NICU早产儿医院感染的影响因素

目的分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿医院感染的原因、治疗方法,以期提高临床对NICU早产儿医院感染的认识,提高治疗水平。方法回顾性分析医院2012年3月-2013年3月NICU213例早产儿临床资料,其中发生医院感染早产儿37例设为感染组,未发生医院感染的176例早产儿为对照组,分析感染的原因、主要病原菌及感染的影响因素,数据采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计处理。结果 37例早产儿发生的感染部位依次为呼吸道、血液及皮肤黏膜、胃肠道和其他部位,感染组胎龄<32周、低体质量儿、入住NICR时间长、机械通气时间长、肠外营养、留置胃管、胎膜早破的发生率明显高于对照组,以上因素差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);医院感染主要的病原菌是革兰阴性菌占48.72%、革兰阳性菌占30.77%、真菌占20.51%。结论 NICU早产儿发生医院感染的因素众多,临床表现多样而缺乏特异性,因此,对于感染的高危早产儿应采取必要的预防性干预措施,降低感染的发生率。     

不同营养支持治疗对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的探讨不同营养支持治疗方法对早产儿生长发育的影响,为制定合理的早产儿喂养方案提供依据。方法选取2015-2016年榆林市星元医院新生儿科收治的早产儿186例随机分为母乳喂养组56例、配方奶粉喂养组69例、肠外营养组61例,观察不同组别早产儿体格指标、血清前白蛋白含量、喂养不耐受及肺部感染发生情况。结果配方奶粉喂养组早产儿体重增长速率、身长增长速率及5、10 d血清前白蛋白含量明显高于母乳喂养组和肠外营养组早产儿,而恢复出生体重时间、住院时间明显低于母乳喂养组和肠外营养组早产儿,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。母乳喂养组、肠外营养组早产儿喂养不耐受、肺部感染的比例明显低于配方奶粉喂养组早产儿,差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论早产儿早期配方奶粉喂养可以有效促进生长发育,但喂养不耐受、并发症发生风险高。针对早产儿营养支持治疗,建议在鼓励坚持母乳喂养的同时适当给予配方奶粉喂养,对于喂养不耐受的早产儿可以适当给予肠外营养支持。     

1023例住院早产儿医院感染危险因素分析

目的调查早产儿医院感染的发生情况,探讨其危险因素,为早产儿医院感染的预防控制提供依据,降低早产儿医院感染率。方法回顾性分析某三甲医院2000年1月-2009年4月1023例住院早产儿医院感染发生情况。结果 1023例住院早产儿发生医院感染130例(12.7%),总感染率12.7%,感染141例次,例次感染率13.9%;发生感染的病例中,漏报24例,漏报率18.5%;感染部位以口腔真菌感染为主42例(32.3%),其次为败血症(16.3%);同时发现医院感染患者比未感染者的胎龄小、出生体重低、出生时有窒息史、住院时间较长及抗菌药物使用时间较长。结论出生低体重、小胎龄儿、阿氏评分低、住院时间较长、抗菌药物使用种类多且时间较长等是早产儿医院感染的危险因素。     

NICU早产儿医院感染回顾性调查分析

目的调查分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿医院感染及其相关因素,为NICU早产儿医院感染的预防和控制提供参考依据。方法回顾性分析2012年2月-2013年10月186例NICU早产儿医院感染的临床资料,对引发NICU早产儿医院感染的相关因素进行分析;采用SPSS10.0软件对数据进行统计分析。结果 186例早产患儿发生医院感染28例,感染率为15.05%;医院感染时间(15.5±10.8)d;早产儿医院感染部位以呼吸道、皮肤组织、胃肠道、泌尿道为主,分别占39.29%、21.43%、14.29%、10.71%;从血液、粪便和分泌物等标本中分离出病原菌28株,其中革兰阴性菌15株占53.58%、革兰阳性菌10株占35.71%、真菌3株占10.71%;早产儿体质量、胎龄、实施侵入性操作、住院时间、抗菌药物使用时间、肾上腺糖皮质激素使用等与早产儿医院感染的发生具有相关性(P<0.05)。结论早产儿医院感染以呼吸道感染、革兰阴性菌感染为主,低体质量、胎龄小、实施侵入性操作、住院时间长、抗菌药物使用、肾上腺糖皮质激素使用是早产儿发生医院感染的影响因素。     

新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染的研究北大核心CSCD

目的探讨新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染的发生情况及其危险因素,为医院感染的预防控制提供依据。方法选取2014年1月-2015年12月医院新生儿重症监护室收治的438例早产儿作为临床研究对象,并对其临床资料予以回顾性分析。结果新生儿重症监护室438例早产儿中发生医院感染49例,感染率为11.19%;新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染基础疾病以新生儿肺炎和呼吸窘迫综合征为主,分别占44.90%和36.73%;新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染部位以呼吸道和皮肤为主,分别占40.82%和22.45%;感染患儿共检出病原菌46株,其中革兰阴性菌24株占52.17%,革兰阳性菌16株,占34.78%,真菌6株占13.04%;胎龄≤32周、出生体质量≤1 500g、机械通气>72h、胃肠外营养>7d、留置胃管、应用抗菌药物、喂养不耐受、住院天数>14d是新生儿重症监护室早产儿发生医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05),经logistic多因素回归分析,机械通气>72h、出生体质量≤1 500g、胎龄<32周、胃肠外营养是早产儿发生医院感染的独立危险因素。结论导致新生儿重症监护室早产儿发生医院感染的危险因素相对较多,发生医院感染的患儿其基础疾病以新生儿肺炎和呼吸窘迫综合征为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为引起医院感染的主要致病菌,加强对早产儿医院感染管理,合理化应用抗菌药物,对于降低早产儿医院感染具有重要意义。     

