能浓度依耐性地松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体 ,其作用机制可能是通过阻滞钙通道 ,而与一氧化氮 环鸟苷酸 (NO cGMP)通路无关     

甲状腺素对大鼠阴茎海绵体内NOS及CO含量影响的研究

目的:建立甲状腺功能亢进及甲状腺功能减退Wistar大鼠动物模型,检测其阴茎海绵体内NOS及内源性一氧化碳(CO)的含量,探讨甲状腺素对大鼠勃起功能的影响及内源性CO在阴茎海绵体勃起过程中的作用,进一步讨论甲状腺素对人类勃起功能的影响。方法:将50只3月龄雄性Wistar大鼠随机均分为甲亢组、甲亢治疗组、甲减组、甲减治疗组及正常对照组。用紫外分光光度计分别测定阴茎海绵体内NOS及CO的含量。结果:无论甲状腺素增多及减少都会使大鼠阴茎海绵体NOS含量降低(P<0.01),并且甲减组阴茎海绵体内NOS活性低于甲亢组(P<0.01)。无论甲状腺素增多还是减少都会使大鼠阴茎海绵体内CO含量降低(P<0.01),并且甲亢组阴茎海绵体内CO活性低于甲减组(P<0.01)。在对甲减组及甲亢组进行治疗后其CO及NOS的含量得到提高,与正常对照组无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:甲状腺功能紊乱情况下阴茎海绵体中NOS和CO的浓度均减低;甲状腺功能紊乱被及时纠正后阴茎海绵体中CO及NOS的含量可恢复到正常水平。在相同条件下甲状腺功能低下对性功能的损害强于甲状腺功能亢进对勃起功能的损害。     

内源性一氧化碳对离体犬阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用

目的:探讨内源性一氧化碳(CO)对离体犬阴茎海绵体平滑肌作用的影响。方法:利用水浴条件下阴茎海绵体肌条的张力测定技术,用CO合成的关键酶血红素氧合酶(HO)的诱导剂———氯高铁血红素诱导海绵体平滑肌生成内源性CO,观察CO对去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条作用的影响。结果:氯高铁血红素对10μmol/L PE诱导的肌条收缩具有浓度依赖性的松弛作用,10~100μmol/L氯高铁血红素对平滑肌肌条的松弛效应与空白对照相比明显升高(P<0.01)。用锌原卟啉-Ⅸ(ZnPP-Ⅸ)或亚甲蓝孵育处理后的肌条,氯高铁血红素的舒张作用明显减弱(P<0.01)。结论:内源性CO具有浓度依赖性松弛阴茎海绵体平滑肌的作用,其机制可能是通过CO环磷酸鸟苷途径作用所致。     

6种中药提取物对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用

目的:比较6种中药提取物(甲基莲心碱、粉防己碱、葛根素、灯盏花乙素、人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1)松弛离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的作用。方法:采用离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体肌条张力记录法,观察6种中药提取物对去氧肾上腺素(PE)诱导收缩的阴茎海绵体肌条的松弛作用。结果:在(10-8~10-3)mol/L,甲基莲心碱、粉防己碱、葛根素和灯盏花乙素对PE诱导收缩的肌条具有浓度依赖性松弛作用,其IC50分别为4.60×10-6、3.73×10-5、8.03×10-4和3.33×10-3mol/L。而人参皂苷Rg1和人参皂苷Rb1对PE诱导收缩的肌条松弛作用较弱,终浓度为10-3mol/L时,仅分别松弛(16.32±13.36)%和(11.21±7.59)%。结论:6种中药提取物对离体新西兰白兔阴茎海绵体的松弛作用,甲基莲心碱最强。     

生长激素促进老年大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的再生

目的:研究生长激素(GH)对老年大鼠勃起功能及阴茎组织中神经型一氧化氮合酶(nNOS)神经纤维的影 响。　方法:24只老年(18月龄)雄性SD大鼠随机均分为对照组和GH处理组。GH处理组大鼠每天后肢皮下注 射重组人GH(rhGH)200μg,对照组注射生理盐水0.2ml,共3周。于第4、8周末分别取各组1/2大鼠,颈部皮下 注射阿朴吗啡(APO)评价其勃起功能,免疫组化SP法检测大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的数量。　结果:4周 末,GH处理组大鼠的勃起功能和nNOS神经纤维数量与对照组相比,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。8周末,GH处 理组大鼠仅勃起次数有上升,与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05),勃起率无明显改变;而阴茎组织中nNOS神 经纤维数量,GH处理组大鼠有明显的上升,对照组大鼠无明显改变,两组相比,差异有极显著性(P<0.01)。　结 论:GH促进了老年大鼠阴茎组织中nNOS神经纤维的再生,并在一定程度上改善了老年大鼠的勃起功能。     

