辽西汉族青少年体型的研究

[目的]为探讨我国辽西地区汉族青少年体型发育的特点与规律,为体质人类学补充必要的资料.[方法]采用Heath-Carter人体测量法对辽西地区城乡青少年的体型进行了调研.[结果]城女在内因子,城男在中、外因子及乡男在外因子方面各占优势;男生的平均体型属三胚中间型,女生的平均体型属偏外胚层的内胚层体型;与国内外群体比较,男生体型与日本人较接近,女生体型与芬兰人较接近.[结论]辽西地区汉族青少年脂肪发育和身体线性度居中等水平,骨骼肌肉发育居中下等.     

南京市中小学学生体型特征分析

目的探讨南京市中小学生不同年龄段体型特征及随着年龄增长体型的变化规律。方法运用希斯-卡特体型测量法对南京市6~17岁段中小学学生进行体型的测量与评定。结果共调查了4 071人,中小学生体型3因子平均值男生为3.0—3.5—3.3,女生为3.9—3.4—3.4;男生6~11岁小学阶段的体型为偏均衡内胚层体型,12~14岁的初中生阶段为偏中胚层-外胚层均衡体型,而15~17岁男生阶段的体型为均衡的中胚层体型;6~11岁小学生女生体型为偏中胚层型的外胚层体型,12~14岁的初中女生体型为比较均衡的中胚层体型,15~17岁高中女生体型为比较均衡的内胚层体型;11岁开始男女生体型差异性有统计学意义(t=2.61,P0.05),15岁男女生体型差异最大(t=5.32,P0.05)。结论南京市中小学生体型随年龄的增长而发生变化,体型存在性别差异。     

广西5地乡村汉、壮、瑶族7～18岁学生体型特点分析

目的了解广西乡村汉、壮、瑶族学生的体型发育特点,探索其生长发育规律。方法以2010年广西学生体质与健康调研资料中的8 282名乡村学生身高、坐高为资料,对其进行体型评价和生长发育规律探索。结果广西7~18岁学生的身高坐高指数随年龄增长而先降后升,12岁时降到最低点;总样本中女生的身高坐高指数高于男生(t=17.42,P0.01),大部分年龄组与此结果相同。各性别年龄组均以中躯型身材为主,短躯型构成比随年龄增长先升后降,男生的短躯型构成比高于女生(χ2=179.19,P0.01)。瑶族学生的身高坐高指数在9~18岁组间的极差最小,平均值最大。体型与身高有关,高身材者短躯型和中躯型构成比高于矮身材者,矮身材者的长躯型构成比大于高身材者。结论广西乡村7~18岁学生的体型主要受身高影响,年龄、性别和种族间均存在一定差异。     

安徽农村青少年体型的Heath-Carter人体测量法研究

目的 :　了解安徽农村青少年的体型发育状况。方法 :　采用 Heath- Carter人体测量法对繁昌县农村 1 678名 (男 91 4 ,女 764) 7～ 1 8岁汉族青少年进行体型分析。结果 :　女性内因子大于男性 ,中因子和外因子小于男性。随着年龄的增长 ,男女体型都在发生变化。男性逐渐由中胚型过渡到外胚型 ;女性由三胚中间型经偏内胚型的外胚型演变为内胚型。经检验 ,同龄男女间差异显著。通过与蒙古族和国外其他群体相比较 ,表明在不同民族和人种间的体型有一定差异。结论 :　 Heath- Carter体型法在人类营养学和体质人类学领域有广阔的应用前景。青春期是形成体型的关键时期。     

长沙市青少年与异地青少年体型状况比较

本研究于 1999～ 2 0 0 0年对长沙市区 7所普通中小学 16 4 8名 6～ 15岁男、女青少年进行体格发育和体型状况研究 ,并用 Heath- Carter三角体型图法与异地青少年进行体型分布特点和规律的比较研究。研究发现 :长沙市男孩与日本男孩形态发育和体型状况存在显著差异 :日本男孩各形态指标均占明显优势 ,体型图上日本男孩集中于中胚型 ,而长沙市男孩集中于中胚型偏向外胚型 ;长沙市汉族女孩和延吉市朝鲜族女孩体型比较发现 :汉族女孩内因子、外因子分值占明显优势 ,而朝鲜族女孩中因子分值高于汉族女孩 ,两者的平均位距随年龄增长而逐渐加大 ,同时 ,随年龄增长 ,汉族女孩由中胚型 -外胚型 -内胚型的顺序发展 ,大多数位于外胚型 ,而朝鲜族女孩则由中间中胚型渐左移 ,大多数位于中胚型的内带地区。本次研究证实了人的体型不是一成不变的 ,而是受到各种因素的影响 ,且不同国家、不同地区、不同民族的青少年在体型图上各具明显的分布特征     

湘西土家族、苗族15～18岁女生体格发育的研究

目的 了解土家族、苗族女生的体格发育水平及其体型特征,并指导学校卫生保健工作.方法 对1995年土家族、苗族15～18岁女生762人的体格发育及其体型指数资料作了统计加工,并与1985年的同类资料作了比较,以观察其生长发育动态.结果 汉族女生的身高均数比土家族和苗族女生高些,而土家族和苗族女生的体型较为粗壮.但体重与胸围发育迟于汉族.结论 作者认为,自然地理环境、生活习俗、饮食营养,以及不同民族的遗传特性等都可能对青少年的体格发育和体型产生重要的影响.     