早产儿医院感染的相关因素分析

目的:探讨影响早产儿医院感染的有关因素。方法:回顾性分析2003~2007年250例早产儿医院感染的发生情况,并分析孕周、出生体重、机械通气、抗生素、丙种球蛋白、使用胃肠外营养与发生医院感染的关系。结果:早产儿医院感染率为9.2%,出生体重与感染有相关性,机械通气与感染有明显相关性,孕周、抗生素、丙种球蛋白、胃肠外营养与感染无相关性。结论:早产儿中的小于胎龄儿更易发生医院感染,机械通气是早产儿感染的重要影响因素,胃肠外营养不增加医院感染率,使用抗生素和丙种球蛋白无助于减少早产儿医院感染的发生。     

新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染的研究

目的探讨新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染的发生情况及其危险因素,为医院感染的预防控制提供依据。方法选取2014年1月-2015年12月医院新生儿重症监护室收治的438例早产儿作为临床研究对象,并对其临床资料予以回顾性分析。结果新生儿重症监护室438例早产儿中发生医院感染49例,感染率为11.19%;新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染基础疾病以新生儿肺炎和呼吸窘迫综合征为主,分别占44.90%和36.73%;新生儿重症监护室早产儿医院感染部位以呼吸道和皮肤为主,分别占40.82%和22.45%;感染患儿共检出病原菌46株,其中革兰阴性菌24株占52.17%,革兰阳性菌16株,占34.78%,真菌6株占13.04%;胎龄≤32周、出生体质量≤1 500g、机械通气>72h、胃肠外营养>7d、留置胃管、应用抗菌药物、喂养不耐受、住院天数>14d是新生儿重症监护室早产儿发生医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05),经logistic多因素回归分析,机械通气>72h、出生体质量≤1 500g、胎龄<32周、胃肠外营养是早产儿发生医院感染的独立危险因素。结论导致新生儿重症监护室早产儿发生医院感染的危险因素相对较多,发生医院感染的患儿其基础疾病以新生儿肺炎和呼吸窘迫综合征为主,肺炎克雷伯菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为引起医院感染的主要致病菌,加强对早产儿医院感染管理,合理化应用抗菌药物,对于降低早产儿医院感染具有重要意义。     

早产儿医院感染的临床分析

目的 分析早产儿医院感染发生情况,为医院感染的控制提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2010年1月-2011年12月医院新生儿重症监护病房内住院的231例早产儿临床资料及医院感染发生情况.结果 231例早产儿中发生医院感染者39例,感染率为16.88％,其中男24例占61.54％,女15例占38.46％;医院感染患者住院时间＜7 d者感染率28.21％,≥7d者感染率71.79％,医院感染住院时间比较差异有统计学意义(x2=14.82,P＜0.05);检出病原菌44株,其中5例存在混合感染,革兰阳性球菌占36.36％,主要以链球菌属及肠球菌属为主,革兰阴性菌占63.64％,主要以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌等为主;医院感染疾病主要是肺炎、泌尿系感染等,导致肺炎的主要病原菌是克雷伯菌属,泌尿系感染病原菌主要为大肠埃希菌、肠球菌属,导致败血症、皮肤感染的病原菌有链球菌属、肠球菌属、溶血葡萄球菌等,坏死性小肠炎患儿病原菌为溶血葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌.结论 革兰阴性菌是导致早产儿医院感染的主要病原菌,肺炎、泌尿系感染等疾病是临床常见医院感染疾病.     

肠外营养患者中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的临床危险因素研究

目的探讨导致肠外营养患者发生中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的临床危险因素,为肠外营养患者临床预防中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的实践提供参考依据。方法选取2013年12月-2014年12月医院收治的经中心静脉导管进行肠外营养治疗的患者210例为研究对象,针对患者发生中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的临床危险因素和细菌培养结果进行统计分析。结果 210例肠外营养患者中,发生中心静脉导管相关血行性感染患者34例,感染率为16.19%;34例患者共培养出病原菌40株,其中革兰阳性菌19株,占47.50%,革兰阴性菌14株,占35.00%,真菌7株,占17.50%;患者发生中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的危险因素有导管留置时间、肠外营养时间、拔管时最高体温和多发创伤。结论导致肠外营养患者发生中心静脉导管相关血行性感染的临床危险因素有导管留置时间、肠外营养时间、拔管时最高体温和多发创伤,临床实践过程中应针对上述危险因素采用有针对性的预防措施。     

NICU早产儿肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染临床分析

目的了解和分析新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)早产儿肺炎克雷伯菌的医院感染发生、临床特点、易感因素及其细菌耐药性,以降低医院感染率及减少耐药菌的产生。方法收集NICU自2008年1月-2012年12月发生肺炎克雷伯菌医院感染的早产儿87例,对发生医院感染早产儿的临床症状、治疗方式、细菌耐药性以及转归等进行分析,数据采用SPSS13.0软件进行处理。结果共收治早产儿患儿1 581例,其中87例早产儿发生肺炎克雷伯菌感染,感染率为5.5%;87例早产儿中经气管插管机械通气42例占48.3%,外周静脉留置针使用率100.0%,静脉营养输注76例占87.4%;76例早产儿治疗好转出院,9例死亡,病死率为10.3%;共培养出105株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中痰液标本检出58株占55.2%,血液标本检出36株占34.3%;肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的敏感率均为100.0%;共检出产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)42株,检出率为40.0%。结论肺炎克雷伯菌是NICU早产儿医院感染的重要致病菌,耐药菌比例较高,容易造成重症感染,应提高医院感染管理水平,避免滥用抗菌药物,降低医院感染率和减少耐药菌的产生。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.