Comparison of In Vitro Response to Growth Hormone by Chondrocytes from Mandibular Condyle Cartilage of Young and Old Mice

In several aspects the features of aging resemble those of the state of growth hormone (GH) deficiency. Alterations of bone density and increased incidence of osteoporosis are some of the characteristics of aging that are similar to the findings in GH-deficient adults. Osteoarthritis (OA), a nonfatal condition predominating in old age, is characterized by the slowly progressive destruction of articular cartilage of joints. OA lesions are observed in the temporomandibular joint of ICR mice aged 7 months and older. The aim of the present study was to compare the response of chondrocytes from mandibular condyle cartilage of young and old mice to GH and to ascertain whether chondrocytes of old animals could still be stimulated to proliferate and to synthesize matrix components under the direct effect of GH in vitro. Mandibular condyles from young (3-month-old) and old (20-month-old) female ICR mice were cultured up to 72 hours in the presence of recombinant rat GH (0.1–100 ng/ml). ³H-Thymidine and ³⁵S-sulfate were introduced during the last 24 hours of culture. Administration of GH appeared to increase only slightly the incorporation of ³H-thymidine in cartilage from young compared with the response in cartilage from old animals which was much more significant at 24 hours and 48 hours in culture. The same pattern was seen for the effect of GH on the incorporation of ³⁵S-sulfate. Cartilage from young animals responded only slightly to GH, whereas a significant response was observed in cartilage from old animals after 24 and 48 hours in vitro. DNA contents were significantly elevated at all time intervals in both old and young animals, yet more significantly in cultures from old animals. In contrast, the activities of both alkaline and acid phosphatases were elevated at all time intervals in cultures from young animals, whereas no induction was observed in cultures from old animals. Tissue sections from cultures of old animals treated with GH (10 ng/ml, 48 hours) revealed atypical hypertrophic cells along the articular surface and also dark staining along the cartilage-bone interface. Exposure to tetracycline (10 mg/ml, 24 hours) resulted in an induced fluorescence, indicating enhanced mineralization in this region. Results of this study indicate that mandibular condyle cartilage from OA old mice responds in vitro to the addition of GH via anabolic activities of cell proliferation, sulfated proteoglycan synthesis, and possibly enhanced mineralization. Received: 29 March 1996 / Accepted: 31 December 1996     

Induction of Functional Differentiation and Growth Inhibition In Vitro of Canine Osteosarcoma by 22-Oxacalcitriol,Calcitriol and All-trans Retinoic Acid

The effects of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), calcitriol and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) on the induction of functional differentiation and growth inhibition of the canine osteosarcoma cell line POS were investigated in vitro via bone differentiation markers and proliferation assays, respectively. The intracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid osteocalcin (GLA-OC) and procollagen type I C peptide (PIP) production were used as markers of differentiation. Treatment with 10⁻⁸ m concentrations of all drugs for 72 h significantly inhibited growth (P < 0.0001) and increased ALP activity and GLA-OC and PIP production in POS. OCT, calcitriol and ATRA significantly increased the: ALP activity from 1.58 ± 0.14 μmol/min/mg protein (mean ± SD; control) to 2.50 ± 0.09 (P < 0.0001), 2.30 ± 0.14 (P < 0.0001) and 2.00 ± 0.14 (P = 0.0008), respectively; GLA-OC production from 0.71 ± 0.01 ng/ml (control) to 2.87 ± 0.01 (P < 0.0001), 2.87 ± 0.11 (P < 0.0001) and 1.36 ± 0.06 (P < 0.0001), respectively; and PIP production from 433.91 ± 23.29 ng/ml (control) to 536.54 ± 15.46 (P = 0.0002), 497.06 ± 1.99 (P = 0.0028) and 481.66 ± 0.01 (P = 0.0104), respectively. This study demonstrated that treatment with these drugs induced a phenotypic maturation of POS cells into cells that exhibit the properties of functionally mature bone cells with parallel growth inhibition. The effects of these drugs on functional differentiation may be useful to complement the progression of a normal osteogenic differentiation process in the sarcoma.     