乌鲁木齐市城区7~12岁维吾尔族学生体型分析

探讨乌鲁木齐市城区维吾尔族小学生身体发育状况和体型随年龄增长表现的特点,为增强小学生体质健康水平提供依据.方法 运用西斯—卡特(Heath-Carter)法,对整群分层抽取的乌鲁木齐市城区756名7~12岁维吾尔族小学生进行体型测量.结果 从体型分布图上看,男生体型三因子均值为3.61,4.50,2.81,集中于外胚层区域,而随年龄增长逐渐向中胚层偏移;女生体型三因子均值为3.71,4.13,3.73,处于体型图的中心附近,随年龄增长有向偏中胚层的内胚层体型区域变化趋势.结论 乌鲁木齐城区维吾尔族小学生身体发育状况良好,体重、体脂百分比较高.应加强学校健康教育,优化饮食结构,减少高脂肪食物摄入,加强课余体育锻炼.     

南京市城区老年人的体型特征

目的了解南京市城区不同年龄段老年体型特征,为制定科学评价老年人体质水平的监测标准提供依据。方法运用希斯-卡特体型测量法对南京市城区50岁以上老年人的各项身体指标进行测量,并进行统计分析。结果南京市城区50~55岁男性老年人平均体型三因子均值为4.9、5.0、3.4,70岁以上年龄组体型三因子均值为4.3、4.5、4.9,总体体型三因子均值为5.7、5.0、2.9;女性老年人总体体型三因子均值为6.2、5.2、1.6,同各年龄段一样属于均衡的内胚层体型;50~55岁男女老年人体型没有显著性差异(t=1.23,P0.05),56岁后男女老年人体型差异性显著,70岁后差异最大(t=5.42,P0.01),总体比较,南京城区男女老年人体型差异有统计学意义(t=3.16,P0.01)结论南京市城区50~55岁男性老年人属偏内胚层的中胚层体型,56~69岁男性老年人为偏中胚层的内胚层体型,70岁后南京男性老年人为外胚层体型,总体为偏中胚层的内胚层体型,南京城区老年女性为均衡内胚层体型。     

7 000名女生月经初潮调查分析

月经初潮年龄是评价青少年青春期生长发育、性成熟的重要指标。随着人民生活水平普遍提高,营养状况明显改善。为了解永州市青少年的生长发育情况,为生理卫生课的开设时间提供科学依据,笔者于1999年10月～12月对永州市中学、中专部分女生月经初潮年龄进行了一次调查。1 对象和方法1.1 对象:采用整群随机抽样方法抽取永州市三所普通中学、三所中专学校15～19岁7000名女生,其中汉族6652人,瑶族348人。1.2 方法:采用自制调查表,用无记名方式,进行回顾性调     

儿童青少年体型自我评价与抑郁症状关系的研究

目的 了解儿童青少年体型自我评价和体重指数(BMI)评价结果的一致性,分析体型与抑郁症状的关系.方法 以2010年全国学生体质与健康调研安徽省池州市5555名9～18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,比较体型自我评价和BMI评价结果的一致性及其与抑郁症状的关系.结果 男女生体型自我评价和BMI评价结果具有轻度一致性(Kappa=0.217,P=0.000;Kappa=0.203,P=0.000).43.0％的男生和37.5％的女生错误估计了自己的体型,男女生体型低估率分别为35.9％和23.3％,高估率分别为7.1％和14.2％,差异有统计学意义(x2=145.223,P=0.000).logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,体型自我评价和体型错估均与抑郁症状存在统计学关联.与自我评价正常组比较,自我评价消瘦、超重和肥胖的抑郁症状检出率比值比分别为1.255(95％CI:1.066～1.478)、1.538(95％CI:1.275～1.856)和1.713(95％CI:1.035 ～ 2.834),体型高估和低估学生抑郁症状的风险分别是一致组的1.705倍(95％CI:1.382～ 2.105)和1.241倍(95％CI:1.059 ～1.454).结论 儿童青少年体型自我评价与BMI评价结果一致性轻微,体型错估是抑郁症状的危险因素.应开展以生活技能为核心的综合性干预措施,促进儿童青少年身心健康.     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.