血红素氧合酶2在慢性肾衰大鼠阴茎海绵体中的表达

目的:检测血红素氧合酶2(HO-2)在慢性肾衰(CRF)大鼠阴茎海绵体中的变化,探讨HO-2在阴茎勃起过程中的作用及与睾酮的关系。方法:采用10周龄雄性SD大鼠行5/6肾切除术构建CRF模型成功后,测定对照组(CTL组,n=15)、CRF组(n=15)平均颈动脉压(MAP)及海绵体内压最大值(ICPmax)、血清睾酮,并检测阴茎海绵体中eNOS、nNOS、HO-2的表达。结果:CRF组在3V、5V电刺激海绵体神经后ICPmax/MAP(0.121±0.084,0.135±0.088)均显著低于对照组(0.263±0.147,0.244±0.089,P<0.01),CRF组血清睾酮浓度[(1.190±0.946)nmol/L]显著低于对照组[(7.800±5.001)nmol/L,P<0.01],CRF组海绵体中nNOS、eNOS表达低于对照组,CRF组海绵体中HO-2表达(0.510±0.397)显著低于对照组(2.672±1.720,P<0.01),海绵体中HO-2表达下降与血清睾酮下降存在相关性(r=0.902,P<0.01)。结论:CRF组大鼠阴茎海绵体中nNOS、eNOS、HO-2、血清睾酮水平降低等可能是CRF并发勃起功能障碍机制之一。     

重组人生长激素在体外对人直肠癌细胞株HR8348增殖的影响

目的　探讨重组人生长激素 (rhGH )在体外对人直肠癌细胞增殖的影响。方法　实验分为对照组、rhGH组、奥沙利铂 (L OHP)组和rhGH +L OHP组 4组 ,利用体外细胞培养、MTT比色技术及流式细胞仪等方法 ,测定不同浓度的rhGH对人直肠癌细胞株HR83 48细胞倍增时间、细胞抑制率、细胞周期、增殖指数 (PI)和DNA抑制率的影响。结果　rhGH在体外不促进HR83 48细胞的分裂增殖 ,rhGH组与对照组比较 ,以及rhGH +L OHP组与L OHP组比较 ,其差异均无统计学意义 (P>0 .0 5 ) ;rhGH +L OHP组与对照组比较及rhGH +L OHP组与对应的rhGH组配对比较 ,细胞倍增时间明显延长 ,细胞抑制率增加 ,阻滞于G0 ～G1期的细胞数增加 ,S期和G2 ～M期细胞明显减少 ,PI明显降低 ,DNA抑制率显著升高 (P<0 .0 1,S期P<0 .0 5 )。结论　rhGH在体外不促进直肠癌细胞的分裂增殖。     

In Vitro Simulations of Peritoneal Dialysis: A Systematic Approach to Demonstrating Isonatric Contraction with Sodium Dextran Sulfate

Two sodium dextran sulfates (DS) were investigated as possible osmotic agents for use in peritoneal dialysis using an in vitro model. Initial studies with a medium molecular weight DS (M_n=4,000) showed that sodium clearances were higher than water clearances and that both are linear functions of the concentration of polymer. In another series of studies using a low molecular weight DS (M_n=5,000), it was found that sodium clearances decrease linearly as sodium chloride (NaCl) is added to the initial dialysate solution with only a slight increase in ultrafiltration. By plotting sodium clearances and water clearances as functions of added NaCl at constant polymer concentration, the point at which sodium clearance and water clearances are equal can be determined and, at that point, isonatric contraction can be demonstrated in the in vitro model.     

In Vitro Regulation of Cell Growth and Angiogenesis by Inositol Hexaphosphate in Bladder Cancer

Background

Inositol Hexaphosphate (IP6) is a naturally occurring polyphosphorylated carbohydrate that is found in food sources high in fiber content. We hypothesized that IP6 would inhibit the cell growth rate of bladder cancer in vitro.

Methods

T24 and TCCSUP bladder cancer cell lines were treated with titrating doses of IP6 (0.3, 0.6 and 0.9 mM/well). Cell viability and vascular endothelial growth factor levels were measured.

Results

Significant reductions (p < 0.001) in cellular growth were noted in both cell lines at all doses and time points tested, with the exception of 0.3 mM IP6 at 24 hours in the T24 cell line. The percent inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor was significantly higher than that observed in the TCCSUP cell line at 48 and 72 hours with 0.3 mM IP6 (p < 0.001). The T24 cells exhibited the same level of inhibition at 24 and 48 hours with 0.6 mM dose of IP6 and at 72 hours with the 0.3 mM dose (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

In vitro treatment of bladder cancer with the common dietary polyphosphorylated carbohydrate IP6 significantly decreased cellular growth by anti-angiogenic mechanisms. We feel that this data warrants further investigation and consideration for initiation of clinical trials to evaluate the safety and clinical utility of this agent.Key Words: Cellular anti-proliferation, Bladder cancer, Angiogenesis, Inositol hexaphosphate, Vascular endothelial growth factor